Cd In Biological Samples Research Articles

Evaluate the effect of cadmium on levels of zinc in scalp hair and blood samples of smoker and nonsmoker psoriatic patients at different stage.

Psoriasis, a skin inflammatory disease, originates from dysregulated interactions of the immune system and environmental factors. In the present study, cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) were analyzed in biological samples (blood and scalp hair) of smoker and nonsmoker males who have mild and severe psoriasis. The patients were evaluated according to criteria based on the standard clinical diagnosis and classified into mild and severe psoriasis groups using the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score. Both elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after matrix oxidation. In smoker psoriatic patients, the level of Cd in biological samples was significantly increased. The Zn was significantly decreased in smoker mild and severe psoriatic patients as related to nonsmokers' referents and patients. The resulted data indicated that the levels of Zn in smoker referents were about 5.0% lower than nonsmoker's referents. While the concentrations of Zn in blood samples of nonsmoker's mild and severe psoriatic patients have 17.8 to 33.3% lower than nonsmoker's referents. The results indicate that the level of Cd in blood samples of referent smokers has ≥ 25% than nonsmokers, whereas the psoriatic patients at different stages have two- to threefold higher Cd in both biological samples.

Monolithic capillary microextraction on-line combined with ICP-MS for determining Ni, Cu and Cd in biological samples

A novel method of amino group modified monolithic capillary microextraction on-line combined with ICP-MS was developed for the determination of Ni, Cu, Cd in biological samples.

Co-exposure of arsenic and cadmium through drinking water and tobacco smoking: Risk assessment on kidney dysfunction

The combined exposure of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) causes more pronounced renal toxicity. The study aimed to evaluate the level of As and Cd in biological samples (blood and urine) of adults males, age ranged (30-50 years) exposed referent (ER) and exposed kidney patients (EKP), consumed contaminated drinking water of lake and smoking local cigarettes manufactured by tobacco plants grown on agricultural soil, irrigated with contaminated lake water. For comparative purpose age matched nonexoposed referent (NR) and nonexposed kidney patient (NKP), consumed municipal treaded water and smoking branded cigarette were also selected. The As and Cd levels in drinking water, biological samples, tobacco of branded and nonbranded cigarettes were analyzed using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The As and Cd concentrations in lake water were higher than the permissible limit recommended by the World Health Organization for drinking water. The As and Cd levels in local cigarette tobacco were found to be 3- to 4-folds higher than branded cigarettes. The biochemical parameters especially urinary N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) of ER, EKP, ER, and EKP subjects were studied as a biomarkers of renal dysfunction. The NAG values were found to be higher in EKP as compared to NKP (p < 0.01). The linear regressions showed higher correlations between As and Cd concentrations in water versus blood and urine samples of EKP (r = 0.71-0.78 and 0.68-0.72), as compared to NKP (p < 0.05).

Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples: An Update from 2006 to 2011

: Cadmium has attracted global research interest due to its toxicity, metallomics, and contents in biological samples. From a toxicological and biological point of view, analytical methods for determination of Cd in biological samples are of key importance to subsequent studies. In 2006 we presented a comprehensive review on determination of Cd in biological samples. Since publication of the last review, great progress has been made in this area; for instance, in vivo intracellular imaging of Cd2+, evaluation of in vivo cytoxicity of Cd-based semiconductor quantum dots, and new research progress in Cd-related metallomics. Accordingly, in this review we further summarize the research progress related to Cd determination in biological samples, with a total of 224 references in the period 2006 to 2011. The main contents of this review include toxicity of Cd, biological sample types and sample pretreatment strategies, preconcentration of Cd from biological samples, analytical methods for Cd determination, Cd speciation, bio-imaging of Cd in living cells, and chemical evaluation of the toxicity of Cd-containing quantum dots in biological tissues.

Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples

Even though normal exposure levels to Cd may be small, the human body is inefficient at excreting the heavy metal, so it slowly accumulates over the period of a lifetime. Eventually, the Cd level in the body may become toxic and give rise to harmful effects. Cadmium exposure could therefore be linked to diseases associated with aging such as osteoporosis, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer. These potential links have driven the development of a myriad of analytical techniques for the determination of Cd in biological samples. Natural biological Cd concentrations are typically low, so preconcentration steps and sensitive instruments are frequently a necessity. In addition, the complex matrices of biological specimens such as blood, urine, serum, and tissue often require a form of matrix modification or separation. This review provides an overview of these methods with 200 references from the literature published between 1995 and 2005. The analytical methods for the determination of Cd in biological samples include: spectrophotometry, atomic emission spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and electrochemistry. In addition, Cd speciation techniques, using high‐performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, are briefly discussed. Amanda C. Davis and Peng Wu contributed equally to this work.

Determination of Cd in biological samples by flame AAS following on-line preconcentration by complexation with O,O-diethyldithiophosphate and solid phase extraction with Amberlite XAD-4

A method for the on-line preconcentration of Cd based on its complex formation with the ammonium salt of O,O-diethylditiophosphate (DDTP) and using the Amberlite XAD-4 resin as a solid support in a column is proposed. Cadmium was detected by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Different conditions, such as complexing agent concentration, preconcentration time, solutions flow rates and nature and concentration of the eluent were optimized. Different detection limits (LODs) could be established by using different preconcentration times, between 30 s and 5 min, with corresponding LODs from 5 to 1 μg L −1, respectively. The method was validated by analyzing five biological certified samples. The relative standard deviation was usually around 3%, indicating a very good precision. The found concentrations values are in agreement with the certified ones, according to the t-test, for a confidence level of 95%. Enriched seawaters were also analyzed, and the recoveries were between 93 and 108%. The FI method is very simple and probably can be coupled to other measuring analytical techniques.

Single-drop microextraction combined with low-temperature electrothermal vaporization ICPMS for the determination of trace Be, Co, Pd, and Cd in biological samples.

A new method of single-drop microextraction combined with low-temperature electrothermal vaporization (LTETV)-ICPMS was proposed for the determination of trace Be, Co, Pd, and Cd with benzoylacetone (BZA) as both extractant and chemical modifier. Several factors that influence the microextraction efficiency, such as sample flow rate, microdrop volume, and extraction time, were investigated and the optimized microextraction conditions were established. Be, Co, Pd, and Cd in the postextraction organic phase were directly determined by LTETV-ICPMS with the use of BZA as chemical modifier. The chemical modification of BZA in LTETV-ICPMS was studied, and the factors affecting the formation of chelates and vaporization/transportation of chelates were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of the method were 0.12, 0.99, 1.5, and 0.27 pg/mL for Be, Co, Pd, and Cd, and the relative standard deviations for 0.1 ng/mL Be, Co, Pd, and Cd were 16, 14, 14, and 11%, respectively. After 10 min of extraction, the enrichment factors were 160 (Be), 125 (Co), 40 (Pd), and 180 (Cd). The proposed method was applied to the determination of trace Be, Co, Pd, and Cd in biological reference materials, and the determined values were in good agreement with the certified values.

Determination of cadmium in biological samples solubilized with tetramethylammonium hydroxide by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, using ruthenium as permanent modifier

The feasibility of Ru as a permanent modifier for the determination of Cd in biological samples treated with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) by ET AAS was investigated. The tube treatment with Ru was carried out only once and lasted for about 300 atomization cycles. The pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, 750 °C and 1300 °C, respectively, were chosen from the temperature curves. The sample dissolution procedure was very simple: a sample aliquot was mixed with a small volume of a 25% m/v TMAH solution, the volume was made up to 50 ml and the mixture was kept at 60 °C for 1 h. Six certified biological reference materials were analyzed and the obtained Cd concentrations are within the 95% confidence interval of the certified values, proving the accuracy of the proposed procedure for a variety of biological samples. The calibration curve, with correlation coefficient higher than 0.99, was established for a working range up to10 μg l −1. The precision was good as demonstrated by relative standard deviations below 3%, except for one sample. The limit of detection (3σ) was 0.05 μg l −1 and the characteristic mass was 1.30 pg, obtained in the presence of the Ru modifier.