Cause Of Enteritis Research Articles

Machine learning tools used for mapping some immunogenic epitopes within the major structural proteins of the bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and for the in silico design of the multiepitope-based vaccines.

BCoV is one of the significant causes of enteritis in young calves; it may also be responsible for many respiratory outbreaks in young calves. BCoV participates in the development of bovine respiratory disease complex in association with other bacterial pathogens. Our study aimed (1) to map the immunogenic epitopes (B and T cells) within the major BCoV structural proteins. These epitopes are believed to induce a robust immune response through the interaction with major histocompatibility complex (MHC class II) molecules (2) to design some novel BCoV multiepitope-based vaccines. The goal is achieved through several integrated in silico prediction computational tools to map these epitopes within the major BCoV structural proteins. The final vaccine was constructed in conjugation with the Choleratoxin B toxin as an adjuvant. The tertiary structure of each vaccine construct was modeled through the AlphaFold2 tools. The constructed vaccine was linked to some immunostimulants such as Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4). We also predicted the affinity binding of these vaccines with this targeted protein using molecular docking. The stability and purity of each vaccine construct were assessed using the Ramachandran plot and the Z-score values. We created the in silico cloning vaccine constructs using various expression vectors through vector builder and Snap gene. The average range of major BCoV structural proteins was detected within the range of 0.4 to 0.5, which confirmed their antigen and allergic properties. The binding energy values were detected between -7.9 and -9.4 eV and also confirmed their best interaction between our vaccine construct and Toll-like receptors. Our in silico cloning method expedited the creation of vaccine constructs and established a strong basis for upcoming clinical trials and experimental validations. Our designed multiepitope vaccine candidates per each BCoV structural protein showed high antigenicity, immunogenicity, non-allergic, non-toxic, and high-water solubility. Further studies are highly encouraged to validate the efficacy of these novel BCoV vaccines in the natural host.

Campylobacter occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profile in under five-year-old diarrheal children, backyard farm animals, and companion pets.

Campylobacteriosis disproportionately affects children under five in low-income countries. However, epidemiological and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) information at the children-animal interface is lacking. We hypothesized that Campylobacter is a major cause of enteritis in children in Ethiopia, and contact with animals is a potential source of transmission. The objective of the study was to determine Campylobacter occurrence and its AMR in children under five with diarrhea, backyard farm animals, and companion pets. Stool from 303 children and feces from 711 animals were sampled. Campylobacter was isolated through membrane filtration on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar plates under microaerobic incubation, and the technique showed to be feasible for use in regions lacking organized laboratories. Typical isolates were characterized with MALDI-TOF MS and multiplex PCR. Of 303 children, 20% (n = 59) were infected, with a higher proportion in the 6 to 11-month age group. Campylobacter occurred in 64% (n = 14) of dogs and 44% (n = 112) of poultry. Campylobacter jejuni was present in both a child and animal species in 15% (n = 23) of 149 households positive for Campylobacter. MICs using the gradient strip diffusion test of 128 isolates displayed resistance rates of 20% to ciprofloxacin and 11% to doxycycline. MICs of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline varied between C. coli and C. jejuni, with higher resistance in C. coli and poultry isolates. Campylobacter infection in children and its prevalent excretion from backyard poultry and dogs is a understudied concern. The co-occurrence of C. jejuni in animals and children suggest household-level transmission As resistance to ciprofloxacin and doxycycline was observed, therapy of severe campylobacteriosis should consider susceptibility testing. Findings from this study can support evidence-based diagnosis, antimicrobial treatment, and further investigations on the spread of AMR mechanisms for informed One Health intervention.

Underrecognized cause diarrhea in solid organ transplant: a report of astroviridae enteritis in liver transplant.

We present a case of a 72-year-old liver transplant recipient 7 years prior who presents to our hospital with general malaise, fatigue, low-grade fevers, and watery diarrhea. He was found to have Astrovirus via PCR testing in a comprehensive stool panel. The patient's home mycophenolic acid was held upon admission, while cyclosporine was continued through his hospital stay. Generally, Astroviridae infection is a rarely identified cause of enteritis and even less so in the transplant population. Although reports have been published regarding devastating cases of encephalitis in immunocompromised patients, our patient did not exhibit these symptoms and draws into question the danger of this virus in other immunosuppressed populations. This case helps to better elucidate which patient populations should be approached with caution in the setting of Astroviridae infection.

Study Gene Expression of OXA-48and CTX-M-1 Genes Cephalosporin resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections in Baghdad hospitals

Escherichia coli are a normal flora in the human. It is pathogenic in patients with immune system disorders and is the leading cause of enteritis, urinary tract infection, septicemia and other medical infections. E. coli is the most common cause of community and hospital-acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs). It is responsible for >80% of all cases of UTI. These study samples were taken from Al-Karama Teaching Hospital and Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad. This study aimed to determine the Minimum Inhibition concentration (MIC) of Ceftazidim. As well as comparing the effect of antibiotics and without antibiotics on beta-lactam genes (OXA-48 –CTXM-1) resistance to Cephalosporin where there is an overexpression of gene expression in the antibiotic between (125-64) µg/ml. Bacteria produce beta-lactam enzymes that break down the beta-lactam ring in the antibiotic, which reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics. This mechanism is one of the mechanisms of resistance in bacteria. The presence of both genes increases the resistance of this species to Cephalosporin. The results of gene expression when treated with antibiotics for the OXA-48 gene in his sample were 1.4, and the highest value was 14.5, as well as for the CTX-M-1 gene, where the results ranged between the lowest value of 1.3 and the highest value of 7.3 when compared to the control samples, we notice an overexpression of gene. It was concluded that the resistance of E. coli to Ceftazidim was related to the genes blaOXA45 and CTXM-1, but the primary role may be due to blaOXA45. Keywords: Gene Expression, OXA-48 Gene, CTX-M-1 Gene, Cephalosporin, Escherichia coli.

Cytomegalovirus enteritis resistant to antiviral drugs improved following total colectomy

BackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, often subclinical in childhood, is reactivated during a state of cell-mediated immunodeficiency. In cases of organ damage, patients can require medical treatment for an infectious disease, generally through the use of antiviral drugs. There are no reports of surgical treatment in cases, where infection was found, and medical treatment was difficult. We encountered a case of CMV enteritis that was difficult to treat because of resistance to antivirals but improved after total colectomy.Case presentationA previously healthy, 74-year-old woman visited a doctor with a chief complaint of watery diarrhea persisting for 2 weeks; she was transferred to our hospital because of hypoxemia and hypovolemic shock. Computed tomography scan indicated wall thickening over the entire colon and the patient was diagnosed with infectious colitis. Conservative and antibacterial therapies were started with fasting fluid replacement. Subsequently, bloody stools were observed 11 days after admission. Colonoscopy was then performed, which showed mucosal edema and longitudinal ulcer, while a histopathological examination of the colon mucosa revealed C7HRP positive on 22 days after admission. CMV enteritis was diagnosed, and the antiviral medication, ganciclovir, was started. Diseases causing immunosuppression and other possible causes of enteritis were also closely examined; however, all were negative. Furthermore, the patient’s symptoms and her endoscopic findings did not improve with ganciclovir administration; therefore, the antiviral drug was changed to foscarnet. Unfortunately, the patient did not improve despite the additional administration of gamma globulin and methylprednisolone, and she was determined to have enteritis resistant to medical therapy. A total colon resection was performed 88 days after the admission. Her condition gradually stabilized postoperatively, and oral intake was initiated and tolerated. The patient was transferred to another hospital for rehabilitation for home discharge. She is now at home and has had no recurrences.ConclusionsIn previous reports of surgical treatment for CMV enteritis, many cases were initially undiagnosed, emergency surgery was performed after perforation or stenosis was recognized, and then CMV was diagnosed and treated. In CMV enteritis without immunodeficiency, surgical treatment may be an option if medical treatment is ineffective.

Combined Omics Analysis Further Unveils the Specific Role of Butyrate in Promoting Growth in Early-Weaning Animals.

Abnormal mutations in the microbial structure of early-weaning mammals are an important cause of enteritis. Based on the multiple known beneficial functions of butyrate, we hypothesized that butyrate would alleviate the imbalance of intestinal homeostasis induced by early weaning in animals. However, the mechanisms of action between butyrate and intestinal microbes are still poorly explored. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether butyrate exerts beneficial effects on the structure of the intestinal flora of weanling rabbits and their intestinal homeostasis, growth and development, and we attempted to elucidate the potential mechanisms of action through a combined omics analysis. We found that dietary butyrate upregulated the transcription of tight junction-related proteins in the epithelial barrier and improved the intestinal microbial structure by suppressing harmful bacteria and promoting beneficial ones. Intestinal and plasma metabolomes were also altered. The bile acid secretion, α-linolenic acid, apoptotic, and prostate cancer pathways responded to the positive dietary butyrate-induced metabolic changes in the weanling rabbits, resulting in the inhibition of inflammation, improved antioxidant capacity, increased rates of cell proliferation and survival, and decreased levels of apoptosis. Additionally, dietary butyrate suppressed the release of pro-inflammatory factors and enhanced positive appetite regulation, which increased the average daily gain of the rabbits. These results demonstrated that dietary butyrate can help maintain the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, improve the structural composition of the intestinal microflora, enhance organismal metabolism, inhibit inflammation, reduce post-weaning anorexia, and promote growth and development in early-weaning rabbits. These positive effects of dietary butyrate were exerted via the modulation of the microbe-gut-brain axis.

Whole-Genome and Plasmid Comparative Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni from Human Patients in Toyama, Japan, from 2015 to 2019.

Campylobacter jejuni is a major causative agent of food poisoning, and increasing antimicrobial resistance is a concern. This study investigated 116 clinical isolates of C. jejuni from Toyama, Japan, which were isolated from 2015 to 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing were used for phenotypic and genotypic characterization to compare antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles and phylogenic linkage. The multilocus sequence typing approach identified 37 sequence types (STs) and 15 clonal complexes (CCs), including 7 novel STs, and the high frequency CCs were CC21 (27.7%), CC48 (10.9%), and CC354 (9.9%). The AMR profiles and related resistant factors were as follows: fluoroquinolones (51.7%), mutation in quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDRs) (GyrA T86I); tetracyclines (27.6%), acquisition of tet(O); ampicillin (7.8%), harboring blaOXA184 or a promoter mutation in blaOXA193; aminoglycosides (1.7%), acquisition of ant(6)-Ia and aph(3')-III; chloramphenicol (0.9%), acquisition of cat. The acquired resistance genes tet(O), ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-III, and cat were located on pTet family plasmids. Furthermore, three pTet family plasmids formed larger plasmids that incorporated additional genes such as the type IV secretion system. Sequence type 4526 (ST4526; 10.9%), which is reported only in Japan, was the most predominant, suggesting continued prevalence. This study reveals the sequences of the pTet family plasmids harbored by C. jejuni in Japan, which had been unclear, and the acquisition of the insertion sequences in a part of the pTet family plasmids. Because pTet family plasmids can be horizontally transmitted and are a major factor in acquired resistance in Campylobacter, the risk of spreading pTet that has acquired further resistance should be considered. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni is among the major causes of enteritis and diarrhea in humans in many countries. Drug-resistant Campylobacter is increasing in both developing and developed countries, and in particular, fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter was one of the species included on the priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Campylobacter drug resistance surveillance is important and has been conducted worldwide. In this study, we performed whole-genome analysis of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from diarrhea patients at a hospital in Toyama, Japan. This revealed the continued prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni ST4526, which has been reported to be prevalent in Japan, and the acquisition of resistance and virulence factors in the pTet family plasmids. The diversity of pTet family plasmids, the major resistance transmission factor, is expected to potentially increase the risk of Campylobacter. The usefulness of whole-genome sequencing in Campylobacter surveillance was also demonstrated.

Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Campylobacter Enteritis Before and During COVID-19 in Korea.

With the increase in meals at home due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the pattern and incidence of enteritis seemed to change. Some types of enteritis, such as Campylobacter enteritis, appear to have increased. Our study aimed to evaluate the change in the trend of enteritis, especially Campylobacter enteritis, before COVID-19 (2016-2019) and at the present time during COVID-19 in South Korea. We analyzed data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. From 2016 to 2020, the International Classification of Diseases codes related to enteritis were examined to distinguish bacterial and viral enteritis and the trends of each were analyzed. The aspects of enteritis, before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, were compared. Both bacterial and viral enteritis declined in all age groups from 2016 to 2020 (P < 0.001). In 2020, the reduction rate of viral enteritis was higher than that of bacterial enteritis. However, unlike other causes of enteritis, even after COVID-19, Campylobacter enteritis increased in all age groups. An increase of Campylobacter enteritis in 2020 was particularly noticeable in children and adolescents. The prevalence of viral and bacterial enteritis was higher in urban areas than in rural areas (P < 0.001). Campylobacter enteritis was more common in the rural areas (P < 0.001). Although the prevalence of bacterial and viral enteritis have decreased in COVID-19, Campylobacter enteritis has increased in all age groups and in rural areas compared to urban areas. Recognizing that the trend of Campylobacter enteritis before and during COVID-19 is helpful for future public health measures and interventions.

Rotavirus Infection in Swine: Genotypic Diversity, Immune Responses, and Role of Gut Microbiome in Rotavirus Immunity.

Rotaviruses (RVs) are endemic in swine populations, and all swine herds certainly have a history of RV infection and circulation. Rotavirus A (RVA) and C (RVC) are the most common among all RV species reported in swine. RVA was considered most prevalent and pathogenic in swine; however, RVC has been emerging as a significant cause of enteritis in newborn piglets. RV eradication from swine herds is not practically achievable, hence producers’ mainly focus on minimizing the production impact of RV infections by reducing mortality and diarrhea. Since no intra-uterine passage of immunoglobulins occur in swine during gestation, newborn piglets are highly susceptible to RV infection at birth. Boosting lactogenic immunity in gilts by using vaccines and natural planned exposure (NPE) is currently the only way to prevent RV infections in piglets. RVs are highly diverse and multiple RV species have been reported from swine, which also contributes to the difficulties in preventing RV diarrhea in swine herds. Human RV-gut microbiome studies support a link between microbiome composition and oral RV immunogenicity. Such information is completely lacking for RVs in swine. It is not known how RV infection affects the functionality or structure of gut microbiome in swine. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of genotypic diversity of swine RVs, host-ranges, innate and adaptive immune responses to RVs, homotypic and heterotypic immunity to RVs, current methods used for RV management in swine herds, role of maternal immunity in piglet protection, and prospects of investigating swine gut microbiota in providing immunity against rotaviruses.

Circulating markers of endothelial activation in canine parvoviral enteritis

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a common cause of enteritis, immune suppression and systemic inflammation in young dogs. Endothelial markers, such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and molecules that upregulate their expression, such as high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB-1), provide insight into the state of the endothelium during inflammation. This study aimed to determine if circulating concentrations of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and HMGB-1 were altered in CPV enteritis compared to healthy controls, and whether a correlation existed between these molecules and the degree of inflammation. Thirty dogs with naturally occurring CPV enteritis and ten control dogs were included. Physical examinations, complete blood count and C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements were performed on all dogs at presentation. The concentrations of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and HMGB-1 were measured using commercially available canine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. In dogs with CPV enteritis, ICAM-1 concentrations were significantly lower (median: 5.9 [IQR: 4.3-8.3]) and CRP higher (134 [IQR: 85-195]) compared to controls (8.0 [IQR: 6.9-10.3], p = 0.008; 1 [IQR: 0-7], p < 0.001). No significant difference was found for VCAM- 1 and HMGB-1. A strong correlation was identified between VCAM-1 and segmented neutrophil count (r = 0.612, p < 0.001). Despite the presence of systemic inflammation in CPV enteritis, evidenced by high CRP concentrations, our results suggest circulating concentrations of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and HMGB-1 failed to show an increase. Endothelial activation with subsequent leukocyte adhesion and transmigration through the endothelium may be affected in CPV enteritis and these findings require further investigation.

Mechanisms involved in controlling RNA virus-induced intestinal inflammation.

Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of stomach and intestines and causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many viruses, especially RNA viruses are the most common cause of enteritis. Innate immunity is the first line of host defense against enteric RNA viruses and virus-induced intestinal inflammation. The first layer of defense against enteric RNA viruses in the intestinal tract is intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), dendritic cells and macrophages under the intestinal epithelium. These innate immune cells express pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) for recognizing enteric RNA viruses through sensing viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). As a result of this recognition type I interferon (IFN), type III IFN and inflammasome activation occurs, which function cooperatively to clear infection and reduce viral-induced intestinal inflammation. In this review, we summarize recent findings about mechanisms involved in enteric RNA virus-induced intestinal inflammation. We will provide an overview of the enteric RNA viruses, their RNA sensing mechanisms by host PRRs, and signaling pathways triggered by host PRRs, which shape the intestinal immune response to maintain intestinal homeostasis.

Rotavirus F and G circulating in chickens in Southeastern Brazil.

Rotavirus (RV) infections represent a significant cause of enteritis and diarrhea in avian species and pose a major concern for the poultry industry. However, the prevalence of rotavirus infections among birds is poorly understood. Stool samples were collected from laying and broiler hens from commercial poultry farms in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, Southwest region of Brazil, for detection of rotavirus species F and G (RVF and RVG, respectively) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RV was detected in 11.7% (38/325) of samples: 35 samples were positive for RVF and 3 for RVG. RVF was detected in 15 samples from Rio de Janeiro and 23 samples from Espírito Santo. RVG was detected in 3 samples from Espírito Santo. All the positive samples were from asymptomatic broiler chickens. The prevalence of RV infection in these flocks was high, especially considering that the birds had no apparent clinical disease. Silent circulation in the herds signifies the need for a continuous surveillance program to guide measures to control and prevent this viral infection. Continuous monitoring of pathogens is crucial to ensure greater productivity on poultry farms.

Role of Clostridium Perfringens and Escherichia Coli in the Occurrence of Diarrhea in newborn Rabbits

This study aimed to identify some of the bacterial causes of enteritis and death following post weaning diarrhea in rabbits. A total of 230 samples from diarrheic rabbits, including 70 rectal swabs, 100 samples of livers and intestines (50 each) from freshly dead rabbits and 60 food and water samples (30 each) were taken from rabbits of various breeds from various farms and smallholders in El-Beheira governorate, Egypt. These samples were subjected to bacteriological examination. Molecular characterization was performed to confirm the C. perfringens and E. coli isolates and to detect some virulent genes associated with their pathogenicity. The results showed that the prevalence of C. perfringens in rectal swabs, liver and intestinal samples was 28.5, 44.0 and 84.0%; and the prevalence of E. coli was 74.2, 50.0 and 70.0%, respectively. In addition, examination of 30 water and 30 feeds samples from rabbits’ environment revealed that, the prevalence of C. perfringens was 2/30 and 5/30 while the prevalence of E. coli was 10/30 and 7/30, respectively. E. coli isolates were serogrouped into O153, O125, O27, O158 and O148 serogroup. All C. perfringens isolates were C. perfringens type A (had only alpha toxin), while beta and epsilon toxins were not detected. In E. coli, virulent genes (eaeA and tsh genes) were detected in 3 isolates, while the cnf1 gene was not detected in any isolate. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of most of the isolates indicated the presence of multidrug resistant strains.

Clinical Signs, Activity Indices and Prognostic Indicators in Dogs with Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background: Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes a set of diseases characterized by the presence of recurrent gastrointestinal clinical signs and histologic evidence of intestinal inflammation. Diagnosis can only be made by excluding other possible causes of enteritis. Since the diagnosis of this disease is of great challenge to the veterinarians and currently very little work have been carried out in India, the present study was planned and conducted to study the clinicopathological changes and prognostic indicators of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs.Methods: After a detailed clinical, laboratoty and endoscopic examination, 33 IBD dogs with signs of chronic gastrointestinal disorders and histologic evidence of mucosal lymphocytic plasmacytic infiltration were selected for the study.Result: Moderate to severe form of IBD with haematochezia as a chief complaint was predominantly recorded. Haematobiochemical changes were not remarkable except a rise in serum alkaline phosphatase level. Decreased IgA expression was observed in serum by flowcytometry indicating impaired mucosal immunity in IBD dogs. It was observed that, increased clinical inflammatory bowel disease activity index score (CIBDAI), increased C-Reactive Protein, decreased cobalamin and folate may act as negative predictors in idiopathic IBD.

Genetic characterization of porcine sapoviruses identified from pigs during a diarrhoea outbreak in Iowa, 2019.

Porcine sapovirus (SaV) was first identified by electron microscopy in the United States in 1980 and has since been reported from both asymptomatic and diarrhoeic pigs usually in mixed infection with other enteric pathogens. SaV as the sole aetiological agent of diarrhoea in naturally infected pigs has not previously been reported in the United States. Here, we used four independent lines of evidence including metagenomics analysis, real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR), histopathology, and in situ hybridization to confirm porcine SaV genogroup III (GIII) as the sole cause of enteritis and diarrhoea in pigs. A highly sensitive and specific rRT-PCR was established to detect porcine SaV GIII. Examination of 184 faecal samples from an outbreak of diarrhoea on a pig farm showed that pigs with clinical diarrhoea had significantly lower Ct values (15.9±0.59) compared to clinically unaffected pigs (35.8±0.71). Further survey of 336 faecal samples from different states in the United States demonstrated that samples from pigs with clinical diarrhoea had a comparable positive rate (45.3%) with those from asymptomatic pigs (43.1%). However, the SaV-positive pigs with clinical diarrhoea had significantly higher viral loads (Ct =26.0±0.5) than the SAV-positive but clinically healthy pigs (Ct =33.2±0.9). Phylogenetic analysis of 20 field SaVs revealed that all belonged to SaV GIII and recombination analysis indicated that intragenogroup recombination had occurred within the field isolates of SaV GIII. These results suggest that porcine SaV GIII plays an important aetiologic role in swine enteritis and diarrhoea and rRT-PCR is a reliable method to detect porcine SaV. Our findings provide significant insights to better understand the epidemiology and pathogenicity of porcine SaV infection.

Review on Campylobacteriosis in Ethiopia Perspective

Campylobacteriosis is widespread worldwide infecting all warm blooded animals including human beings. Campylobacter species are a leading cause of bacterial-derived foodborne disease Campylobacter is a gram-negative comma shaped rods, microaerophilic and motile. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the major cause of enteritis in human being and mainly transmitted to humans via handling and eating raw or undercooked meat, especially poultry. It causes watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, and nausea with nervous system complications in humans. Warm-blooded farm animals such as poultry, pigs, cattle and sheep are major reservoirs for Campylobacter species. Most Campylobacter infections are acquired by consuming or handling poultry, the ideal way to control the number of human infections would be to limit contamination of poultry and its products at different levels. Routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent Campylobacter infections is not recommended. In immune-competent individuals, Campylobacter enterocolitis self-limited, with mild to moderate symptoms but supportive care with oral rehydration is the preferred treatment. In Ethiopia its highly prevalent ranging from 8-13.7 in human and 9.4-72.7 in food animals. High prevalence of zoonotic Campylobacter species has been isolated from animal products and animal feaces. Therefore, consumption of raw meat, unpasteurized milk and untreated water should be avoided. Public awareness creation to minimize risk of campylobacteriosis is also very important.

Case Report: Diagnosis and Treatment of Enteritis Caused by Bacterial in a Dog

Diagnosis of the cause of enteritis in dogs greatly influences the success of its treatment. This case report describes the management of a male dog, 5 months old, 4.8 kg body weight which reported diarrhea, fever and no appetite. The physical examination showed the dog had diarrhea, lethargy, anemic mucous membranes, body temperature of 39.6 °C and an increase in intestinal peristalsis. The results of blood tests showed normochromic microcytic anemia, decreased hemoglobin and PCV, lymphocytopenia, and eosinopenia. The results of the stool examination identified Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila and coliform. The dog is diagnosed with bacterial enteritis with a good prognosis. Treatment is given for 5 days with intramuscular injection of amoxicillin at a dose of 10 mg/kgBW bid, diphenhydramine HCl at a dose of 2 mg/kgBW bid, multivitamin syrup 0.1 ml/kgBW bid orally, and intramuscular injection of iron dextran at a dose of 10 mg/kgBW only on the fifth day. It was concluded that the dog had enteritis due to bacterial infection, and it recovered after 5 days of treatment.

Prevalence Of Rotavirus Infection In Camels And Other Animal Species

Rotaviruses are among the main causes of enteritis in naive humans, animals, and birds. The affected animals or birds showing signs of enteritis in the form of diarrhoea, emaciation, dehydration and finally death in some cases. Little is known about its prevalence and the circulating strains of the virus is not well characterised in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The main objective of the current work was to detect and study the morphology of rotavirus particles in faecal suspensions from various animals from the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. To achieve these goals, we collected 140 faecal samples from dromedary camels, chicken, sheep, goat, and turkeys showing signs of diarrhoea. We processed these faecal specimen and prepared tissue suspension per each sample. We tested these faecal suspensions with the commercial available Rotavirus latex agglutination kits. Our results showed 5.17% of sheep samples positive. This represented about 2.14% of the overall tested samples from all species. We further tested these positive samples by the transmission electron microscope technique (TEM). The TEM pictures showed a typical Rotavirus shape in icosahedral in symmetry, and wheel shape. The morphometric analysis of the virus particles revealed the size of the virus ranging from 60-75 nm in diameter. These results suggested the potential roles of sheep in the transmission of rotavirus to other species of animals particularly dromedary camels living in their close proximity. There was a consistency in the results of both the latex agglutination tests and the electron microscope in the detection of rotavirus infection in faecal samples of different animals species studied.

Escherichia coli as Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria Among Food-Producing Animals: Health Implications of Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Production.

Simple SummaryThis revision is about the problem of Escherichia coli as a commensal and pathogenic bacterium among food-producing animals and health implications. Escherichia coli may play an important ecological role and can be used as a bioindicator of antimicrobial resistance. All animal species used for food production, as well as humans, carry E. coli in their intestinal tract; plus, the genetic flexibility and adaptability of this bacteria to constantly changing environments allows it to acquire a great number of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. The majority of E. coli strains are commensals inhabiting the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals and rarely causes diseases. However, E. coli also remains as one of the most frequent causes of several common bacterial infections in humans and animals. All over the word, antibiotic resistance is commonly detected among commensal bacteria from food-producing animals, raising important questions on the potential impact of antibiotic use in animals and the possible transmission of these resistant bacteria to humans through the food chain. The use, in food-producing animals, of antibiotics that are critically important in human medicine has been implicated in the emergence of new forms of resistant bacteria, including new strains of multidrug-resistant foodborne bacteria, such as extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli.Escherichia coli are facultative, anaerobic Gram-negative rods with many facets. Within resistant bacterial populations, they play an important ecological role and can be used as a bioindicator of antimicrobial resistance. All animal species used for food production, as well as humans, carry E. coli in their intestinal tracts; plus, the genetic flexibility and adaptability of this bacteria to constantly changing environments allows it to acquire a great number of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Thus, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in these commensal bacteria (or others, such as enterococci) can be a good indicator for the selective pressure caused by the use of antimicrobial agents, providing an early warning of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in pathogens. As many as 90% of E. coli strains are commensals inhabiting the intestinal tracts of humans and warm-blooded animals. As a commensal, it lives in a mutually beneficial association with its hosts and rarely causes diseases. However, E. coli also remains as one of the most frequent causes of several common bacterial infections in humans and animals. In humans, it is the prominent cause of enteritis, community- and hospital-acquired urinary tract infection (UTI), septicemia, postsurgical peritonitis, and other clinical infections, such as neonatal meningitis, while, in farm animals, it is more prominently associated with diarrhea. On a global scale, E. coli can be considered the most important human pathogen, causing severe infection along with other major bacterial foodborne agents, such as Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter. Thus, the importance of resistance in E. coli, typically considered a benign commensal, should not be underestimated.

Canine parvovirus 2b in fecal samples of asymptomatic free-living South American coatis (Nasua nasua, Linnaeus, 1766).

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is classified into three subtypes (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c) and is the main cause of enteritis and myocarditis in young domestic and wild animals. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of CPV-2 in the feces of asymptomatic free-living coatis from Garden Forest Reserve, Palmital city, SP, Brazil. Fecal samples from 21 coatis (both sexes, different ages, and different aspects of feces) were collected in August 2014 and March 2015. The nucleic acid extracted was submitted to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to amplify a fragment of the VP2 gene of CPV-2. Eight (38%) fecal samples were positive in the PCR assay and were confirmed by sequencing. The 7 nucleotide (nt) sequences analyzed showed 100% nt identity with the prototype strain of CPV-2b (CPV-39 strain). The analysis of the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence revealed the presence of the GAT codon (aa D-Asp) at position 426 of the VP2 viral protein (subtype 2b). This study describes for the first time the identification of CPV-2b in asymptomatic free-living coatis (Nasua nasua) and suggests that coatis are susceptible to Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 infection and are important as a reservoir and an asymptomatic carrier to other wild and domestic animal species.