Causes Of Overweight Research Articles (Page 1)

Background The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) has significantly increased and is regarded as a potential cause of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. This study explores the association between SSB consumption and overweight/obesity among primary and secondary school students in Beijing in 2024. Methods A total of 3,402 participants were included in this cross-sectional study conducted from October to November 2024. Binary logistic regression is used to assess the association between SSB consumption and weight/obesity. Results Approximately 38.5% of the study population were overweight/obese. After adjusting for covariates, SSB consumption was associated with overweight /obesity. Participants with” SSB consumption frequency ≥7 times/week” had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity compared to participants” SSB consumption frequency < once/week” (OR = 1.396, 95%CI = 1.093–1.782). Participants with” SSB consumption quantity ≥500 mL/day” had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity compared to those with “SSB consumption quantity <150 mL/day” (OR = 1.316, 95%CI = 1.093–1.586). Moreover, when subgroup analyses were conducted, the association between SSB consumption and overweight/obesity was more susceptible among females, younger students, and urban residents. Conclusion The consumption rate of sugar-sweetened beverages among school-age children in Beijing is high. Student sugar-sweetened beverage consumption was significantly associated with overweight/obesity. Therefore, targeted actions and plans should be taken to reduce the consumption of SSB and control childhood obesity.

Sedentary lifestyle is one of the leading causes of overweight, decreased fitness level, low adaptive capabilities and health problems among young students. The purpose of this paper was to study the adaptive capabilities and body composition of students with different levels of physical activity. Materials and methods. The research was conducted among 866 students (330 men and 536 women) aged 18–25 years at the Health Centre based at Arzamas City Hospital No. 1 using the methods of anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis and cardiointervalography. Results. Half of the examined students (56.3 %) had an average level of physical activity, while the shares of students with low and high levels were almost equal (19.7 and 24.0 %, respectively). Adaptation parameters were assessed using R.M. Baevsky method and spectral analysis data, which allowed us to identify a positive effect of physical activity on students’ adaptive capabilities. Subjects leading a sedentary lifestyle were found to have high activity of the sympathetic division, predominance of the central regulatory circuit and of low-frequency waves over high-frequency waves in the supine and prone positions, as well as unbalanced body composition characterized by decreased active cell mass and water content and excess body fat, which indicates low adaptive capabilities. Physically active students were found to have minimal centralization of heart rhythm control, predominance of the autonomic regulatory circuit and of high-frequency waves over low-frequency waves, as well as greater activity of the parasympathetic division. In the orthostatic test, their total spectrum power decreased during the reduction in the activity of the parasympathetic division. Physically active students had lower body fat mass as well as higher active cell mass, water content and basal metabolic rate. They mostly had good and high scores of body composition index, which helps maintain their adaptive potential at a high level.

Obesity is a significant health issue worldwide, progressing due to genetic factors and lifestyle. Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene polymorphisms have been identified as a cause of overweight and obesity risk. The aim of this study was a comprehensive assessment of MC4R polymorphism effects on overweight/obesity risk. All retrieved literature from PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus according to PRISMA guidelines up to June 2022 was reviewed. Inclusion criteria are restricted to English-language, human case-control/cohort studies with genotype distributions of MC4R polymorphisms and their association with obesity and overweight in any geographic regions and age. The heterogeneity using the I-squared statistic (I2), the Q-test and Prediction Interval (PI) and publication bias using Begg's and Egger's tests were examined, and the pooled odds ratios in different genetic models were estimated using a random effect model. Subgroup analysis was performed by the geographic regions and age groups. Risk of bias for individual studies was not assessed. The review is limited by restricted racial diversity and exclusion of environmental factors, incomplete data and limited access to certain articles. This work received no specific funding, and the review was not prospectively registered. In our study, 39 eligible studies with 43 697 overweight and obese cases and 52 272 normal weights were included. In mixed-age populations, rs17700633, rs17782313, rs11872992, rs12970134, rs2229616 and rs571312 were evaluated. The remarkable association was seen by rs17782313 and rs12970134 in the Homozygous model (OR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.51, 1.98 and 1.74; 95% CI: 1.29; 2.35, respectively). In addition, rs17782313 and rs12970134 were found to be more strongly linked to overweight and obesity in Asian and European population groups, as determined by a subgroup analysis of the geographic regions. The present study confirms the high association of rs17782313 and rs12970134 with obesity and overweight in all age groups and geographic regions. However, further functional studies and high-population research on other MC4R SNPs must validate their role.

<div class="WordSection1"><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><strong> </strong></p><p><strong><em>Latar Belakang: </em></strong><em>Overweight merupakan kondisi terjadinya penumpukan lemak berlebih di dalam tubuh yang berisiko bagi kesehatan. Prevalensi overweight Kota Surakarta sebesar 24,03%.Menurut Riskesdas (2018), PNS, TNI, Polri, dan pegawai BUMN dan BUMD sebanyak 20% mengalami obesitas sentral, sesuai dengan data Kemenkes. Data Pokok Pendidikan (2022) menunjukkan bahwa 69,23% PNS (Pegawai Negri Sipil) adalah guru. Guru memiliki banyak pekerjaan dan merasa tertekan saat bekerja. Terlalu banyak makan adalah cara untuk mengurangi stres. Kebiasaan makan buruk yaitu terlalu banyak mengkonsumsi makanan tinggi energi, karbohidrat, lemak, rendah serat menyebabkan penambahan berat badan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan pemilihan makan dan kebiasaan makan dengan status gizi guru SMA Negeri di Surakarta.</em></p><p><strong><em>Tujuan: </em></strong><em>Mengetahui hubungan pemilihan makan dan kebiasaan makan dengan status gizi pada guru di SMA Negeri Kota Surakarta..</em></p><p><strong><em>Metode: </em></strong><em>Desain penelitian Cross-Sectional. Populasi penelitian adalah guru di SMA Negeri di Surakarta dengan 96 responden. Data kebiasaan makan menggunakan kuesioner Adolescent Food Habits Checklist (AFHC), data pemilihan makan dengan kuesioner Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) dan status gizi dengan pengukuran antropometri. Uji statistik menggunakan uji Chi-Square.</em></p><p><strong><em>Hasil: </em></strong><em>Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru paling banyak berstatus gizi pre-obesitas (47.9%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebiasaan makan pada guru adalah makan sehat sebesar 65,2%. Guru paling banyak melakukan pemilihan makanan sesuai dengan weight control sebanyak 11 responden 23,9%. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kebiasaan makan dan pemilihan makan dengan status gizi pada guru di SMA Negeri Kota Surakarta.</em></p><p><strong><em>Kesimpulan: </em></strong><em>Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kebiasaan makan dan pemilihan makan dengan status gizi, hal ini bisa disebabkan karena kebiasaan makan yang tidak sesuai pedoman gizi seimbang merupakan penyebab utama kelebihan berat.</em></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>KATA KUNCI<em>:</em></strong><em> pemilihan makan ; kebiasaan makan ; status gizi ; guru</em></p></div><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Overweight is a condition of excessive fat accumulation in the body that is risky for health. According to Riskesdas (2018), civil servants, TNI, Polri, and employees of BUMN and BUMD as much as 20% have central obesity, in accordance with data from the Ministry of Health. Basic Education Data (2022) shows that 69.23% of civil servants are teachers. Teachers have a lot of work and feel stressed Background: Overweight is a condition of excessive fat accumulation in the body that is risky for health. According to Riskesdas (2018), civil servants, TNI, Polri, and employees of BUMN and BUMD as much as 20% have central obesity, in accordance with data from the Ministry of Health. Basic Education Data (2022) shows that 69.23% of civil servants are teachers. Teachers have a lot of work and feel stressed at work. Overeating is a way to reduce stress. Bad eating habits that consume too much food high in energy, carbohydrates, fat, low in fiber cause weight gain. This study was conducted to determine the relationship of food selection and eating habits with the nutritional status of public high school teachers in Surakarta.</em></p><p><strong><em>Objectives: </em></strong><em>To determine the relationship between food selection and eating habits with nutritional status among teachers in public high schools in Surakarta City.</em></p><p><strong><em>Methods: </em></strong><em>Cross-Sectional research design. The study population was teachers in public high schools in Surakarta with 96 respondents. Data on eating habits using the Adolescent Food Habits Checklist (AFHC) questionnaire, food selection data with the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) and nutritional status with anthropometric measurements. Statistical test using Chi-Square test.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The results showed that most teachers had pre-obese nutritional status (47.9%). The results showed that the eating habits of teachers were healthy eating by 65.2%. Most teachers make food choices in accordance with weight control as many as 11 respondents 23.9%. There is a significant relationship between eating habits and food selection with nutritional status in teachers in public high schools in Surakarta.</em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusions: </em></strong><em>There is a significant relationship between eating habits and food selection with nutritional status, this can be due to eating habits that are not in accordance with balanced nutritional guidelines are the main cause of overweight.</em></p><p><em>.</em></p><p><strong>KEYWORD<em>: </em></strong><em>food selection ; eating habits ; nutritional status ; teachers </em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em><em>Received: 31 July 2024; Revised: 22 Apr 2024; Accepted: 14 Jan 2025; Available online: 30 Mar 2025; Published: 30 Mar 2025</em></em></p>

<div class="WordSection1"><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><strong> </strong></p><p><strong><em>Latar Belakang: </em></strong><em>Overweight merupakan kondisi terjadinya penumpukan lemak berlebih di dalam tubuh yang berisiko bagi kesehatan. Prevalensi overweight Kota Surakarta sebesar 24,03%.Menurut Riskesdas (2018), PNS, TNI, Polri, dan pegawai BUMN dan BUMD sebanyak 20% mengalami obesitas sentral, sesuai dengan data Kemenkes. Data Pokok Pendidikan (2022) menunjukkan bahwa 69,23% PNS (Pegawai Negri Sipil) adalah guru. Guru memiliki banyak pekerjaan dan merasa tertekan saat bekerja. Terlalu banyak makan adalah cara untuk mengurangi stres. Kebiasaan makan buruk yaitu terlalu banyak mengkonsumsi makanan tinggi energi, karbohidrat, lemak, rendah serat menyebabkan penambahan berat badan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan pemilihan makan dan kebiasaan makan dengan status gizi guru SMA Negeri di Surakarta.</em></p><p><strong><em>Tujuan: </em></strong><em>Mengetahui hubungan pemilihan makan dan kebiasaan makan dengan status gizi pada guru di SMA Negeri Kota Surakarta..</em></p><p><strong><em>Metode: </em></strong><em>Desain penelitian Cross-Sectional. Populasi penelitian adalah guru di SMA Negeri di Surakarta dengan 96 responden. Data kebiasaan makan menggunakan kuesioner Adolescent Food Habits Checklist (AFHC), data pemilihan makan dengan kuesioner Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) dan status gizi dengan pengukuran antropometri. Uji statistik menggunakan uji Chi-Square.</em></p><p><strong><em>Hasil: </em></strong><em>Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru paling banyak berstatus gizi pre-obesitas (47.9%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebiasaan makan pada guru adalah makan sehat sebesar 65,2%. Guru paling banyak melakukan pemilihan makanan sesuai dengan weight control sebanyak 11 responden 23,9%. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kebiasaan makan dan pemilihan makan dengan status gizi pada guru di SMA Negeri Kota Surakarta.</em></p><p><strong><em>Kesimpulan: </em></strong><em>Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kebiasaan makan dan pemilihan makan dengan status gizi, hal ini bisa disebabkan karena kebiasaan makan yang tidak sesuai pedoman gizi seimbang merupakan penyebab utama kelebihan berat.</em></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>KATA KUNCI<em>:</em></strong><em> pemilihan makan ; kebiasaan makan ; status gizi ; guru</em></p></div><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Overweight is a condition of excessive fat accumulation in the body that is risky for health. According to Riskesdas (2018), civil servants, TNI, Polri, and employees of BUMN and BUMD as much as 20% have central obesity, in accordance with data from the Ministry of Health. Basic Education Data (2022) shows that 69.23% of civil servants are teachers. Teachers have a lot of work and feel stressed Background: Overweight is a condition of excessive fat accumulation in the body that is risky for health. According to Riskesdas (2018), civil servants, TNI, Polri, and employees of BUMN and BUMD as much as 20% have central obesity, in accordance with data from the Ministry of Health. Basic Education Data (2022) shows that 69.23% of civil servants are teachers. Teachers have a lot of work and feel stressed at work. Overeating is a way to reduce stress. Bad eating habits that consume too much food high in energy, carbohydrates, fat, low in fiber cause weight gain. This study was conducted to determine the relationship of food selection and eating habits with the nutritional status of public high school teachers in Surakarta.</em></p><p><strong><em>Objectives: </em></strong><em>To determine the relationship between food selection and eating habits with nutritional status among teachers in public high schools in Surakarta City.</em></p><p><strong><em>Methods: </em></strong><em>Cross-Sectional research design. The study population was teachers in public high schools in Surakarta with 96 respondents. Data on eating habits using the Adolescent Food Habits Checklist (AFHC) questionnaire, food selection data with the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) and nutritional status with anthropometric measurements. Statistical test using Chi-Square test.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The results showed that most teachers had pre-obese nutritional status (47.9%). The results showed that the eating habits of teachers were healthy eating by 65.2%. Most teachers make food choices in accordance with weight control as many as 11 respondents 23.9%. There is a significant relationship between eating habits and food selection with nutritional status in teachers in public high schools in Surakarta.</em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusions: </em></strong><em>There is a significant relationship between eating habits and food selection with nutritional status, this can be due to eating habits that are not in accordance with balanced nutritional guidelines are the main cause of overweight.</em></p><p><em>.</em></p><p><strong>KEYWORD<em>: </em></strong><em>food selection ; eating habits ; nutritional status ; teachers </em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em><em>Received: 31 July 2024; Revised: 22 Apr 2024; Accepted: 14 Jan 2025; Available online: 30 Mar 2025; Published: 30 Mar 2025</em></em></p>

Background: Obesity is currently a global health problem, and it is one of the risk factors leading to a high number of deaths per year. Several studies were carried out to identify the causes of overweight and obesity. Vit. D deficiency is presumed to have an effect on the development of obesity. Objective: This study's objective is to evaluate the impact of vitamin D in reduction of obesity in a rabbit model and its effect on the lipid profile. Methods: Ten male rabbits were split up into two groups for the experiment; (a) control group (with a fatty rich diet), (b) vitamin D group (with a fatty rich diet + vitamin D supplementation for 4 weeks). Blood samples for lipid profile (TG, LDL, and HDL) were collected before and at the end of the study, and their body weights were measured as well. Results: Following four weeks of the trial, the animals in the control group weighed significantly more than those in the vitamin D group. The increase in serum TG and LDL were significant for the control animals in related to the vitamin D animals. In addition, there is a significant rise in the good serum HDL in the control group compared to the vitamin D group. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that vitamin D has an important effect in reduction of body weight and obesity.

Recently, overweight and obesity among adolescents have become a growing concern, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of both preventive and effective management strategies. The present study aimed to assess knowledge and practices on the prevention of overweight and obesity among secondary school adolescents in Morogoro Municipality. An institutional‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted from April to May 2023 among 253 randomly selected students studying in Form 1, Form 2, and 3 classes. Data were collected through face‐to‐face interviews using a semi‐structured questionnaire. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 25 was used for descriptive statistics to describe the study variables and logistic regression to identify factors associated with knowledge and practices on prevention of overweight and obesity. Among 253 respondents, 129 (51.0%) were females. Approximately 30% (n = 75) of the students mentioned vegetables and fruits as healthy foods, while 20.6% (n = 57) of the students were not aware of unhealthy foods. Despite the small number of students knowing that fruits and vegetables are healthy, only 20.2% (n = 51) and 43.5% (n = 110) reported consuming them 7 days a week, respectively. Most of the participants (82.2%, n = 208) were aware of the causes of overweight and obesity, and increasing physical activity (51.8%, n = 131) was the most cited preventive measure. Being in a higher level of study, that is, Form 2 (AOR 9.33, 95% CI: 2.71–32.10) and Form 3 (AOR 5.02, 95% CI: 1.38–18.25) were significantly associated with increased knowledge and practices on prevention of overweight and obesity. Conclusively, knowledge and practices regarding the prevention of obesity and overweight among secondary school adolescents vary significantly. While some aspects showed good knowledge and practices, others were less understood and practiced. This suggests a need for implementing a comprehensive community‐based health education program focusing on adolescents as a window of opportunity for current and future prevention of overweight, obesity, and associated comorbidities.

The treatment of obesity is complex and relies on interdisciplinary follow-up. The new medications promote weight loss without addressing the underlying causes of overweight or obesity. Medication alone, without an interdisciplinary approach, can be detrimental to the patient due to the significant risk of therapeutic failure. These medications do not meet the reimbursement criteria, and the prescribing physician must submit a request for reimbursement authorization and periodically report to the health insurance. The initiation, follow-up, and discontinuation of pharmacological treatment of obesity must be undertaken in partnership between the person living with obesity and the obesity specialist.

Obesity has spread like wildfire over the globe, posing a serious threat to public health. Co-morbidities, like type II diabetes, heart disease, different malignancies, and other health conditions that may contribute to greater morbidity and death, have emerged as a significant cause of overweight and obesity. As a result, there is also a large financial burden. As a result, developing population-based methods to prevent weight gain is critical from a public health perspective. Obesity is on the rise, but public health interventions have had minimal effectiveness in combating it. As well as examining current public health efforts to reduce risk factors and prevent obesity, this study examines the definitions of overweight and obesity as well as the differences that exist between age groups and ethnicities.

BackgroundThe popularity of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods has increased globally, especially among children, because they are readily available, convenient, tasty, and have attractive packaging designs. The number of packaged foods, drinks, and snacks has risen in the Indian market, and the presence of less-healthy packaged products is a significant cause of overweight and diseases related to diet. The Health Star Rating (HSR) System, initiated by the Australian and New Zealand governments, was designed to rank these packaged products based on fat, sugar, energy, salt, and other nutritional compositions. The study assessed the nutritional value of RTE snacks currently available in the Indian e-market using the HSR system.MethodsThis comparative study analyzed the nutritional values of RTE snacks from November 2022 to February 2023. The data were extracted from the Indian e-market, namely Amazon Fresh, Flipkart Grocery, and Big Basket, using specific keywords. The HSR system has been used to evaluate and compare the healthiness of RTE snacks, using a star rating scale of 0.5 stars = bad to 5 stars = excellent. The study assessed 294 RTE products, including chips, cocoa-based snacks, and baked snacks, with a price range of INR 50 and below.ResultsThe findings revealed that the mean HSR was low (1.46) stars [SD 0.63] out of (5) stars for the studied products, with significant concerns about high levels of energy, sugar, sodium, and saturated fat. Additionally, the study observed a limited utilization of fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes (FVNL) in the market products.ConclusionThe study highlights the unhealthiness of snack products available in the Indian e-market due to high levels of sugar, salt, and fat. These snacks also lack FVNL as nutritious ingredients. The data extracted can underscore public health concerns, highlight the importance of consumer awareness, and help snack manufacturers develop healthier snacks for society.

Introduction/Background: In 2019, around half of the Austrian adult population was overweight or obese, and this has only worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. While research is clear that sustainable weight loss needs a long-term and holistic approach to support lifestyle changes and address the underlying causes of overweight and obesity, most weight loss programmes offer only short-term and single intervention solutions, with a focus on either raising physical activity or changing nutritional habits. To raise the potential for success and translate research into practice, the Austrian Social Insurance Fund for Public Service, Railway and Mining Industries developed “Light through Life”, a long-term integrated health promotion programme, which started in January 2022. Who is it for? The programme was developed by an interdisciplinary team of the social insurance fund and is offered to their adult insurees, who are overweight or obese. They can register themselves, be transferred by their GP or continue after other health promotion and rehabilitation programmes offered by the social insurance fund. The programme itself consists of three phases, which are designed to progressively enable participants to not only manage their weight, but self-sufficiently design their own healthy lifestyle. Regular monitoring, participant feedback and an independent evaluation ensure that a continuous improvement process takes into account the needs of the participants and adjust the programme accordingly. What did you do? “Light through Life” aims to strengthen health literacy and self-management skills of the participants by focussing on four themes: clinical aspects, physical activity, nutrition, and mental health. In addition they receive ongoing support through prevention coordinators. The first phase is a 6-months intensive basic programme, which combines face to face lectures with practical classes covering the four topics. The focus is on creating an understanding of what influences their health and thus their weight and how to manage it differently. The participants learn in groups to create a community of practice. The programme encourages participants to set their own goals and monitor them. In the second phase, the year- long “Pro” programme the support offered changes to coaching and more person-focussed training. In this phase, participants should be able to manage themselves, with thematic workshops and trainings reinforcing the learned content or addressing specific needs. Participation throughout the programme is voluntary. What results did you get? What impact did you have? The programme was introduced with an independent evaluation in place. The evaluation uses a mixed methods approach, analysing both process and outcome measures for participants and professionals. The comprehensive quantitative data collected through regular clinical examinations and an extensive lifestyle questionnaire will enable a better understanding of which elements work and which need improvement. A first, preliminary analysis of the baseline data and after 6 months shows weight and waist circumference reductions in all groups safe obese men (above BMI of 36). More detailed analyses also including mental health and e.g. the urban-rural divide will be available for the conference. With a comprehensive analysis of the first year of the programme, recommendations will be formulated.

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), overweight affects nearly one in three school children aged 6-9 years. Overweight marks the crucial upper limit of obesity. One of the causes of overweight is physical activity. A decrease in children's physical activity level may lead to an increase in the incidence of overweight. Based on the results of a preliminary survey at MI Al-Jihad Palangka Raya. 7 out of 8 students were found to be overweight with a low level of physical activity, this shows the high influence of physical activity on the incidence of overweight which is quite clear. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the relationship between physical activity level and the incidence of overweight in children aged 7-8 years at MI Al-Jihad Palangka Raya. Methods: Non-experimental quantitative research using a correlational design with a cross sectional approach. The sample was 47 children using random sampling method. The measuring instruments used were questionnaires for physical activity level and nutritional status (BMI) from anthopometric examination using microtoa and scales for the incidence of overweight. In bivariate analysis, the statistical analysis test used was spearman rank. Results: The findings of the study were that the most respondents with mild physical activity levels (61.7%) and normal nutritional status (76.6%). The results of the spearman rank test obtained a significance value of p-value of 0.000 and smaller than the significance level of 0.05 and a correlation value of 0.895 close to 1. Discussion: The significance value of p-value <0.05 indicates that H0 is rejected H1 is accepted, which indicates that the variable level of physical activity has a significant correlation with the incidence of overweight in children aged 7-8 years at MI Al-Jihad Palangka Raya. The correlation value is close to 1, indicating that the relationship between the two variables is very strong.

In Indonesia there are still many adolescents who experience multiple nutritional problems caused by the increasing number of population with more nutritional status, one of which is overweight. One of the causes of overweight is because of food selection. Food choices can be influenced by family eating habits, advertisements in various media, peers, and the environment. Nutrition counseling is a form of approach that aims to help clients/respondents identify and analyze problems with clients and provide alternative solutions to problems. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of providing nutritional counseling on food choices in overweight female adolescents. The method used in this research is literature review by collecting research journals or reviewing articles by searching the database using Google Scholar as many as 4 journals spanning 2017-2022. In this study, the provision of nutritional counseling can influence and change the choice of food for young women, who initially chose random food to choose good and healthy food. Keywords: nutrition counseling; overweight; youth; food

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a major threat to health and development and account for 75% of deaths in the Pacific Islands Countries and Territories (PICTs). Childhood obesity has been identified as a main risk factor for NCDs later in life. This review compiled overweight and obesity (OWOB) prevalence (anthropometric data) for children aged six to 12 years old living in the Pacific region and identified possible related causes. Methods: We conducted a systematic search using PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect for articles published between January 1980 and August 2022. We also searched for technical reports from Ministries of Health. Guided by the eligibility criteria, two authors independently read the selected articles and reports to extract and summarise relevant information related to overweight and obesity. Results: We selected 25 articles, two worldwide analyses of population-based studies and four national reports. Information revealed that childhood OWOB prevalence reached 55% in some PICTs. This review also indicated that age, gender and ethnicity were linked to children’s weight status, while dietary practices, sleep time and level of physical activity played a role in OWOB development, as well as the living environment (socio-economic status and food availability), parenting practices and education level. Conclusion: This review highlighted that anthropometric data are limited and that comparisons are difficult due to the paucity of surveys and non-standardized methodology. Main causes of overweight and obesity are attributed to individual characteristics of children and behavioural patterns, children’s socio-economic environment, parenting practices and educational level. Reinforcement of surveillance with standardised tools and metrics adapted to the Pacific region is crucial and further research is warranted to better understand root causes of childhood OWOB in the Pacific islands. More robust and standardized anthropometric data would enable improvements in national strategies, multisectoral responses and innovative interventions to prevent and control NCDs.

Nutrition problems in Indonesia are already classified as multiple nutritional problems, not just nutritional deficiency problems, but the prevalence of overweight and obesity also increases. In 2010 the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Aceh province was 11.2 percent and in 2013 was 14.8 percent resulting in an increase of 3.6 percent. Mother's perception is one factot that can cause cause overweight and obesity. This study wanted to analyze the factors This study wanted to analyze the factors of mother perception in children aged 7-12 years become the cause of overweight and obesity. This study was an observational analytic study with cross sectional design aimed at assessing relationship of mother's perception on obesity-related weight status in first-fifth grade elementary school children aged 7-12 years at Kabupaten Aceh Barat. The sample size is 289 students. Determination of child obesity status using Body Mass Index based on Age (IMT/U), that is overweight and obesity if IMT/U>1.0 SD. Data of mother's perception were obtained through questionnaire. There are 51.90% of 289 respondents who had overweight and obesity. There is no relationship between mother perception of obesity with overweight and obesity (p=0.426). But it is different when viewed specifically about the mother's perception related to the child's weight status. Wrong mother's perception of child's weight status has a risk of 4.15 times greater than the right one. There is a correlation between mother’s perception of child's weight status with overweight and obesity.

BackgroundAdherence to unhealthy dietary patterns is a major cause of overweight and obesity in adults. Therefore, it is recommended that assessment and modification of unhealthy lifestyle should be included in prevention programs. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to evaluate the status of dietary patterns in adults with valid and reliable tools. Thus, the aims of the present study were to translate the KomPAN questionnaire, evaluate its psychometric properties in Iranian adults and measure 4 dietary indices including high-saturated-fats-Diet-Index-8 (hSFDI-8), high-Sugar- Diet-Index-4 (hSDI-4), low-Glycaemic-Diet-Index-4 (LGIDI-4) and high- Glycaemic-Diet-Index-7 (hGIDI-7) based on 3 groups of body mass index (BMI) (BMI = 18.5–24.9, BMI = 25–29.9 and BMI ≥ 30), gender, educational level, income status, and age.MethodsThe KomPAN questionnaire included 4 scales nutrition beliefs (NB), lifestyle, food frequency consumption (FFC), dietary habits (DH) and after its translation from English into Persian, the psychometric properties of all 4 scales (face and content validity) were evaluated. For both FFC and NB scales, the construct validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and convergent and discriminant validity, the internal consistency was evaluated using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald's omega (Ω) and Theta coefficient (θ), as well as the stability was assessed via intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Cross-classification and Kappa statistics were evaluated for both DH and lifestyle scales. Then, 4 dietary indices were measured in terms of demographic variables.ResultsThe cross-classification of DH (93.96%) and lifestyle (95.87%) scales indicated the percentage of correct classification in the test-retest scales. The Kappa statistic was >0.4 and its value was acceptable. The mean Kappa statistics were 0.734 and 0.865 for the DH and lifestyle scales, respectively. The fit indices showed that the two-factor construct of the FFC scale and the one-factor construct of the NB scale had a good and acceptable fit among the Iranian adults. The FFC and NB scales had acceptable internal consistency and stability.ConclusionIt is recommended that other researchers use the KomPAN questionnaire to identify DH, FFC, NB and lifestyle as well as measure diet quality scores in the adult community.

Obesity is a public health problem, affecting more than half of the global population. Perceptions and beliefs play a significant role in preventing and managing overweight and obesity. Thus, the paper explores own perception of overweight and obesity on personal health among South African adults. This was a qualitative study in which the participants (n = 24) were interviewed in-depth on their perception of obesity and health. Thematic analysis was used in data assessment. The results revealed four main themes: perceived causes of obesity, self-perception of being obese, perception of obesity, health, and cultural beliefs. Environmental and personal factors were perceived as the leading cause of overweight and obesity. The findings further showed that body weight preference was personal and differed from individual to individual. The study provided insight into perceptions of obesity from individuals’ perspectives. The misperceptions of overweight and obesity are helpful in the design of impactful intervention programmes that can be used to prevent and manage obesity in South Africa.

Background: Obesity in children can affects their activities and motivation in learning at school. Obesity can also affect adulthood performance in their work skills and productivity. Early prevention of overweight in children is very important in order to maximize the quality of life when entering the adult age group.Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the factors causing the incidence of overweight and obesity in school-age children and adults so that it can be used as a guide to overcome health problems in those critical age group.Methods: This article was compiled based on the literature search in the last ten years and was carried out through Google Scholar and Science Direct, related to factors that can cause overweight and obesity in school-age children and adults.Discussion: The results from eighteen literature, it is known that unhealthy eating habits, food environment, physical activities, heredity or genetic factors, sleep duration, and family income can cause overweight and obesity in school-age children. While gender, level of education, heredity or genetic factors, physical activity, daily calorie intake, marital status, personal income, and urban living are the cause of overweight and obesity in adults.Conclusions: Factors that can cause overweight and obesity are gender, level of education, unhealthy eating habits, food environment, physical activities, heredity or genetic factors, sleep duration, family income, daily calorie intake, and marital status.

Background. Bakery products such as bread, rolls, croissants and others are an important part of eating habits. Recently, their consumption has been associated with an undesirable increase and prevalence of overweight or obesity. Objective. The aim of the work was to analyze the influence of the consumption frequency of selected types of bread / bakery products on anthropometric parameters in a group of university students. Material and Methods. The group was composed of 120 volunteers consuming different types of bread / bakery products with different consumption frequencies during the week. The anthropometric parameters were measured by InBody 720. To obtain information on the frequency of consumption we used the questionnaire method. Results. The results suggest that in most cases it is not the type of product that is decisive, but its quantity consumed and frequency of consumption supported by low daily physical activity, resp. sedentary lifestyle. We found similar results of the influence of the consumption frequency on anthropometric parameters for all types of bread. Low levels of physical activity, basal metabolism and consumption of selected types of bakery products (wheat bread, wheat rolls, sweet pastries and gluten-free variants) can cause an increase in visceral as well as total body fat, weight gain, BMI, at the expense of fat-free mass. Our results showed that the groups of participants who did not consume a certain type of bread at all, rarely or 1 to 3 times a week, showed higher values of the examined parameters (BMI, body weight, body fat percentage, WHR) compared to the group which consumed a particular type of bakery products on average 4 to 7 times a week. The parameter´s values were largely influenced by the levels of physical activity. Conclusions. Based on the results it is possible to assume that if the bakery products are the part of a balanced diet with regard to the individual energy needs, it should not be the main cause of overweight / obesity in humans.

Objectives: A study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity at Air Force Base Bloemspruit in Bloemfontein, Free State, and the dietary and lifestyle factors and physical activity which may play a role in the development thereof. Design: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Setting: Five units situated at the Air Force Base Bloemspruit, Bloemfontein were included. Subjects: The study included 166 active-duty military personnel (136 males and 30 females) aged 21–59 years. A convenience sample of volunteers participated in the study. Outcome measures: The body mass index (BMI) of the participants was calculated using weight and height, and waist circumference was measured using standardised techniques. The dietary intake of participants was evaluated using a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Results: A high prevalence of overweight (38.6%) and obesity (36.1%) was identified in the study population. No significant associations were detected between lifestyle factors or physical activity and BMI. The majority of participants (59.6%) consumed three meals per day. Meal frequency did not differ between different BMI categories, and no associations were found between meal frequency and being overweight or obese. Inadequate intake of fruit and vegetables was observed. Conclusion: A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed in this study, which calls for urgent intervention. No associations were, however, found between dietary and lifestyle factors and the presence of overweight and/or obesity. Further investigation is required to identify the causes of overweight and obesity and effective ways to address this health challenge.