Cause Of Ulnar-sided Wrist Pain Research Articles

Etiology and Diagnostic Challenges of Ulnar Wrist Pain in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients

Diagnosing the cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain can be difficult in the pediatric and adolescent age group. While frequently used, the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance image (MRI), as compared with intraoperative arthroscopic findings, is not well-described in this population. This study aimed to determine concordance rates between magnetic resonance and arthroscopic findings depending on the specific ulnar wrist pathology. A retrospective review was performed to identify pediatric and adolescent patients who underwent operative treatment of ulnar wrist pain between 2004 and 2021. Patients were included in the analysis if they were <18 years of age, complained of ulnar-sided wrist pain, underwent MRI of the affected wrist with an available report interpreted by a consultant radiologist, and had a diagnostic arthroscopy procedure within one year of imaging. Ulnar pathologies analyzed included triangular fibrocartilage (TFCC) tears, ulnotriquetral (UT) ligament tears, lunotriquetral ligament abnormalities, and ulnocarpal impaction. A total of 40 patients with a mean age of 15-years-old (range 11 to 17) were included in the analysis. Twenty-four were female, and approximately half had their dominant extremity affected. Most had a history of antecedent trauma (n= 34, 85%), but only 15/40 (38%) had a history of fracture. The mean duration of symptoms prior to presentation was six months (standard deviation, 7). The most common etiologies were Palmer 1B TFCC tears (n= 27, 68%) followed by UT split tears (n= 11, 28%). MRI overall demonstrated high specificity (82% to 94%), but low sensitivity (14% to 71%) for ulnar-sided wrist conditions. Accuracy varied between 70% and 83% depending on the specific injury. While MRI is a useful adjunct for determining the cause of ulnar wrist pathologies, findings are often discordant when compared with diagnostic arthroscopy. Surgeons should have a high degree of suspicion for TFCC-related pathology in the setting of positive provocative clinical examination despite negative MRI findings in young patients. Diagnostic IIb.

A structured non-operative treatment program for traumatic triangular fibrocartilage complex tear: A quasi-experimental study

ObjectivesTriangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injury is a common cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain. However, treatment protocols vary across clinical settings and a standardized treatment protocol is needed to improve quality of care.We devised a rehabilitation regime which comprised both orthoses and exercises. We hypothesized that the program can effectively reduce pain and improve functional performance. Materials and methodsThirty-two subjects participated in the 5-phase rehabilitation program. Progress was monitored every 3 weeks. Outcome measures comprised numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), activities of daily living (ADL) pain score, wrist range of motion (ROM), ADL performance score, patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE), power grip and distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability grade. ResultsNPRS decreased from 5.3/10 to 0.5/10 while the ADL pain score improved from 10/20 to 19.1/20. ROM in flexion/extension and supination/pronation improved by 35%. Functional performance on ADL performance score and PRWE improved from 21/40 to 38/40 and 49.5/100 to 14.6/100, respectively. Power grip increased by 59.5%, and DRUJ stability improved. DiscussionThe combination of orthoses and progressive strengthening and proprioception training was effective in re-establishing DRUJ stability, and improving wrist strength and functional performance. ConclusionsThis study provided insight for the development of a rehabilitation protocol for patients with TFCC injury.

Operative Management of Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Instability: A Systematic Review.

Background Posttraumatic extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) instability is an increasingly recognized cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain that occurs when the ECU subsheath is disrupted. Purpose The purpose of this systematic review was to assess outcomes of operatively treated posttraumatic ECU instability. Methods A systematic search of Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) databases was performed using "extensor carpi ulnaris" as the keyword. Studies were systematically screened and data extracted independently by two reviewers. Results Eight retrospective studies met the inclusion criteria with a total of 97 wrists. The mean age was 32 years (13-61). Patients underwent either primary repair (40%) using sutures and anchors, or reconstruction (60%) using extensor retinaculum flaps. One study performed deepening of the osseous ulnar groove. Two studies compared preoperative and postoperative values. They both reported a significant improvement in pain scores, functional scoring instruments, satisfaction, and grip strength. The rest of the studies reported similarly favorable outcomes across the same outcomes. Concomitant pathologies were identified in 66% of the study population. Complications occurred in 9% of the sample size, including ECU tendinitis, ulnar sensory nerve irritation, and reintervention for concomitant pathology. None of the studies reported recurrence or reruptures. However, five patients (6.7%) did not return to their previous activity level. Conclusion Patients can expect favorable outcomes with a potentially low complication rate. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of the sample population, operative techniques, and outcome measures warrant further standardized studies. Level of Evidence IV.

Radially Based Extensor Retinacular Sling Reconstruction for Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Subsheath Injuries in Elite Athletes.

Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) subsheath injuries are an increasingly recognized cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain in elite athletes. There is a lack of surgical outcome data in elite athletes, and unique considerations exist for these patients. We performed a retrospective review of our hand center experience of 14 elite professional or collegiate athletes who prospectively underwent radially based extensor retinacular sling ECU subsheath reconstruction by 3 hand surgery-fellowship-trained surgeons between April 2011 and April 2021. Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and intraoperative findings were cataloged. Subgroup analyses of elite hockey players and acute subsheath injuries were also conducted. Statistical analysis was performed via a 2-tailed paired t test. Mean age at the time of surgery was 21.3 years (range, 18-34). Mean time from symptom onset to surgery was 102.1 ± 110.7 days. All 14 patients underwent preoperative MRI. Five patients (35.7%) had intrinsic ECU tendinopathy, 9 patients (64.3%) had ECU tenosynovitis, 6 patients (42.9%) had triangular fibrocartilage complex tears, and 9 patients (64.3%) had ulnocarpal synovitis. Mean postoperative pain on a Visual Analog Scale was 0.25 ± 0.43. Grip strength (P = .001), wrist flexion-extension (P = .037), and pronosupination arcs (P = .093) showed excellent recovery postoperatively. Mean time to unrestricted return to sports was 92.5 ± 21.0 days. There were no complications. Subgroup analyses found similar functional improvement and characterized injury patterns. Overall, our findings suggest surgical management of ECU subsheath injuries is a viable option in both acute and chronic settings in elite athletes and may be favorable compared with nonoperative management.

Patient Satisfaction with Pisiform Excision for Pisotriquetral Instability or Arthritis: A Prospective Review.

Background Pisotriquetral pain and instability is an elusive cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain. Initial treatment of chronic pisotriquetral pathology should involve a trial of nonoperative therapy such as neutral wrist splint, anti-inflammatories, and intra-articular steroid injections. The mainstay of surgical management of pisotriquetral pain is pisiform excision. Purpose This prospective study seeks to understand patient satisfaction after pisiform excision in patients with isolated pisotriquetral pathology. Patients and Methods A consecutive series of nine cases of pisiform excision was performed by the senior surgeon. The primary outcome measure was determined a priori to be the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) score. Wrist range of motion, grip strength, and QuickDASH (shortened version of Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) scores were also collected preoperatively and at 3 and 12 months postoperatively as secondary outcome measures. Results There was a very rapid improvement in the PRWE by 3 months, which was maintained at 12 months. The QuickDASH score was slower to improve, with a significant improvement by 12 months. There was no change in grip strength or wrist range of motion at any time point. Conclusion Pisiform excision results in a very rapid improvement of symptoms and should be considered in cases of pisotriquetral instability or arthritis that fail conservative management. Level of Evidence Level IV, case series.

Impaction Syndromes About the Wrist.

Impaction syndromes are frequently a source of ulnar-sided wrist pain and patient disability. Differentiating between these entities can be difficult due to significant overlap in their clinical presentations. This manuscript reviews the diagnosis and treatment of three different impaction syndromes: (1) ulnar impaction syndrome, (2) hamate arthrosis lunotriquetral ligament syndrome, and (3) triquetrohamate impaction syndrome. While non-operative treatment is always recommended upon initial presentation, the duration and extent of treatment are poorly defined. Diagnostic wrist arthroscopy usually confirms the clinical diagnosis and facilitates appropriate surgical management. Pain from ulnar impaction syndrome can be effectively treated with an ulnar shortening osteotomy, which unloads the ulnar aspect of the carpus, but complications have been reported secondary to hardware prominence and nonunion at the osteotomy site. Hamate arthrosis lunotriquetral ligament syndrome can be addressed by arthroscopically or openly excising the proximal pole of the hamate, while triquetrohamate impaction syndrome demands a debridement procedure with partial excision of the impinging triquetrum or hamate. In summary, impaction syndromes are underappreciated clinical entities but are known causes of ulnar-sided wrist pain. Maintaining a high index of suspicion will help to expedite appropriate non-operative and operative treatment. Surgical intervention-if needed-is often curative.

Arthroscopic Management of the Hamate Proximal Pole Arthrosis.

In this retrospective study, all patients with arthrosis of the proximal pole of the hamate encountered in a 10-year period treated with arthroscopy were reviewed. Patient demographics, arthroscopic details, associated injuries, and procedures were reviewed. Functional and patient-reported clinical outcomes after arthroscopic osteochondroplasty were analyzed. An analysis of 39 patients who underwent arthroscopic osteochondroplasty showed a type II lunate prevalence of 87.2%. On wrist arthroscopy, a triangular fibrocartilaginous complex tear was the most common diagnosis (64.1%), followed by scapholunate ligament tear (61.5%) and lunotriquetral ligament tear (35.9%). All patients were managed arthroscopically with 100% procedural success. Average follow-up of 42.8 ± 37.7 months showed statistically significant improvements in the visual analog score and Mayo wrist score postoperatively (P < 0.01). Three patients (7.7%) failed the procedure at a mean of 23 ± 31.4 months. Risk factors for salvage operations were nondominant wrist involvement 100% (P = 0.04), lunotriquetral ligament injury 100% (P = 0.04), the absence of triangular fibrocartilaginous complex injury 100% (P = 0.04), and the presence of scapholunate advanced collapse 100% (P < 0.01). Wrist arthroscopy is valuable for accurately diagnosing and treating hamate arthrosis and identifying a wide variety of pathologies associated. This study showed arthroscopic osteochondroplasty produced satisfactory clinical results. Furthermore, the presence of scapholunate advanced collapse wrist offers its prognostic value in determining treatment failure.

The effect of ulnar variance on the pisotriquetral joint.

Pisotriquetral joint (PTJ) disorders are an important cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain but are often underrecognized. Ulnar variance (UV) has been associated with several wrist pathologies. To determine the effect of UV on PTJ in patients with trauma. A total of 143 patients (77 men, 66 women; mean age=41.64 ± 18.07 years) were included. Patients with fractures, severe and high-energy trauma, arthritic conditions, avascular necrosis, congenital deformity, bone and soft-tissue tumors, suboptimal image quality, and incorrect joint position were excluded. UV and the amount of PTJ subluxation were evaluated using coronal and sagittal computed tomography images. PTJ subluxation was divided into five grades. A statistically significant difference was found between the presence of PTJ subluxation and sex (P = 0.045). PTJ subluxation was more common in men (46.8%) than in women (30.3%). There was no significant difference between the presence of PTJ subluxation and age (P = 0.758). The patients were also divided into three groups as positive, neutral, and negative UV. A statistically significant relationship was found between the UV and presence of PTJ subluxation (P = 0.01). PTJ subluxation was significantly less in the neutral (none=51.1%, present=48.9%; P < 0.05) and negative (none=77.8%, present=22.2%; P < 0.05) groups. PTJ subluxation was found to be less among the groups with neutral and negative UV in our study population. PTJ subluxation is more common in men while there is no relationship with age. UV and gender may be risk factors for PTJ subluxation by affecting force dynamics at the wrist joint.

Hamatolunate impingement syndrome in golfers: results of arthroscopic burring of the apex of the hamate

Hamatolunate impingement syndrome is an uncommon cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain in the general population. Often misdiagnosed and untreated by non-specialized physicians, it is an important source of chronic ulnar wrist pain in golfers. The purpose of this retrospective study was to report results of arthroscopic burring of the apex of the hamate for hamatolunate impingement, whether isolated or not, in golf players, with a minimum of six months follow-up. Fifteen golf players (10 amateur, 2 semi-professional and 3 professional players), aged 40–61 years, with ulnar carpal pain implicating hamatolunate impingement with Viegas type-II carpal configuration, were included. Treatment consisted in arthroscopic burring of the apex of the hamate. At an average follow-up of 11 months (range, 6–24 months), all patients were satisfied with functional results, except 1 with persistent pain and stiffness; 93% returned to sport to their prior level. Mean range of motion was improved by 17 ° for wrist flexion (range, 15 ° to 30 °) and 15 ° for wrist extension (range, 10 ° to 25 °). All patients except 1 recovered grip strength, improving from 27 kg (range, 12–53) preoperatively to 35 kg (range, 17–61) at last-follow-up, and ulnar-sided pain was alleviated during golf practice. Return to prior sport level was possible by 5.5 months for professional players and by 9 months for amateurs. Arthroscopic burring of the apex of the hamate provided good clinical results for function and pain, with fairly rapid return to sport. Hamatolunate chondritis does not always mean pathology but represents the natural progression of Viegas type II wrists.

Ulnar impaction syndrome: how to diagnose and treat?

Ulnar impaction syndrome (UIS), also called ulnocarpal abutment syndrome, is a degenerative condition induced by repeated loads on the ulnocarpal joint and is a representative cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain. Because of the small, complex, and overlapping anatomy of the ulnar wrist, ulnar wrist pathologies often present very similar symptoms to those of UIS, which causes confusion in diagnosing UIS. Thus, careful history-taking, clinical examinations, and diagnostic imaging are essential for the diagnosis of UIS. As appropriate and effective treatment for UIS, early surgical treatment should be considered if patients cannot reduce their wrist usage in daily living and work and have distal radioulnar instability. There are various surgical techniques for UIS. Surgeons should be deliberate in choosing a technique and pay attention to accompanying disorders around the ulnar wrist to achieve satisfactory treatment outcomes.

The Value Added of Advanced Imaging in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Pathology

Pathology of the triangular fibrocartilage complex is a prevalent cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain that presents a diagnostic challenge. We hypothesized that a history and physical examination (H&P) would be more cost-effective alone or with diagnostic injection than with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or magnetic resonance arthrogram (MRA) in the diagnosis and treatment of a symptomatic triangular fibrocartilage complex abnormality. A simple-chain decision analysis model was constructed to assess simulated subjects with ulnar-sided wrist pain and normal radiographs using several diagnostic algorithms: H&P alone, H&P+ injection, H&P with delayed advanced imaging (MRI or MRA), and H&P+ injection with delayed advanced imaging (MRI or MRA). Three years after diagnosis, effectiveness was calculated in Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand-adjusted life years. Costs were extracted from a commercial insurance database using US dollars. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis with 10,000 second-order trials with sampling of parameter distributions was performed. One-way and 2-way sensitivity analyses were performed. All strategies had similar mean effectiveness between 2.228 and 2.232 Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand-adjusted life years, with mean costs ranging from $5,584 (H&P alone) to $5,980 (H&P, injection, and MRA). History and physical examination alone or with injection were the most cost-effective strategies. History and physical examination alone was the most preferred diagnostic strategy, though H&P+ injection and H&P with delayed MRA were preferred with adjustments in willingness-to-pay and parameter inputs. As willingness-to-pay increased considerably (>$65,000 per Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand-adjusted life year), inclusion of MRA became the most favorable strategy. Advanced imaging adds costs and provides minimal increases in effectiveness in the diagnosis and treatment of a symptomatic triangular fibrocartilage complex abnormality. The most cost-effective strategy is H&P, with or without diagnostic injection. Magnetic resonance arthrogram may be favored in situations with a high willingness-to-pay or poor examination characteristics. Economic/Decision Analysis IV.

Ulnar-sided wrist pain: a prospective analysis of diagnostic clinical tests.

Identifying the cause of pain on the ulnar side of the wrist can be challenging. The outcome and recovery following surgery can be unpredictable. The aim of this study was to document and analyse the clinical tests used to evaluate the cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain and determine their diagnostic relevance. This is a prospective evaluation of 110 patients who presented with pain on the ulnar side of the wrist. The clinical evaluation and results from radiological investigations were documented and analysed. There were 17 different diagnoses. Eighty-five percent of the diagnoses were triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injuries, ulnocarpal abutment syndrome (UCAS), pisotriquetral arthritis (PTA), triquetral fracture or non-union, distal radioulnar joint arthritis (DRUJ OA) and extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) pathology. The ulnocarpal stress test and ulnar foveal sign were positive in several diagnoses. The ulnar foveal sign had a sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 48% for TFCC injuries, and 85% and 37% for UCAS, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of pisotriquetral shear test for PTA was 100% and 92%, respectively. Patients with PTA or ECU pathology localised their pain better on the patient's pain localisation chart. Diagnosis of TFCC injuries, UCAS, DRUJ OA and ECU injuries are challenging as the clinical symptoms and signs for the four diagnoses were similar and required either magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography for diagnostic confirmation after clinical examination. The ulnocarpal stress test and the ulnar foveal sign were not sufficiently specific.

Clinical Assessment for Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability in Patients with Distal End Radius Fracture

Background: Distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability is an important cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain in distal radius fractures. By this study, it was tried to identify clinical factors associated with DRUJ instability in distal radius fractures. Materials and Methods: We prospectively reviewed all 87 patients who underwent surgery for unstable, unilateral distal radius fractures in a tertiary trauma center. Assessment of DRUJ instability was examined preoperatively, during surgery, and immediate postoperatively. Patients with clinical DRUJ instability were followed up at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months, with clinical assessment of the DRUJ instability whether symptomatic or not. Results: Preoperative DRUJ instability was found in 23 patients as checked by the distal ulna ballottement test. Of these 23 patients, postoperative DRUJ instability was found in 9 patients and persisted as symptomatic DRUJ instability with ulnar-sided wrist pain till the last follow-up. Conclusion: Every distal radius fracture should be seen with the suspicion of associated DRUJ instability and the stability of DRUJ be thoroughly checked intraoperatively and postoperatively for better wrist function and better outcome after the union of distal radius fracture.

Arthroscopic Pisiform Excision in Pisotriquetral Osteoarthritis Technique Using a Direct Pisotriquetral Portal.

Pisotriquetral (PT) joint arthritis is a common cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain. Open pisiform excision is a well-established procedure and is indicated when the conservative treatment fails. Although arthroscopic visualization of the PT joint is part of the routine examination in a patient with ulnar-sided wrist pain, therapeutic arthroscopy of the PT joint is limited to one case in the literature through the standard dorsal portals. Arthroscopic pisiform excision is a novel technique described by the authors. The first aim of this procedure is pain relief maintaining wrist stability and strength. With this minimally invasive approach we believe that preserving the flexor carpi ulnaris and the PT ligament complex we maintain their biomechanical function, while at the same time, reducing scar tenderness and postoperative discomfort with better esthetic results and less recovery time. In addition to standard dorsal portals, a direct PT portal was used to have access to the PT space and as a working portal to complete the pisiform excision.

Ulnar-Side Wrist Pain Management Guidelines: All That Hurts is Not the TFCC!

Ulnar-sided wrist pain is a common clinical problem, most often misdiagnosed as triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injury. It may be frustrating to the patient, as one may end up wearing a wrist splint for an unusually long period, disrupting their routine. Because of the dilemmas in the diagnosing the cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain, various algorithms have been suggested but it is an individual's choice to do a systematic assessment and follow in their routine clinical practice. We propose the 'storey concept' for examining the ulnar side of the wrist, with ulnar styloid as the reference point. The lower storey identifies the pathologies of the DRUJ, the intermediate storey identifies the pathologies of the radiocarpal joint and the upper storey identifies the pathologies of midcarpal and carpometacarpal joint. Also, it is important to ramify the cause of pain into stable or unstable wrist, with or without arthritis, as this will guide us in managing the pain arising from distal radioulnar joint. In addition to methodical clinical examination, ideal radiographs and high-resolution MRI are critical to diagnose wrist pathologies. The role of wrist arthroscopy has consistently increased, and complements in both diagnosis and treatment of wrist pain especially in ambiguous situations.

MRI Findings in Patients Undergoing Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Repairs Versus Patients Without Ulnar-Sided Wrist Pain.

Background: The clinical picture of ulnar-sided wrist pain is oftentimes confusing because various pathologies may be coexistent. In this study, we aimed: (1) to compare the prevalence of potential causes of ulnar-sided wrist pain on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients who underwent triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) repair and control subjects: and (2) to evaluate whether inferior clinical results were associated with specific patient characteristics or other potential causes of ulnar-sided wrist pain. Methods: We included 67 patients who underwent a TFCC repair and 67 control subjects. The MRI scans were examined for sources of ulnar-sided wrist pain. After TFCC repair, 42 patients (63%) completed surveys, including Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand and pain scores. Bivariate analysis was performed to compare our groups and to identify factors associated with our outcomes. Results: We found significantly higher rates of distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) arthritis (P = .033), extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) pathology (P = .028), and ulnar styloid fractures (P = .028) in patients with TFCC repairs. With increasing age, increasing pathology in the pisotriquetral joint (P = .040), more ulnocarpal abutment (P = .0081), and more degenerative tears (P < .001) were seen in both groups. No demographic characteristics or MRI findings were significantly associated with our outcomes. Conclusions: We observed higher rates of DRUJ arthritis and ECU pathology in patients with TFCC tears undergoing repair compared with age- and sex-matched controls. This may be due to damage to the TFCC itself altering relationships of the DRUJ and the ECU subsheath, or it may reflect various pathologies that cause ulnar-sided wrist pain and drive patients toward surgery.

Patient-Reported Outcomes following Arthroscopic Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Repair.

Background Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injury is a common cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain, which may lead to serious physical impairments. Arthroscopic repair has benefits such as less soft tissue damage, greater surgical accuracy, and may lead to faster recovery than open repair. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the functional outcome of patients with symptomatic TFCC injuries treated with arthroscopic debridement or repair. Patients and Methods A retrospective study of all consecutive patients with a TFCC injury treated arthroscopically was conducted. The primary outcome was the patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) score. Secondary outcomes were, pain, operative findings, complications, and additional treatment. Results A total of 51 patients with a median follow-up of 16.5 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 13-25) were included. Injuries were treated with TFCC debridement ( n = 25), TFCC ligament to capsule suturing ( n = 10), TFCC debridement and ligament to capsule suturing ( n = 7), TFCC debridement and synovectomy ( n = 5), and TFCC foveal reinsertion with a suture anchor ( n = 4). The median PRWE was 19.5 (IQR: 6-49). Complications occurred in three patients and in nine patients additional surgery was performed. Conclusion Arthroscopic treatment of TFCC lesions leads to satisfactory functional outcomes. Level of Evidence This is a Level IV study.

Outcomes of ulnar shortening osteotomy using a new compression plate

Ulnar impaction syndrome (UIS) is a frequent cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain. Several open and arthroscopic surgery techniques have been described. Ulnar shortening osteotomy (USO) is often the method of choice. It has the advantage of leveling the distal radioulnar joint extra-articularly while maintaining the integrity of the soft tissues that stabilize the joint. This retrospective study reports the short-term outcomes of 20 patients who underwent surgery between 2013 and 2015. USO was performed with a locked plate and a new compression device (Alians®, Newclip™, Haute Goulaine, France). Preoperative and postoperative ulnar variance were measured on wrist X-rays in neutral pronation-supination. Functional outcomes were evaluated with the QuickDASH score and the pain on VAS (visual analog scale). Postoperative range of motion and grip strength were compared to those of the contralateral wrist. The average follow-up was 16 months (4 to 28 months). Preoperative ulnar variance was positive with an average of 4mm (1–11mm). The average length of the final ulna shortening was 3.5mm (1.5–6mm); the mean time to union was 4 months (3–12 months). The average QuickDASH was 12 and pain had decreased 2.4mm on the VAS. The results achieved with this new compression plate designed specifically for USO are similar to those described in the literature. This kind of device has an easily reproducible technique and can reduce the operative time. Level of evidenceIV.

Imaging of ulnar-sided wrist pain.

Ulnar-sided wrist pain is a complex entity to diagnose clinically and frequently requires imaging to help confirm or determine the diagnosis. This article reviews the imaging and the logical imaging pathway of the common causes of ulnar-sided wrist pain, and illustrates various pathologies. It also discusses appropriate imaging modalities for various conditions. The causes of ulnar-sided wrist pain are stratified according to the affected anatomical structures, such as bony, soft tissue or neurovascular aetiologies. This review provides a handy imaging framework for non-radiologist clinicians of the common conditions producing ulnar-sided wrist pain. A linked article (10.12968/hmed.2019.80.8.456) detailing the diagnosis of ulnar-sided wrist pain is included in this issue.

ECU tendon subluxation: A nonspecific MRI finding occurring in all wrist positions irrespective of ulnar-sided symptoms?

BackgroundRecurrent subluxation or dislocation of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon from the ulnar groove is an important cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain. Demonstration of ECU subluxation on MRI is of unclear clinical significance. Previous studies have suggested wrist positioning can affect the ECU's position relative to the ulnar groove. This study evaluates the relationship between ECU subluxation and wrist positioning on MRI, and separately their association with ulnar-sided symptoms. Methods161 wrist MRI scans of 141 patients from four hospitals were retrospectively evaluated for wrist position (defined by radio-ulnar angle), degree of ECU subluxation and the presence of ulnar-sided symptoms and MRI abnormalities. 30 scans were scored by two different raters to assess interrater reliability. A linear regression model was constructed to assess the relation between wrist positioning and subluxation, accounting for other variables. A logistic regression model was constructed to evaluate which variables are predictive of ulnar-sided symptoms. ResultsECU subluxation was neither significantly correlated to wrist position (p = 0.338) nor predictive of the presence of ulnar-sided symptoms (odds ratio 1.28, 95% CI 0.39–4.18). ECU position varied widely for all wrist positions and subluxation occurred in all wrist positions, both in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. No trend was observed towards more frequent subluxation in supination, contrary to previous studies. Interrater reliability for radioulnar angle and ECU displacement was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient for consistency 0.993 and 0.943, respectively). ConclusionECU subluxation occurs frequently in all wrist positions, irrespective of ulnar-sided symptoms, and is not associated with ulnar-sided symptoms.