Purpose To evaluate the performance of deep learning models integrating multimodal data for predicting microvascular invasion (MVI) in hepatocellular carcinoma and to investigate the impact of different manual annotation methods on performance. Materials and Methods Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma from three institutions were included in this retrospective study; postoperative histopathology served as the reference standard for MVI. Patients from center A were divided into training and internal test sets; patients from centers B and C formed the external test set. Two manual annotations (voxel-level masks, bounding boxes) were performed on MRI scans. Deep learning models were developed using multimodal data. Model performance was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic, calibration, and decision curve analysis, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) differences tested by the DeLong test. Results A total of 281 patients were included in this study (mean age, 59.05 years ± 11.92 [SD]; 238 male). Single-sequence models achieved internal test AUCs of 0.57-0.76. Multisequence models reached AUCs of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.95) with masks and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.94) with bounding boxes. Multimodal fusion improved performance (mask: AUC, 0.88 [95% CI: 0.80, 0.96] vs bounding box: AUC, 0.85 [95% CI: 0.75, 0.94]; P = .50), with external test AUCs of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.89) and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.88), respectively (P = .40). Bounding box reduced time by 53% (mask = 3.24 minutes; bounding box = 1.52 minutes; P < .001). Conclusion Multimodal fusion models improved predictive performance for MVI. Bounding box annotation achieved statistically comparable overall AUC to that of voxel-level masks while improving annotation efficiency. Keywords: Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Microvascular Invasion, MRI, Deep Learning, Annotation Efficiency, Model Visualization Supplemental material is available for this article. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by the Radiological Society of North America under a CC BY 4.0 license.

Purpose To evaluate the generalizability of adult-trained models for hepatoblastoma segmentation to pediatric patients and to develop two deep learning (DL) models, and , specifically trained on pediatric contrast-enhanced CT and T2-weighted MRI scans, respectively. Materials and Methods Imaging data from the multicenter Children's Oncology Group AHEP0731 trial (NCT00980460; May 2008-July 2018) were analyzed. DL models employing the three-dimensional U-Net architecture were trained using DCT-Train and DMRI-Train. These models were evaluated on DCT-Val and DMRI-Val using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), and model segmentations were compared with manual segmentations from three annotators (R1, R2, and R3), their consensus (Rc), and adult-trained model ( ) segmentations. Volume percentage error analysis was performed to evaluate segmentation precision. Results A total of 104 participants (mean age ± SD, 28.2 months ± 30.5; 64 male; DCT-Train = 56, DCT-Val = 48) were included in the CT dataset and 123 (31.5 months ± 38.4; 87 male; DMRI-Train = 50, DMRI-Val = 73) in the MRI dataset. achieved good agreement with consensus segmentation (DSC = 0.86 [95% CI: 0.80, 0.91]) and exhibited higher agreement than with R1 (0.83 vs 0.55), R2 (0.85 vs 0.55), R3 (0.84 vs 0.54), and Rc (0.86 vs 0.55) segmentations. Volume percentage error analysis revealed that achieved segmentation results on par with or better than those of a novice annotator (R3) in high-precision scenarios. also achieved a DSC of 0.86, demonstrating good agreement with Rc. Conclusion The pediatric-trained DL-based models outperformed adult-trained models for accurate segmentation of pediatric hepatoblastoma. Keywords: Pediatrics, Deep Learning, Liver, MR-Imaging, Abdomen/GI, Algorithm Development ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00980460 Supplemental material is available for this article. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by the Radiological Society of North America under a CC BY 4.0 license.

MRI is the reference standard modality for evaluation of perianal fistulas, providing high-spatial-resolution mapping of the tract origin, course, and secondary extensions to aid classification and treatment planning. Cryptoglandular fistulas most commonly follow intersphincteric or transsphincteric pathways and may be complicated by formation of abscesses. In comparison, fistulas related to perianal fistulizing Crohn disease (PFCD) often arise near the anorectal junction, frequently extending beyond conventional classifications due to branching, high-origin involvement, and associated proctitis. In patients with PFCD, MRI facilitates serial evaluation, allowing stable tracts to be distinguished from new branching or progressive fibrosis. MRI allows differentiation of fluid-persistent tracts, which carry a higher risk of symptom relapse, from fibrosis-predominant tracts, which reflect a favorable response to therapy and a reduced risk of recurrence. Although most perianal fistulas are benign, chronic tracts can undergo malignant transformation. In PFCD, prolonged inflammation and nonhealing fistulas increase the risk of mucinous adenocarcinoma. The authors present an MRI-based approach to interpretation of fistulas, focusing on tract origin and escape pathways, and using the Parks and St James classification systems to improve radiologic assessment. Core components include defining tract trajectory, identifying internal and external openings, and recognizing secondary extensions such as abscesses or supralevator spreading. Radiologists should also assess for proctitis and monitor changes in fistula composition over time. High-spatial-resolution MRI, combined with mapping of the escape pathway and evaluation of the serial tract, improves characterization of fistulas and supports long-term monitoring in patients with cryptoglandular and PFCD fistulas. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by the Radiological Society of North America under a CC BY 4.0 license. Supplemental material is available for this article.

The field of environmental history in India emerged as a response to movements against forest policies and large dams in the 1970s and 1980s. Yet, anti-caste scholars and activists soon critiqued early environmental histories that portrayed colonialism as a watershed in the ecological history of South Asia without accounting for the violence of environmental exclusions along lines of caste. This review article surveys works in environmental history and engages interventions from Dalit studies to evaluate the role of caste in the colonial transformation of entangled subcontinental landscapes of forests and fields. Brahmanical and colonial demarcations of forests and fields simultaneously hinged upon oppressed caste labour while eliding Dalit and Adivasi claims to land. Taking landscape to encompass contingent webs of socio-ecological relations and contested spatial imaginaries, this article argues that the reproduction of landscapes of caste exclusion entailed material struggles over nature and the naturalisation of exclusionary landscapes. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap) is a well-known phytopathogenic bacterium responsible for bacterial spot in Prunus species. Although cherry has historically been listed as a potential host for this pathogen, the occurrence of Xap bacterial spot in cherry is rare. In the present study, two bacterial strains isolated from cherry in Montenegro and initially identified as Xap were subjected to genomic and pathogenicity analyses. The results showed substantial genetic divergence, along with distinct phenotypic profiles, between these strains and reference Xap strains known to be pathogenic in Prunus. These findings are consistent with recent studies reporting the existence of nonpathogenic, less virulent, or atypical strains of X. arboricola that had previously been misidentified as Xap due to limitations of previous diagnostic methods. The results, together with the historically low number of verified Xap infections in cherry and evidence that some strains may have been misidentified or confused with nonpathogenic or misclassified strains, contribute to the hypothesis that cherry may not be a highly relevant natural host for Xap and should therefore be reevaluated. This could have implications for monitoring strategies, risk assessment, and regulatory measures concerning Xanthomonas management in cherry cultivation. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.

Abstract. This paper describes the first release of Level 1b and Level 2 high-resolution atmospheric data cubes generated in the WegenerNet 3D Open-Air Laboratory for Climate Change Research Feldbach Region (WEGN3D Open-Air Lab). These datasets, based on the continuous WegenerNet 3D observations form a growing multi-year observational data collection at sub-kilometer scale and sub-hourly resolution. They are capable to support the study of weather extremes in a changing climate, water vapor–cloud–precipitation interactions, and interactions between the surface and the free atmosphere, among other uses. The data are not assimilated into reanalyses or numerical weather prediction models. Consequently, they can also serve as an independent dataset for evaluation and validation of such models, as well as of climate-oriented modeling, at high spatial and temporal resolution. The instrumentation behind the WEGN3D Open-Air Lab atmospheric data cubes consists of an X-band dual-polarization precipitation radar, a combined microwave/infrared tropospheric sounding radiometer, an infrared cloud structure radiometer, and a six-station water vapor sounding Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) network with baselines of 5 to 10 km. These sensors form the WegenerNet 3D Observing System and complement the existing WegenerNet climate station network in the Feldbach region. The site is situated in the Alpine forelands of southeastern Austria and covers an area of approximately 1400 km2, with radar volume scans reaching up to an altitude of about 6 km and tropospheric profiles up to an altitude of 10 km. Precipitation radar measurements started in mid-2020, with the current sensor configuration being operational since mid-2021. The dataset will be continuously extended in near real time with the goal of providing a consistent, high-resolution long-term data record for atmospheric and climate sciences. The temporal resolution of the datasets ranges from 2.5 min for precipitation radar and GNSS-derived datasets to 10 min for radiometer-derived datasets. Precipitation and cloud data cubes are provided on a 200 m by 200 m Cartesian grid, with height level resolution ranging from 20 m near the surface, to 200 m at 10 km altitude. These height levels adequately cover the sensor resolution of the observed tropospheric profiles. The Level 1b dataset (Kvas et al., 2024a, https://doi.org/10.25364/WEGC/WPS3D-L1B-10) and the Level 2 dataset (Kvas et al., 2024b, https://doi.org/10.25364/WEGC/WPS3D-L2-10) are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license on the WegenerNet Data Portal (https://wegenernet.org/portal/3ddownload/, last access: 9 January 2026) and are described with standardized metadata formats. The data portal offers users several convenient options for exploring and downloading the individual datasets. These include visualization tools for selected data variables, web interfaces for manual subsetting of datasets, and application programming interfaces (APIs) for automated or scripted downloads.

This article addresses two hundred years of administration and land use around Almeirim, a city located on the left bank of the River Tagus near Santarém. Through legislation and other administrative documents, it reconstructs the historical progression of different kinds of land use and generates maps showing the approximate limits of the spatial scope of regulation. Three main conclusions may be drawn: first, the dynamics of the royal forests of Almeirim cannot be understood without considering the dynamics of the surrounding areas; second, the Portuguese Crown sought to conserve resources by generating multifunctional and organised spaces so as to strike a balance between the socio-economic activities carried out by the Crown, secular and religious estates, and local inhabitants; third, the Crown (among other agents) succeeded in preserving the multifunctional landscape for which it issued restrictive legislation and established a permanent administrative staff for its enforcement on the ground. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

This paper describes a firsthand and open dataset comprising weather data collected from four street-level stations and microscale thermal images captured by a single infrared thermal camera during an extreme heat event in late August 2024 in Pittsburgh, United States. The weather data includes air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, and rainfall, measured at a height of 2 meters above the ground. From microscale thermal images, it is possible to assess the temperatures of built-up surfaces within a street canyon on a university campus, including a road, sidewalks, and building façades. Other factors that contribute to or mitigate urban overheating, such as waste heat emissions, traffic, and vegetation, can also be analyzed using the microscale thermal images. The weather data and microscale thermal images are publicly accessible in the 4TU.ResearchData repository under the CC BY 4.0 license. A Python library was developed to extract and process the data, particularly microscale thermal images, and is publicly available via the PIP package installer.

All pathogens must sense that they have arrived at their host. This is a necessary part of infection in order to effect the changes in pathogen biology required to progress through their life cycle. How the information that they have arrived is transmitted, and what molecules/media convey the information, is poorly understood. Here, we review recent literature and provide speculation as to how this might happen, by analogy to the five human senses. Our criteria center on natural selection: we consider host-derived signals-in the broadest sense-to be those that carry some information and that can be detected by the pathogen, in principle. For each, we identify supporting literature and speculate on areas of possible expansion. We conclude, on the one hand, that there is a diversity of understudied but compelling signals, but, on the other hand, that not all signals are equal. The magnitude of the response is likely a function of the fidelity of the signal/detection. Although knowledge is currently incomplete, the prospect of understanding perception of arrival at the host may allow us to perturb pathogen perception of the host and thereby thwart this early and fundamental step in pathogen development. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.

In Ukraine, the physiotherapy profession is young and treatment is often not evidence-based, large numbers of injured people require rehabilitation, and training programmes are interrupted by the realities of studying during war. The School of Allied Health Professions and Nursing provided assistance to Sumy State University (SSU) by supporting an academic visit by the lead of the physiotherapy and sports medicine department. Sharing best practice enabled change in educational process, the re-commencement of research that had ceased, and proved valuable for staff and students from both institutions. Ongoing collaboration strengthens cultural understanding, academic quality, and institutional reputation, whilst enabling personal and professional development. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

Nazi Germany started whaling in the Antarctic Ocean in 1936 as a result of its high dependence on fat imports and a shortage of foreign currency. While this was part of a policy geared towards self-sufficiency or autarky, whaling did not cut Germany off from the international links that characterise the global fat supply, but actually created new connections. The article sets out four new arguments. First, Germany never achieved self-sufficiency in whale oil or fat in general. Second, in the context of whaling, links to Norway remained strong. Third, the Anglo-Dutch Unilever group was a key player in German whaling. Finally, given the overexploitation of whale stocks, Germany and other whaling nations saw themselves compelled to engage in multilateral negotiations over the regulation of the industry. Fat thus remained a globalised commodity even in the 1930s. This article was published open access under a CC BY 4.0 licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

Background Diffusion-tensor image (DTI) analysis along the perivascular space (ALPS) is a noninvasive but not well-validated method proposed to evaluate glymphatic function. Purpose To assess ALPS indexes across participant groups and compare them with measures of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tracer enrichment and clearance obtained by intrathecal contrast-enhanced MRI (glymphatic MRI [gMRI]). Materials and Methods This secondary analysis of a prospective observational study included participants who underwent clinical work-up for CSF disorders from September 2015 to December 2019. MRI scans were acquired before injection and 24 and 48 hours after intrathecal injection of 0.5 mmol of gadobutrol. DTI scans were preprocessed and segmented using the FMRIB Software Library. Intrathecal contrast-enhanced MRI (ie, gMRI) scans were registered to the baseline T1-weighted image, and cortex and white matter (WM) were segmented with FreeSurfer. ALPS indexes were compared with relative changes in normalized T1-weighted signal intensity at 24 and 48 hours in regions of the cortex, subcortical WM, and deep WM where the ALPS regions of interest are located by using regression analysis. Results A total of 56 participants were included (mean age, 48 years ± 20 [SD]; 36 women): 16 with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), 10 with arachnoid cysts, 11 with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and 19 reference participants. The ALPS index was lower in the iNPH group than in the reference group (ALPS index, 1.26 and 1.68, respectively; P < .001). Across groups, the ALPS index and degree of CSF tracer enrichment at 24 hours in deep WM were negatively associated (β = -48; P < .001). However, mean tracer enrichment in the ALPS regions of interest was low (10%), in some participants close to 0, whereas enrichment in the cortex ranged from 68% to 81%. Across groups, there was no evidence of associations between the ALPS index and measures of CSF tracer dynamics at 48 hours in any region (|β| ≤ 8; P ≥ .55). Conclusion CSF tracer enhancement in the ALPS regions of interest was sparse across groups, and the association between the ALPS index and gMRI markers of glymphatic function was limited. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by the Radiological Society of North America under a CC BY 4.0 license. Supplemental material is available for this article.

This article was published open access under a CC BY 4.0 licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

Large language models (LLMs) have transformative potential in radiology, including textual summaries, diagnostic decision support, proofreading, and image analysis. However, the rapid increase in studies investigating these models, along with the lack of standardized LLM-specific reporting practices, affects reproducibility, reliability, and clinical applicability. To address this, reporting guidelines for LLM studies in radiology were developed using a two-step process. First, a systematic review of LLM studies in radiology was conducted across PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and the ACM Digital Library, covering publications between May 2023 and March 2024. Of 511 screened studies, 57 were included to identify relevant aspects for the guidelines. Then, in a Delphi process, 20 international experts developed the final list of items for inclusion. Items consented as relevant were summarized into a structured checklist containing 32 items across six key categories: general information and data input; prompting and fine-tuning; performance metrics; ethics and data transparency; implementation, risks, and limitations; and further/optional aspects. The final FLAIR (Framework for LLM Assessment in Radiology) checklist aims to standardize reporting of LLM studies in radiology, fostering transparency, reproducibility, comparability, and clinical applicability to enhance clinical translation and patient care. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by the Radiological Society of North America under a CC BY 4.0 license. Supplemental material is available for this article.

By spotlighting cod liver oil as an example of a global fat and reflecting on the commercialisation of fish – from food source and medicine to dietary supplement – this article surveys cod’s colonial history in Newfoundland alongside cultural imaginations of resources. The oil’s popularity boomed in the early twentieth century with the discovery of vitamins, which gifted foods and their by-products new values. This article thus sketches out how fish, fat and commercial markets connect the history of cod liver oil in Newfoundland with the world. Prioritising three cultural artefacts – a folk song, a cookbook and a piece of prose – it introduces what I call ‘fish fragmentation’ and, in broad strokes, shows how this overlaps with the invention of cod as a commodity. To conclude, it considers what makes a resource ‘natural’ and, along the way, represents Newfoundland’s history as a colony built by cod, which is to says its extractive relationship with the ocean. This article was published open access under a CC BY 4.0 licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

This article addresses how, between the 1920s and 1960s, the Brazilian border line with Argentina, a territory then known as a ‘demographic vacuum’, received a considerable number of migrants from the neighbouring state of Rio Grande do Sul, with the intention of establishing an occupation through colonisation. Specifically, this paper explores how the settlers capitalised on an existing agricultural and pastoral production model to set up small butcher’s shops and establish a market based on lard that became integrated into other regions in the following decades. With the purpose of analysing the settlers’ narratives, this article draws on 24 interviews with meat traders in the Chapecó region, complementing and contrasting the information about the rise of slaughterhouses and meat-packing plants with secondary sources, such as newspapers, commemorative books and academic literature. This article was published open access under a CC BY 4.0 licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

Enhanced myometrial vascularity (EMV) is a common postpregnancy (ie, postpartum, postpregnancy termination, and postpregnancy loss) sonographic finding that represents involuting myometrial hypervascularity of the placental bed in the early puerperium and may persist if retained products of conception (RPOC) are present. On color Doppler US images, EMV is characterized by tortuous and dilated myometrial vessels with high-velocity and turbulent flow. These features can be easily mistaken for an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). However, despite sharing overlapping flow patterns, AVM and EMV are fundamentally distinct. AVMs are vascular congenital malformations, whereas EMV is a dynamic finding in the postpregnancy state related to persistent or involuting uteroplacental circulation. Most EMVs that come to medical attention regress spontaneously after expulsion of the associated RPOC. AVMs, on the other hand, are not associated with pregnancy, do not regress spontaneously, and are difficult to treat, often requiring repeated embolization sessions with liquid embolic agents. By becoming familiar with EMV, radiologists may better serve patients and referring clinicians with guidance for further investigation or treatment (when appropriate), thereby preventing unnecessary interventions, hysterectomies, or potential complications associated with such treatments. The authors clarify the definitions of EMV, AVM, and other pertinent terms, discuss the physiology of the uteroplacental circulation and postpregnancy EMV, address the pathogenesis of persistent EMV associated with RPOC, and provide an overview of the imaging features and management of EMV. ©The Author(s) 2026. Published by the Radiological Society of North America under a CC BY 4.0 license. Supplemental material is available for this article. See the invited commentary by Kirsch and Ponder in this issue.

Background α-Synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation and iron deposition drive synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), but noninvasive imaging techniques for α-Syn and differentiating between synucleinopathies remain challenging. Purpose To explore whether MRI-based subvoxel quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) can help simultaneously measure α-Syn aggregation and iron deposition in patients with synucleinopathies and differentiate between different synucleinopathies. Materials and Methods Phantom and animal (one C3H mouse) experiments were performed to measure the magnetic susceptibility properties of α-Syn. In the prospective study, subvoxel QSM images were acquired from healthy controls (HCs) and participants with PD and MSA who were recruited from October 2021 to September 2024 to assess α-Syn aggregation and iron deposition via diamagnetic and paramagnetic values, respectively. Correlation analysis was performed between subvoxel QSM and symptom scores. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted to evaluate subvoxel QSM performance to differentiate participants with synucleinopathies and HCs. Results The diamagnetic property of α-Syn was confirmed. A total of 273 participants (mean age, 59 years ± 8 [SD]; 148 female participants; 62 with MSA, 107 with PD, and 104 with HC) were evaluated. Substantia nigra pars compacta of participants with synucleinopathies showed α-Syn aggregation (mean absolute diamagnetic values: MSA, 0.0109 ppm ± 0.0004; PD, 0.0100 ppm ± 0.0002; HC, 0.0088 ppm ± 0.0003; P < .001) and iron deposition (mean paramagnetic values: MSA, 0.0992 ppm ± 0.0037; PD, 0.0897 ppm ± 0.0018; HC, 0.0762 ppm ± 0.0018; P < .001). The MSA group showed abnormalities in various brain regions, which correlated with symptoms (r > .26; P < .05). Subvoxel QSM enabled synucleinopathy differentiation (areas under receiver operating characteristic curve: PD vs HC, 0.87 [95% CI: 0.82, 0.92]; MSA vs HC, 0.94 [95% CI: 0.90, 0.98]; and PD vs MSA, 0.96 [95% CI: 0.93, 0.98]). Conclusion Subvoxel QSM enabled simultaneous measurement of α-Syn aggregation and iron deposition in patients with synucleinopathies, effectively distinguishing PD from MSA and both from HCs. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by the Radiological Society of North America under a CC BY 4.0 license. Supplemental material is available for this article.

Purpose To evaluate the predictive value of myosteatosis as an opportunistic finding in coronary artery calcium (CAC) CT scans for clinically diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and compare it with an artificial intelligence (AI)-measured biomarker of emphysema derived from the same scans. Materials and Methods In this prospective study, baseline CAC CT scans and 20-year follow-up data were analyzed. Myosteatosis was defined as the lowest quartile of thoracic skeletal muscle mean attenuation (males < 33.5 HU, females < 27.0 HU). The emphysema-like lung biomarker was quantified as the percentage of lung voxels below -950 HU in CAC CT scans. COPD was identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, and International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification diagnostic codes from hospital discharge records. Hazard ratios (HRs) for COPD were calculated using proportional hazard regression models, comparing the bottom versus top quartiles of myosteatosis and emphysema-like lung measurements. Results Among 5535 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (mean age ± SD, 62.2 years ± 10.3, 47.6% males), 396 (7.1%) were diagnosed with COPD over the 20-year follow-up period. Myosteatosis showed a stronger association with COPD than emphysema (unadjusted HRs, 5.98 [95% CI: 4.14, 8.63] and 2.12 [95% CI: 1.61, 2.78], respectively [P < .001]). After adjusting for covariates (age, sex, smoking status, body mass index, race, asthma, physical activity, inflammatory markers, and insulin resistance), the HRs were reduced to 2.74 (95% CI: 1.81, 4.16) and 1.50 (95% CI: 1.12, 2.00), respectively (P = .02). Conclusion AI-measured myosteatosis in CAC CT scans strongly predicted future diagnosed COPD independently of known risk factors. Keywords: Applications-CT, Pulmonary, Thorax, Adipose Tissue (Obesity Studies), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Metabolic Disorders, Myosteatosis, Coronary Artery Calcium Scan, Emphysema, AI-CVD ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00005487 Supplemental material is available for this article. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by the Radiological Society of North America under a CC BY 4.0 license.

This article links the regional history of palm oil and kernel extraction in French West Africa to the global history of fat resources. It argues that what happened to fat resources produced and consumed elsewhere is crucial to understanding how the extraction of West African palm products developed over time. The article illustrates how the French became interested in West African palm oil in the nineteenth century in their search for fats for soap production, and how the colonial conquest of the region was linked to the West African groundnut crisis. In the twentieth century, the way in which palm products were then extracted owed more and more to the experience of Sumatra and Malaya: standardised plantations became the model to be replicated in West Africa, with all its environmental consequences, and the Asian oil palm trees themselves were imported to the French colonies. This article was published open access under a CC BY 4.0 licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .