To evaluate fetal brain midline structures, cortical structures, and brain volume using sonography in cases of fetal growth restriction (FGR) and to compare these findings with those of fetuses demonstrating normal growth. This prospective case-control study included 80 FGR cases and 80 fetuses with normal growth curves between 24 and 37 weeks of gestation. Multiplanar neurosonography was performed in all cases according to the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) guidelines. The corpus callosum (CC; length, thickness, and fastigium distance), cavum septi pellucidi (CSP), sylvian fissure (SF), parieto-occipital fissure (POF), calcarine fissure (CF), insula, olfactory sulcus (OS), and brain volume were evaluated. Measurements were made using the ultrasound device's electronic calipers, and brain volume was calculated using the Virtual Organ Computer-aided Analysis (VOCAL) application. In the FGR group, CSP width, CC length, and thickness were significantly increased, while CCFL and POF depths were decreased (p<0.05, for all). Mean brain volumes were similar in the FGR and control groups (349.30±61.77 vs. 368.42±68.51, p=0.066). In FGR group, middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA PSV) was positively correlated with most brain structures but negatively correlated with CC thickness. There was no relationship between cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) and brain volume or fetal brain structures. Our findings showed that FGR affects the fetal brain through neuroanatomical structures such as the CC, CSP, CCFL, and POF during the prenatal period. In our cohort, fetal brain volume did not differ significantly in FGR. Furthermore, there was no association between CPR and fetal brain structures.

A 2.2 kg male neonate, born at 41 weeks of gestation via lower segment cesarean section (LSCS) to a gravida 4, para 3, live 3 (G4, P3, L3) mother. The neonate was transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) due to the presence of soft tissue swelling on the lower back and meconium-stained liquor (MSL). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) whole spine was performed, which revealed spinal dysraphism in the lumbosacral region. Figure 1 (A) shows a defect in the posterior elements of the sacral superior endplate of the S2 vertebra to the inferior endplate of the S4 vertebra. A neural placode with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was observed herniating into a saccular outpouching, measuring approximately 1.3 x 4.0 x 1.5 mm through a defect size of 5.2 x 13.3mm. Subcutaneous fat was seen covering the myelomeningocele sac. The nerve root appears thickened and isotense on T2- low-lying conus. The imaging features are suggestive of an Open type of sacral meningomyelocele. Figure 1 (B) There is e/o T2WI hypointensity in the cord at the level of the lower endplate of L5 to the upper endplate of S2 vertebra. Post-operative changes are noted in the lower back. Figure 1 (C) represents a brain MRI, which revealed severe thinning of the genu and body of the corpus callosum with agenesis of the splenium of the corpus callosum. Prominent bilateral lateral and third ventricles. Cavum septum pellucidum and cavum veli interpositi noted (anatomical variant). Figure 1 (D) depicts the MRI whole body, which revealed dextrocardia without situs inversus. The three differential diagnoses included meningomyelocele, congenital anomalies, and spina bifida. The final diagnosis was callosum dysgenesis and dextrocardia. The neonate was managed in the NICU with a sterile dressing of the lesion, prone positioning, infection prevention measures, fluid/electrolyte monitoring, and oral motor stimulation.

BackgroundRepetitive head impacts from amateur contact sports can lead to structural brain injuries and long‐term neurodegeneration, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The goal of this study was to characterize the neuropathologic alterations and clinical symptoms of young amateur contact sport athletes.MethodThis case series analyzes findings from 180 brain donors younger than 30 years, including 148 (82.2%) who played only at the amateur level, from the Understanding Neurologic Injury and Traumatic Encephalopathy (UNITE) Brain Bank. Neuropathologic evaluations, retrospective telephone clinical assessments, and online questionnaires with informants were performed blinded. Exposure was measured as years of play. Cognitive symptoms, mood disturbances, and neurobehavioral dysregulation were assessed using informant‐reported athletic history and informant‐completed scales.ResultAmong 180 contact sports participants (mean [SD] age, 23.14 [4.32] yrs; 166 [92.2%] male), CTE was diagnosed in 70 (38.8%; median age, 25.3 (range 17‐29) yrs) who played American football, ice hockey, soccer, rugby, or wrestled. 148 were amateurs (82.2%) who played youth, high school or collegiate sports. Of the amateurs, CTE was diagnosed in 52 (35.1%) including one woman who played collegiate soccer. Most were diagnosed with mild CTE (stages I or II). Brain donors who had CTE were older (p <0.001, mean difference, 3.54 yrs; 95%CI, 2.44‐4.63 yrs). For those who played football, duration of playing career was significantly longer in those with CTE (p <0.001, mean difference, 3.45 yrs; 95%CI, 1.92‐4.98 years) (Table 1). Athletes with CTE had more ventricular dilatation, cavum septum pellucidum, and perivascular pigment‐laden macrophages in the frontal white matter than those without CTE. Interface astrocytosis and AQP4 alterations were found in a subset with CTE (Figure 1). Cognitive and neurobehavioral symptoms were frequent among all brain donors. Suicide was the most common cause of death; there were no differences in clinical symptoms or cause of death based on CTE status.ConclusionYoung amateur contact sports players are at risk for structural and microstructural brain injuries, including enlarged ventricles, cavum septum pellucidum, microvascular injury, blood‐brain barrier breach, interface astrocytosis, and glymphatic remodeling. Future studies are needed to clarify the association between these early structural injuries after RHI and risk for CTE.

To evaluate the neurological development of children with prenatally detected obliterated cavum septi pellucidi. We analyzed the presence of associated cerebral or extracerebral anomalies at the referral neurosonography and, if available, at the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Those children were then evaluated postnatally by a standardized neurological and neuropsychological assessment. We enrolled 16 cases with obliterated CSP. In 2/16 (12.6%) cases, neurosonography identified additional findings. Among the 14 cases in which the obliteration of the CSP was apparently isolated, MRI was performed in 5/14 cases (35.7%) and confirmed the early obliteration of the CSP. In 3/14 cases (21.4%), fluid between the membranes of the septum pellucidum was eventually found in later gestation. We evaluated postnatally 9 children. Neuropsychological findings, adjusted for the patients' varying ages, were within normal limits and neurological development was age-appropriate in all subjects examined, except for one case, with a severe neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown etiology. Obliterated CSP was a transient finding in 20% of cases. Most children demonstrated typical neural development at detailed follow-up studies, except for one case with severe neurological disability.

Background: Few studies evaluated cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) and cor-pus callosum (CC) indices in late gestation. This study assessed CSP and CC in-dices, along with frontal lobe measurements, and examined correlations among parameters. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex on 150 fetuses at ≥36 weeks’ gestation. Transabdominal ultrasound was used to measure CSP length, width, trace length, and area in the axial view; frontal lobe thickness from anterior and posterior CSP margins in horizontal and vertical directions; and CC lengths and thicknesses. CSP trace length and area were also obtained in the midsagittal view. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23. Results: Mean gestational age, biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), and estimated fetal weight (EFW) were 37.56±1.08 weeks, 90.73±3.20 mm, 326.58± 10.59 mm, and 2987.82±333.68 gr. In the trans-thalamic view, median CSP length, width, trace length, and area were 8.92 mm, 6.05 mm, 2.81 mm, and 0.49 mm². Median CSP height in the coronal view was 5.85 mm. In the midsagittal view, mean CC outer-to-outer length, inner-to-inner length, CSP trace length, and CSP area were 41.31±4.81 mm, 29.73±4.17 mm, 2.56±0.63 mm, and 0.36±0.19 mm². All CC and CSP indices correlated significantly with HC (p&lt;0.05). Frontal bone–to–CSP anterior and posterior distances in axial and near-field views also correlated with HC (p=0.0001). Conclusion: This study provides normative measurements for CC, CSP, and frontal lobe indices at ≥36 weeks’ gestation. These values support late-gestation brain assessment and early identification of newborns potentially at risk for neurodevelopmental concerns.

BackgroundThe cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) is an essential landmark in evaluating fetal brain development. The aim of this study was to assess the development of normal fetal CSP across different gestational ages (GAs) in a Chinese cohort using a deep learning (DL) model, and to provide reference for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prenatal diagnosis.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 1,047 normal pregnant participants (mean GA 31.21±3.81 weeks) in the second and third trimester was conducted. Fetuses with central nervous system (CNS) anomalies were excluded. A fully automated DL model was developed to measure CSP volume, CSP length, CSP width, CSP height, ratio of CSP volume to whole brain volume, and ratio of CSP volume to cerebrum volume. Linear regression and second-order polynomial regression was used to assess the relationship between CSP measurements and GA.ResultsCSP volume showed a second-order polynomial correlation with GA (, P value <0.001); CSP length showed a linear correlation with GA (, P value <0.001); CSP width showed a second-order polynomial correlation with GA (, P value <0.001); CSP height showed a second-order polynomial correlation with GA (, P value <0.001); ratio of CSP volume to whole brain volume showed a linear correlation with GA (, P value <0.001); and ratio of CSP volume to whole brain volume and ratio of CSP volume to cerebrum volume showed a downward trend (, P value <0.001).ConclusionsCSP volume, width, and height reach a maximum between 28 and 32 weeks of gestation. CSP length exhibits an upward trend after 22 weeks. The ratio of CSP volume to whole brain volume and ratio of CSP volume to cerebrum volume illustrate a downward trend after 22 weeks.

Spontaneous Resolution of a Cavum Septum Pellucidum Cyst: A Rare Entity.

Abstract Prenatal detection of recurrent structural anomalies presents complex challenges in fetal prognosis and genetic counseling. We report the case of a 25-year-old woman with three consecutive pregnancies affected by bilateral hyperechoic, enlarged fetal kidneys and associated anomalies. In the first pregnancy, anomaly scan at 18 + 6 weeks revealed enlarged hyperechoic kidneys, Dandy-Walker malformation, and echogenic bowel. The pregnancy was terminated; microarray analysis was normal. A year later, her second pregnancy showed similar renal findings along with enlarged lateral ventricles, absent cavum septum pellucidum, and microcephaly. Trio whole-exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous variants in the CPT2 gene in the fetus: c.28_29insAGCAAG and c.1891C &gt; T. Both parents were found to be heterozygous carriers. In the third pregnancy, clinical exome sequencing was offered as prenatal testing despite a normal ultrasound. The fetus was initially reported as “affected” with the same compound heterozygous CPT2 variants. However, reanalysis by a clinical geneticist revealed that both variants were in cis configuration in the parents and fetus, indicating a carrier status rather than disease. This case underscores the importance of detailed variant interpretation, phase determination, and expert genetic counseling in managing suspected fetal CPT2 deficiency, especially in cases presenting with recurrent antenatal anomalies.

Advances in fetal three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have revolutionized the study of fetal brain development, enabling detailed analysis of brain structures and growth. Despite their complementary capabilities, these modalities capture fundamentally different physical signals, potentially leading to systematic differences in image-derived phenotypes (IDPs). Here, we evaluate the agreement of IDPs between US and MRI by comparing the volumes of eight brain structures from 90 subjects derived using deep-learning algorithms from majority same-day imaging (days between scans: mean = 1.2, mode = 0 and max = 4). Excellent agreement (intra-class correlation coefficient, ) was observed for the cerebellum, cavum septum pellucidum, thalamus, white matter and deep grey matter volumes, with significant correlations for most structures, except the ventricular system. Bland-Altman analysis revealed some systematic biases: intracranial and cortical plate volumes were larger on US than MRI, by an average of and , respectively. Finally, we found the labels of the brainstem and ventricular system were not comparable between the modalities. These findings highlight the necessity of structure-specific adjustments when interpreting fetal brain IPDs across modalities and underscore the complementary roles of US and MRI in advancing fetal neuroimaging.

This retrospective study aimed to describe the outcome of a cohort of fetuses with isolated narrow cavum septum pellucidum (CSP), as identified by ultrasound (US) during the second or third trimester. We reviewed the records of all patients referred for CSP abnormalities and identified those fetuses diagnosed with isolated narrow width of CSP (<3 mm) on US. The study population comprised 79 patients with isolated narrow CSP. 36 (36/79, 45.6%) underwent MRI, and a normal corpus callosum was observed in 34 (34/36, 94.4%) cases. Partial agenesis of the corpus callosum was diagnosed in the remaining two (2/36, 5.6%) cases. In addition, no pathological findings were reported in non-invasive prenatal testing NIPT (n = 47) and in amniocentesis (n = 11). A total of 33 (33/79, 41.8%) pregnant women gave birth at our institution, with an average Apgar score of 8-9. Neurodevelopmental outcome was available for 24 cases at a mean age of 31.6 ± 18.4 months, all of which were normal. Almost all fetuses with isolated narrow CSP have a normal corpus callosum, and the neurodevelopmental outcome of these fetuses is generally good. Thus, isolated narrow CSP in the fetus can be considered a variation of normal development.

Background: Cortical folding during fetal brain development reflects neural matur-ation. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) may disrupt this process, potentially affecting neurodevelopmental outcomes. Although ultrasound enables noninvasive sulcal assessment, so normative data and objective tools are lacking. The purpose of the current study was to assess the impact of FGR on fetal cortical development using neurosonography and establish a third-trimester nomogram for cortical maturation. Methods: This prospective study included 425 singleton pregnancies (330 appropri-ate-for-gestational-age [AGA], 54 symmetrical FGR, and 41 asymmetrical FGR) at 28–36 weeks. Conducted at a Tehran tertiary center (2023–2024), the study included cases with normal anatomy and negative aneuploidy screening. Neurosonographic parameters including Sylvian fissure (SF), insula, parieto-occipital fissure (POF), cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) width, and ventricular diameter were measured and the ratios calculated relative to biparietal diameter (BPD). ANOVA and post-hoc tests were applied and statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05. Results: No significant differences in neurosonographic ratios (e.g., SF/Insula, POF/ BPD, CSPW/BPD) were found between AGA and FGR groups. However, unadjust-ed SF and insular depths were reduced in symmetrical FGR fetuses with head cir-cumference (HC) &lt;10th percentile. Asymmetrical FGR showed no differences. A gestational-age-based nomogram was developed for AGA fetuses. Conclusion: While absolute sulcal measurements vary with head size in FGR, biometric adjustments (e.g., BPD ratios) improve cortical maturation assessment. The study supports ratio-based neurosonography and provides normative data for objective fetal brain evaluation.

Background: Cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) is a critical anatomical land mark of normal midline development of brain and its absent is associated with brain anomalies. On the other hand, the size of CSP differs among different populations. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the size (width) of CSP at various gestation age (18 to 40 weeks’ pregnancy) in Isfahan, Iran population. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed at Isfahan hospitals (Al-Zahra and Shahid Beheshti) from December 2022 until December 2023. The CSP was measured in 1000 normal fetuses at trans-ventricular plane by trans-abdominal ultrasound by two expert operators. In these fetuses the HC and BPD were measured. Regression analysis revealed significant relationship between CSP width and gestational age, also between CSP width and HC and BPD. Results: The mean CSP width was 5.3 ± 2.08 mm, ranging from 2.15 mm to 8.85 mm. CSP width increased progressively from 18 to 33 weeks, plateaued at 33–37 weeks, and slightly declined near term. Strong correlations were found between CSP width and head circumference (HC) (r=0.644, P&lt;0.01) and biparietal diameter (BPD) (r=0.631, P&lt;0.01). The study defined normative fetal CSP development values using percentile distributions with a 5th percentile length-to-width ratio of 1.06. Conclusion: The present study provides normative data for fetal CSP width and useful information about the development of the CSP based on gestational age.

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to describe abnormal anatomical features of the anterior (AC) and posterior (PC) complexes identified during basic ultrasound assessment of the fetal brain in cases diagnosed with partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (pACC).MethodsThis was a retrospective observational study of 22 fetuses diagnosed with pACC between January 2010 and June 2024. The cases were reviewed by fetal neurosonographers who evaluated the morphology of AC and PC structures visualized during basic axial fetal brain screening at 20–33 weeks' gestation in three different referral centers in Chile and Spain. All cases were also assessed independently by another fetal neurosonographer who was blinded to the original reports, using images, videoclips and three‐dimensional volume datasets.ResultsRegarding the structures that comprise the AC, the cavum septi pellucidi had an abnormal appearance in 20/22 cases and the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle had a dysmorphic pattern, characterized by being parallel to the midline, in 11/22 cases. PC abnormalities observed included widening of the interhemispheric fissure posteriorly in 20/22 cases, and absent callosal sulcus with no visualization of the corpus callosum crossing the midline in 19/22 cases. Observation of these PC abnormalities had a very high level of agreement between the original and the independent neurosonographers, ranging between 95% and 100%.ConclusionEvaluation of the AC and PC during the basic examination of the fetal brain could significantly improve the prenatal diagnosis of corpus callosum dysgenesis. © 2025 The Author(s). Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Epidemiological studies have shown that elite rugby players are at greater risk of neurodegenerative disease in later life, with post-mortem studies conducted in ex-players demonstrating the presence of neuropathologies related to repetitive head impacts, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy. However, detailed prospective data establishing the clinical presentation of former rugby players with brain health concerns are lacking. In particular, the rates of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome, the clinical correlate of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and the relationship between clinical outcomes and repetitive head impacts are unknown.Two hundred former elite rugby players with brain health concerns and 33 matched healthy control subjects were assessed. Self-reported concussion history, career duration, player position, self-rated scales of depression, anxiety, sleep quality, post-concussion symptoms and quality of life, self and informant ratings of neuropsychiatric symptoms and executive function behaviours, were obtained. Formal cognitive testing, traumatic encephalopathy syndrome classification and 3 T MRI were performed.Former players had a median age of 44 years (90.5% male, median career length = 10.5 years, median self-reported career concussions = 7); 63% were forwards and 37% were backs. Ex-players had elevated scores compared to controls on all symptom scales except sleep quality. Despite frequent subjective memory complaints, performance on cognitive testing did not significantly differ from controls. No players fulfilled criteria for dementia. Twenty-four former players fulfilled research criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (seven with cognitive impairment, 12 with neurobehavioral dysregulation, five with both). Provisional levels of certainty for chronic traumatic encephalopathy were relatively low (21 ‘suggestive’, three ‘possible’, zero ‘probable/definite’). Forwards and those with higher self-reported concussions were more likely to be classified as having traumatic encephalopathy syndrome based on neurobehavioral disturbance. Symptom burden (depressive and anxiety symptoms, post-concussion symptoms, behaviour rating of executive dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric symptom severity) was higher in those with higher self-reported concussions but was unrelated to years of play or position played. Cavum septum pellucidum was visible on structural imaging in 24% of players (12% in controls) and was more common in the high compared to low concussion group (32% versus 16%).In summary, former elite rugby players in mid-life had significant symptom burden, especially those self-reporting more concussions. In contrast, objective cognitive impairments and traumatic encephalopathy syndrome were relatively uncommon and there was no evidence of dementia. These results provide insights into the clinical presentations of former elite rugby players with brain health concerns during mid-life and highlight the complex relationship between symptoms, cognition and head impact exposure.

ABSTRACTSurgical subspecialties have successfully combined robotic technology with traditional practices. In doing so, they have benefited from increased precision in techniques, reduced incidence of surgical complications, and reduced MSK disorders. This scoping review aims to examine the extent of cobotics in obstetric ultrasound. The review was conducted using the JBI PRISMA protocol to map the topic of robotics in obstetric ultrasound. Teleoperated remote ultrasound formed the largest combined clinical cohort of 67 patients. Limitations of the 20‐week scan concerned incomplete visualization of fetal structures. These included cavum septi pellucidi, cardiac outflow tracts, kidneys, lips and spine. Third trimester scans omitted umbilical artery Doppler measures. Patients having telerobotic ultrasound report the experience as “comfortable” and would agree to repeat the robotic scan in the future. Obstetric cobotic literature was found to focus on the following subtopics: robotic‐assisted ultrasound, automated image acquisition, image stitching and fusion, teleoperated remote ultrasound, and ultrasound‐guided robotic surgery. Ultrasound‐guided robotic surgery was performed for maternal partial nephrectomy and cervical cerclage. The most mature application of obstetric cobotics is seen in teleoperated remote ultrasound, where pilot trials have used clinical patients. Other areas are early in the research phase, with investigation for proof of concept testing.

The cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) is a fluid-filled cavity box situated on the midline between the medial walls of the two lateral ventricles and placed above the fornix and below the corpus callosum. The formation of the CSP begins at 14 weeks and is completed around 17 weeks.A regular CSP indirectly indicates the correct development of the corpus callosum and the midline of the fetal brain. Therefore, its evaluation is mandatory during routine obstetric scans. The available guidelines do not report specific recommendations on the morphology or biometry of the fetal CSP, thus leaving to the experience of the operator and, thus, to a subjective evaluation, the identification of potential anomalies.Our aim is to construct methodologically robust reference charts for the CSP's width, length and length-to-width ratio in relation to gestational age and fetal biparietal diameter. The REC-FAST study (Reference Charts for the Fetal cAvum SepTi pellucidi) is a prospective monocentric cross-sectional study on consecutively enrolled pregnant women accessing our Obstetric Unit at the Foundation IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy, for fetal ultrasound evaluation.Women will be eligible if carrying an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy between 190/7 and 366/7 weeks' gestation with a certain pregnancy dating by first trimester ultrasound with crown-rump length measurement, and if aged between 18 and 45 years.After signing the informed consent, the ultrasound scan will be performed and the CSP's width and length will be measured by means of the inner-to-inner technique and its morphology recorded.In order to achieve the statistical power required for properly constructing reference charts, we will divide our population into six groups according to the gestational age when the ultrasound scan will be performed (each group will cover a 3-week interval starting at 190/7 until 366/7 weeks). A minimum sample size of 80 will be reached for each gestational age group. Before charting, the data will be checked for consistency to identify any outliers. Where possible, outliers will be corrected by comparing with the original values (computation errors); otherwise, such data will be excluded. The fetal charts will be traced using the Cole and Green-Lambda, Median, and Sigmamethod (CG-LMS); in addition, the use of alternative modelling approaches, such as parametric models derived from the Extended Mechanistic Growth Function method, will be explored. Ethical approval for this study was obtained by the Lombardy Ethics Committee n.3 (15 December 2023) prior to the commencement of the research. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Women will be free to decline participation or to withdraw at any time.Findings will be presented at scientific meetings and published in peer-reviewed scientific journals in the field of obstetrics and fetal medicine. Also, they will be disseminated to study participants through dedicated online and in-person meetings and to the public through reach-out activities involving families and healthcare specialists.

Developmental, Endocrine, and Ophthalmologic Outcomes in Children Prenatally Diagnosed With Midline Brain Malformations.

Septum pellucidum is a thin midline brain structure located in the anterior brain, running in a median-sagittal or midsagittal direction. This study aims at testing whether cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) and cavum vergae (CV) could predict clozapine pre- scribing in patients with schizophrenia. This study also assesses the relationship between CSP/CV and some clinical findings in patients with schizophrenia. 190 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia who underwent neuroanatomical evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging during inpatient treatment were included in the study. A personal data form, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were given to each patient at admission and discharge. The presence or absence of CSP/CV was recorded as "yes" or "no". The presence of CSP/CV was found to be associated with the number of hospital admissions, the number of electroconvulsive therapy sessions received, PANSS total score at admission, PANSS total score at discharge and clozapine use. In the logistic regression model created, the presence of CSP and total PANSS score were found to predict clozapine prescribing (respectively p = 0.001, p = 0.016). The Nagelkerke's R2 value was found to be 0.167. This study holds the distinction of being the first in the field to investigate the relationship between clozapine prescribing and the presence of CSP/CV in schizophrenia patients. There is a need for longitudinal-cohort studies that can better express effect to identify the conditions associated with CSP/CV.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation of the fetal central nervous system (CNS) is a well-established imaging modality that improves detection of fetal neuro anomalies. The utilization of rapid imaging acquisition sequences allows for the high-resolution evaluation of the developing fetus with decreased impact from fetal motion. MRI is often performed after a prenatal screening ultrasound (US) demonstrates an abnormality or if there are known risk factors. The most common neurological indications for fetal MRI include ventriculomegaly, absent cavum septum pellucidum, and enlarged cisterna magna followed by hemorrhagic lesions and intracranial cysts. Knowledge of normal fetal anatomy and development of CNS structures is key for accurate interpretation of fetal brain MRI.

IntroductionTo investigate prenatal ultrasound characteristics, associated abnormalities, and outcomes of partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (pACC).Material and MethodsA total of 118 fetuses with pACC diagnosed using prenatal ultrasound were studied, and their prenatal ultrasound characteristics, associated abnormalities, genetics, and outcomes were collected. The fetuses were categorized into three groups according to gestational age: <24 weeks, 24–28 weeks, and >28 weeks, and the brain transverse plane ultrasound signs were compared among the three groups.ResultsPrenatal ultrasound revealed the presence of abnormal cavum septi pellucidi (CSP), distention of the interhemispheric fissure (IF), dilated and elevated third ventricle (TV), and ventriculomegaly in 102 (86.4%), 91 (77.1%), 56 (47.4%), and 42 (35.6%) cases, respectively, in the transverse plane of the brain. Among the cases with dilatation and elevation of the TV, 38 (67.8%) showed posterior displacement, manifested by a cystic mass in the midline that communicated with the TV. There were statistically significant differences in the incidence of ventriculomegaly and abnormal CSP among the three groups at <24 weeks, 24–28 weeks, and >28 weeks. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the distention of the IF and TV among the three groups. Moreover, our cohort studies demonstrated that 32.2% (38/118), 18.6% (22/118), and 17.8% (21/118) of the cases were associated with intracranial, extracranial, and intra‐extracranial anomalies, respectively. The most common intracranial and extracranial anomalies were cerebral cortical dysplasia and cardiovascular anomalies. Genetic analysis demonstrated that 37.8% (17/41) of patients had genetic abnormalities. 25% (4/16) and 52% (13/25) of isolated and non‐isolated pACC cases showed genetic abnormalities. Eight isolated cases were born, with an average age of 28 months, and their neurological development was normal.ConclusionsAbnormal CSP was the most common indirect sign of pACC. A cystic mass in the midline communicating with the TV can be another indirect sign of a pACC. pACC is likely to be accompanied by intracranial and extracranial abnormalities. The detection rate of genetic abnormalities was higher in non‐isolated pACC cases than in isolated cases. Isolated pACC has a good prognosis but requires long‐term follow‐up of neurological development.