Cause Of Miscarriage Research Articles

Inclusive Innovations in Forensic Epistemology and Pedagogy: A Proposed Framework

Scientific temper in evidence processing using forensic knowledge reposes public faith in justice system. Forensic science is a blend of various disciplines, including art, pure sciences, and humanities, with experiment-oriented scientific validation. Forensics and law are intertwined precepts enabling translational impact on the legal system in pursuit of truth to ensure flawless justice. Worldwide, forensics intensely involves both doctrinal and clinical perspectives, largely converging on scientific theories and laboratory experiments to construe expert opinion, and similar pedagogy must be adopted in India as envisaged under the New Education Policy-2020. 3 In legal parlance, forensic inputs are secondary evidence, but primarily used for corroboration for exploring missing links in the chain of events. Due to multi-disciplinary content knowledge sharing during forensic studies, though fascinating, poses pedagogical challenges. Globally, imparting significance of procedural law, the backbone of forensic evidence, is largely missing from forensic education. Expert opinion is contested in courtrooms on ground of admissibility in terms of reliability and validity including protection of chain of custody necessary to avoid manipulation or tampering of samples which is prime root cause for miscarriage of justice. This article deliberates upon an entwined framework of epistemology and pedagogy for imparting holistic understanding of law and science in forensic education. We propose three verticals for forensic pedagogy: (i) crime scene management for scientific handling of articles and traces; (ii) laboratory experimentation and forensic report writing and (ii) translating expert opinion into legal evidence and its presentation during the court proceedings.

Genetic analysis of chorionic villus tissues in early missed abortions

Chromosomal abnormalities are the most common etiology of early spontaneous miscarriage. However, traditional karyotyping of chorionic villus samples (CVSs) is limited by cell culture and its low resolution. The objective of our study was to investigate the efficiency of molecular karyotyping technology for genetic diagnosis of early missed abortion tissues. Chromosome analysis of 1191 abortion CVSs in early pregnancy was conducted from August 2016 to June 2021; 463 cases were conducted via copy-number variations sequencing (CNV-seq)/quantitative fluorescent-polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) and 728 cases were conducted using SNP array. Clinically significant CNVs of CVSs were identified to clarify the cause of miscarriage and to guide the couples’ subsequent pregnancies. Among these, 31 cases with significant maternal cell contamination were removed from the study. Among the remaining 1160 samples, 751 cases (64.7%) with genetic abnormalities were identified, of which, 531 (45.8%) were single aneuploidies, 31 (2.7%) were multiple aneuploidies, 50 (4.3%) were polyploidies, 54 (4.7%) were partial aneuploidies, 77 (6.6%) had submicroscopic CNVs (including 25 with clinically significant CNVs and 52 had variants of uncertain significance), and 8 cases (0.7%) were uniparental disomies. Our study suggests that both SNP array and CNV-seq/QF-PCR are reliable, robust, and high-resolution technologies for genetic diagnosis of miscarriage.

How to Minimize Future Fertility Risks Associated with the Surgical Management of Miscarriage

Miscarriage is a distressing event that can have a profound and lasting impact on a woman’s physical and emotional well-being. Although the causes of miscarriage are not always clear, it is estimated that up to 20% of all pregnancies end in miscarriage. After a miscarriage, women may experience a range of emotions, including grief, guilt, and anxiety. In some cases, medical intervention may be necessary to remove any remaining tissue from the uterus, prevent infection, and reduce the risk of complications. Surgical management is often recommended for incomplete or recurrent miscarriage. However, traditional surgical procedures can lead to the development of intrauterine adhesions, which can cause further complications and fertility problems. Intrauterine adhesions occur when scar tissue forms inside the uterus, usually as a result of damage to the uterine lining. This can cause the walls of the uterus to stick together, making it difficult for a fertilized egg to implant and grow, and potentially leading to infertility. To minimize the risk of intrauterine adhesions and preserve future fertility, ultrasound-guided manual vacuum aspiration (USG-MVA) has been developed as an alternative approach to traditional surgical management of miscarriage. USG-MVA is a minimally invasive procedure that involves using a handheld syringe to remove any remaining tissue from the uterus under ultrasound guidance. The use of ultrasound guidance ensures accurate catheter placement, leading to complete evacuation of the uterine contents and minimizing discomfort by reducing the number of suction catheters passes and unnecessary endometrial damage. USG-MVA has been shown to be a safe and effective method for managing miscarriages while preserving future fertility. The procedure is effective and can be performed in an outpatient setting, reducing the need for hospitalization, and minimizing associated costs. Additionally, USG-MVA has been found to have a lower risk of intrauterine adhesions compared to traditional surgical evacuation.

Recurrent pregnancy loss

Pregnancy loss, or miscarriage, is defined as the spontaneous demise of a pregnancy before the fetus reaches viability. In practice, this encompasses all losses from the time of conception until 24 weeks of gestation. Sporadic miscarriages are a common complication of early pregnancy and typically occur during the first trimester with an incidence of 10–50% in patients aged 20–45 years. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is less common and affects approximately 1% of couples. There is much uncertainty surrounding RPL. Patients are uncertain about the cause of miscarriages, the investigations and treatments available and how to access these services. Healthcare providers are uncertain about which investigations can positively impact future pregnancies and how to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy. Across the UK, the management of RPL varies significantly, due to contradictory and varying national and international guidelines.

Toxic metals in pregnancy and congenital heart defects. Insights and new perspectives for a technology-driven reduction in food sources

Congenital heart defects (CHD) represent the most frequent congenital anomalies among newborns, as well as the leading cause of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, neonatal and infant death. CHD have been recognized as multifactorial diseases, with environmental contaminants as potential contributors to the etiopathogenesis of CHD. Toxic elements, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) are known to be associated with adverse reproductive outcomes and certain congenital anomalies, however their association with the risk for CHD remains inconsistent. This review summarizes the updated evidence on the CHD-associated risk related to exposure to As, Cd, Hg, Pb during pregnancy, reporting the main findings from epidemiological and experimental studies and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Additionally, being diet the major source of these elements in the general population, after having identified the main vectors of toxic metals in food, possible remediation strategies to reduce diet-related risks are also described. Among these, a novel, consumer-centered approach in developing new foods is discussed, considering not only the nutritional characteristics of edible compounds foods are made up of, but also their organoleptic features, making the food even more appealing to the consumer. Overall, current data support the association of maternal exposure to As and Pb with increased risk for CHD, although significant associations have only been observed for total and/or specific subgroups. On the other hand, the evidence of association for Cd and Hg exposure in pregnancy with CHD in the offspring remains, yet, quite speculative. Further large prospective cohort studies and insights into the molecular and biomolecular processes of these relationships are warranted to further explore and/or verify these findings.

High-intensity Focused Ultrasound is a Better Choice for Women with Fertility Desire: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Comparison between High-intensity Focused Ultrasound and Laparoscopic Treatment of Uterine Fibroids.

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is commonly used to treat uterine fibroids and adenomyosis, but there is no evidence using metadata to compare fertility outcomes between conventional laparoscopic procedures and HIFU. The purpose of this study analysis is that evidence-based fertility outcomes may provide better treatment options for clinicians and patients considering fertility. The literature on fertility data for HIFU surgery versus laparoscopic myomectomy was searched in seven English language databases from January 1, 2010, to November 23, 2022. A total of 1375 articles were received in the literature, 14 of which were selected. We found that women who underwent HIFU surgery had higher rates of spontaneous pregnancy, higher rates of spontaneous delivery, and higher rates of full-term delivery but may have higher rates of miscarriage or postpartum complications than women who underwent laparoscopic myomectomy. Looking forward to future studies, it is hoped that the literature will examine endometrial differences in women who undergo HIFU and laparoscopic myomectomy to demonstrate the ability of endometrial repair. The location of fibroids in the sample should also be counted to allow for attribution statistics on the cause of miscarriage.

Role of the vaginal microbiome in miscarriage: exploring the relationship.

Miscarriage is a devastating pregnancy loss that affects many women worldwide. It is characterized as a spontaneous miscarriage that occurs before 20 weeks of gestation which affects more than 25% of pregnancies. While the causes of miscarriage are complex and multifactorial, recent research has suggested a potential role of the vaginal microbiota. The vaginal microbiome is a dynamic ecosystem of microbes that are essential for preserving vaginal health and avoiding infections. Vaginal dysbiosis has been accompanied with numerous adverse pregnancy complications, such as preterm birth. However, the effect of the vaginal microbiome in miscarriage is not fully understood. This review aims to investigate the link between vaginal microbiota and miscarriage. Also, we investigate the various mechanisms through which the vaginal microbiota may affect miscarriage. Additionally, we examine the implications of these research findings, specifically the possibility of vaginal microbiome screening and targeted interventions to prevent miscarriage.

Classification of Blighted Ovum Factors in Pregnant Women Using PSO-Based Naïve Bayes

Classification of Blighted Ovum Factors or undeveloped fetuses is carried out considering that many cases occur in pregnant women. Blighted Ovum is 60% of the causes of miscarriage. In Indonesia, it is found in 37% of every 100 pregnancies. Classification uses Naïve Bayes based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), which only requires small training data to determine the parameter estimates needed in the classification process, and the use of Particle Swarm Optimization can increase accuracy and solve optimization problems with the process of selecting variable data and attribute data to create a questionnaire as a data collection method. The results of the classification of blighted Ovum in pregnant women using the Naïve Bayes algorithm with the Rapid Miner framework obtained an accuracy value of 71.56% with an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.674 included in the excellent classification category. After using the PSO optimization, the accuracy value rose to 79.82% with an Area Under the Curve of 0.764, including a good classification category. Naïve Bayes is a suitable method for classification, and PSO can improve the accuracy and AUC values .

Ключові механізми, що лежать в основі невиношування вагітності (огляд літератури)

Pregnancy is a special natural state of a woman’s body, in which important and extremely complex physiological processes take place, which play a great role in the existence and restoration of the population. Miscarriage, or involuntary termination of pregnancy, is one of the most important problems in the field of health care both in Ukraine and throughout the world as a whole. Modern obstetric strategy aimed at reducing perinatal morbidity, mortality of women and disability of children, however, numerous studies and data from leading clinics indicate the absence of a tendency to reduce reproductive losses. Purpose - to analyze and summarize the literature on the key mechanisms underlying miscarriage; to discuss new concepts in this area. Used analytical and bibliosemantic methods, review and analysis of modern domestic and foreign literature. Given the high trend of «ageing motherhood», contradictory data on the cause and effect relationship among many known causes of miscarriage, the lack of consensus among experts on methods of diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of pregnant women with habitual miscarriage, as well as negative lifestyle factors, the introduction of new algorithms for diagnostic and preventive measures for women remains relevant. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Risk factors of miscarriage among pregnant women attending Omdurman maternity hospital

Background: Around 56 million miscarriages are performed each year in the world, with about 45% are done unsafely. Miscarriage poses great risks and complications that contribute to long-term physical and psychological problems. Good knowledge and practice related to pregnancy follow-up and avoiding the causes of miscarriage will reduce its risks significantly. Aim of current study was to determine and identify the rate and risk factors of miscarriage and the common causes of miscarriage among women in Omdurman Maternity Hospital, Sudan. In addition, to evaluate the level of awareness of the risks and complications of miscarriage among women attending the maternity hospital, Sudan. Methods: A quantitative, cross sectional study using questionnaires (N=100) was used in this study to determine the risk factors of miscarriage in women attending the maternity hospital in Omdurman, Sudan Results: The study revealed that miscarriages were not very frequent, and there was no significant family history of miscarriages. However, those who had a miscarriage were in the first trimester of pregnancy. One of the main causes of miscarriage is the presence of severe stress from work, illness and food poisoning. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest different interventions to reduce the risks of miscarriages such as educating mothers about antenatal care and to take precautions during the first trimester to avoid miscarriages and educating families about the risks of being in consanguineous relationships. In addition, raising awareness about contraceptive methods to reduce the rates of induced miscarriages.

Investigation of the levels of essential and non-essential metals in women with and without abortion history: A study based on the Persian population of the Shahrekord cohort

Spontaneous abortion is a serious threat to the mothers' physical and mental well-being. The cause of spontaneous abortion is multifactorial disease. Prenatal non-essential metal exposure, particularly heavy metals, has been suggested to be associated with adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the concentration of essential and non-essential metals including Pb, As, Zn, and Se and the risk of spontaneous abortion. In this case-control study the levels of Pb, As, Zn, and Se in the whole blood of 60 women with spontaneous abortion (case group) and also 60 women without spontaneous abortion (control group) were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results revealed statistically significant reductions (P < 0.001) in whole blood levels of Zn and Se as well as the levels of As and Pb had a substantial elevation (P < 0.001) in cases compared to controls. According to the findings, repeated spontaneous abortion may be influenced by increasing whole blood levels of heavy metals such as As (OR = 17.53, P = 0.001) and Pb (OR = 15.58, P = 0.001) as well as decreasing levels of vital micronutrients Zn (OR = 0.20, P = 0.001) and Se (OR = 0.14, P = 0.001). The results of this study support the idea that limiting intake of non-essential metals during pregnancy can decrease the risk of spontaneous abortion. Overall, the information presented is expected to help plan future fundamental and applied investigations on the spontaneous abortion.

Initial spindle positioning at the oocyte center protects against incorrect kinetochore-microtubule attachment and aneuploidy in mice.

Spindle positioning within the oocyte must be tightly regulated. In mice, the spindle is predominantly assembled at the oocyte center before its migration toward the cortex to achieve the highly asymmetric division, a characteristic of female meiosis. The significance of the initial central positioning of the spindle is largely unknown. We show that initial spindle positioning at the oocyte center is an insurance mechanism to avoid the premature exposure of the spindle to cortical CDC42 signaling, which perturbs proper kinetochore-microtubule attachments, leading to the formation of aneuploid gametes. These findings contribute to understanding why female gametes are notoriously associated with high rates of aneuploidy, the leading genetic cause of miscarriage and congenital abnormalities.

Second Trimester Fetal Cardiac Screening - Current Opinion.

Congenital malformations are a major cause of miscarriage, perinatal mortality, prematurity, childhood death and disability worldwide. The well-being of each affected child with a birth defect depends primarily on which organ or body part is affected and how severely. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 295,000 newborns die each year as a result of congenital anomalies during the neonatal period.[1] The development of research in this area, the early diagnosis of birth defects, the promotion of prenatal screening programs, and the development of preventive public health strategies are important tools with great impact on the prognosis of these defects. The most common birth defects are cardiac anomalies, neural tube defects and trisomy 21.[1] [2]

Genetic Evaluation of Spontaneous Miscarriages and Couples through Conventional and Modern Diagnostic Tools

Background: Genetic causes of miscarriages have been extensively reported and studied in almost half of the first-trimester pregnancy losses, for the reason genetic investigations of the products of conceptions (POCs) are crucial to help identify possible genetic etiology. This information is helpful for the devastated parents as it provides them with more acceptance of the loss and helps them recognize possible recurrence risks. Objective: This study aims to evaluate QF-PCR for chromosomal aneuploidies detection and to explore potential parental chromosomal abnormalities causing recurrent spontaneous miscarriages. Methodology: A total of seventy-six products of conceptions (POCs) were obtained from the Gynecology department of Civil Hospital, Karachi. Further blood samples from forty-five couples were also collected in addition to ninety-three maternal blood samples. All of these samples were subjected to amplify short tandem repeat (STR) for common chromosomal aneuploidies (13, 18, and 21). Real-time QF-PCR was performed on 76 POCs on Sansure Biotech Inc, Changsha, China, using primers D13S631 and D13S634 for chromosome 13, D18S386 and D18S535 for chromosome 18, and D21S1411 and D21S1414 for chromosome 21. Parental blood samples were examined by both QF-PCR and karyotyping for cross-checking with their POC. Chromosome 16 was used as an internal control for the amplification of each reaction. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS version 24. Results: QF-PCR analysis revealed chromosomal aneuploidies among twenty-nine POCs with the highest number of trisomy 13 followed by trisomy 21 and then trisomy 18 while all the parental samples were normal. Nine cases of chromosomal abnormalities were ruled out through karyotyping from parental blood samples further, a Robertsonian translocation was observed through conventional cytogenetics and interestingly the corresponding POC was found to have trisomy 21. Conclusion: This study’s findings endorsed QF-PCR as an efficient technique to detect chromosomal aneuploidies. As QF-PCR was found to be less laborious, has lesser turnaround time, is more economical, and has a low failure rate than karyotyping.

Clinical presentation, investigation, underlying causes, and subsequent pregnancy outcomes among different phenotypes of second trimester miscarriage.

To evaluate the causes of miscarriage and subsequent pregnancy outcomes among different phenotypes of second trimester miscarriage. Retrospective analysis of 170 consecutive second trimester miscarriages between 14 + 0 and 23 + 6 weeks recorded in the Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System from 2012 to 2021. Cases were excluded if miscarriages occurred before 14 + 0 weeks of gestation, data were incomplete, or passage of the fetus happened before the clinical assessment. Cases were classified with a stepwise approach into three phenotypic groups including silent miscarriages (ST-SM), rupture of membranes (ST-ROM), and inevitable miscarriages (ST-IM) depending on the fetal heart pulsation and leakage of liquor at presentation. Clinical investigation of the underlying causes and the outcome of the subsequent pregnancy was then reviewed. There were 97 cases of ST-SM, 21 cases of ST-ROM, and 52 cases of ST-IM. Placental histology and karyotype examination were more likely to yield significant results in the cases of ST-ROM and ST-SM (p < 0.05). The phenotypic examination identified different underlying causes including fetal anomaly, suspected cervical insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, and unknown causes (p < 0.001). Sixty-four cases achieved a subsequent pregnancy. Although women with history of ST-ROM and ST-IM received more cervical length monitoring and cervical cerclage than those with ST-SM (66.7% vs. 44.4% vs. 7.5%, p=0.0002; and 16.7% vs. 22.2% vs. 2.5%, p=0.031, respectively), the risk of recurrent second trimester miscarriage was higher in ST-ROM and ST-IM than in ST-SM (16.7% vs. 0%, p=0.018). The classification can differentiate different second trimester miscarriage phenotypes, which offers essential information to guide investigation panels of the underlying cause of miscarriages, and the prognosis and management of subsequent pregnancy. Future researches focused on second trimester miscarriage should report their findings according to different phenotypes.

An active glutamine/α-ketoglutarate/HIF-1α axis prevents pregnancy loss by triggering decidual IGF1+GDF15+NK cell differentiation.

Deficiency of decidual NK (dNK) cell number and function has been widely regarded as an important cause of spontaneous abortion. However, the metabolic mechanism underlying the crosstalk between dNK cells and embryonic trophoblasts during early pregnancy remains largely unknown. Here, we observed that enriched glutamine and activated glutaminolysis in dNK cells contribute to trophoblast invasion and embryo growth by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) secretion. Mechanistically, these processes are dependent on the downregulation of EGLN1-HIF-1α mediated by α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Blocking glutaminolysis with the GLS inhibitor BPTES or the glutamate dehydrogenase inhibitor EGCG leads to early embryo implantation failure, spontaneous abortion and/or fetal growth restriction in pregnant mice with impaired trophoblast invasion. Additionally, α-KG supplementation significantly alleviated pregnancy loss mediated by defective glutaminolysis in vivo, suggesting that inactivated glutamine/α-ketoglutarate metabolism in dNK cells impaired trophoblast invasion and induced pregnancy loss.

Second-trimester miscarriage: a review of postnatal investigations and subsequent pregnancy outcomes.

Second-trimester loss is pregnancy loss after the 12th and before the 24th completed weeks of pregnancy. This study aims to review cases of second-trimester miscarriage who attended a large maternity hospital and to examine pregnancy outcomes in this group of women. This study is a review of cases of second-trimester miscarriage using descriptive, exploratory design, involving a retrospective chart review. In this study, 106 cases of second-trimester miscarriage were reviewed. The cause of the miscarriage was found in 42.5% (n = 45) of cases. The majority of women, 84.5% (n = 82) had a normal pelvic ultrasound scan and 18.3% (n = 17) of cases were diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome. In women who became pregnant again, 60.9% (n = 39) had a live birth. Establishing the cause of second-trimester miscarriage can be challenging, despite completing all recommended investigations. Outcomes in subsequent pregnancies are reassuring. This review highlights the need to undertake all recommended investigations to elicit the cause of second-trimester miscarriage and underpins the need for further research in this area.

The Effects of Miscarriage on Women’s Health

In generally we can say that the loss of pregnancy during the first 20 to 23 week is called miscarriage. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of miscarriage, reproductive tract and parity and gravidity on women's sexual life and also to know the effects of miscarriage on fertility rate. The study was cross-sectional study, which was done by within six month at the Natun Vuqta Malithia of the Sailkupa Upazila under Jhenaidah District who were affected by miscarriage. The total number of 100 women with the history of miscarriage was included in this study. Data was collected from field through direct interview and the method of data collection was case study method by using a well-developed semi-structured questionnaire. The data analysis was perform through by using software's Microsoft Excel. Among the 100 respondents 74% respondents first delivery were happened between the age 13-20 years and 33% respondents faced the problem during intercourse and among them 41% suffered from abdomen pain, 91% respondents faced problems after miscarriage, 31% respondents faced problem at first conception and 48% respondents have alive children more than one conception. 26% respondents lost their every pregnancy for occurring miscarriage and 81% faced problem to continue pregnancy after miscarriage, 66% could not identify the causes of miscarriage, 72% faced long time physical problem after her miscarriage and the higher 18% were suffering from uterine problems, 48% were suffering from complication like infection after miscarriage. 80% respondents faced heavy bleeding, 67% were suffering from dysmenorrheal. 31% respondents faced problem to attend in social program without having children due to miscarriage which affects on respondents psychological condition.&#x0D;

Chromosome Inequality: Causes and Consequences of Non-Random Segregation Errors in Mitosis and Meiosis.

Aneuploidy is a hallmark of cancer and a major cause of miscarriages in humans. It is caused by chromosome segregation errors during cell divisions. Evidence is mounting that the probability of specific chromosomes undergoing a segregation error is non-random. In other words, some chromosomes have a higher chance of contributing to aneuploid karyotypes than others. This could have important implications for the origins of recurrent aneuploidy patterns in cancer and developing embryos. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the prevalence and causes of non-random chromosome segregation errors in mammalian mitosis and meiosis. We evaluate its potential impact on cancer and human reproduction and discuss possible research avenues.

Analysis of the Frequency Distribution and Immunohistochemical Features of the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases of the Second Type (MMP-2) in Preparations of Placental Tissue in Women with Recurrent Miscarriage

Формирование плаценты является инвазивным процессом и неотъемлемо связано с преобразованием базальной мембраны и экстрацеллюлярного матрикса, в котором принимает участие целый ряд ферментов, в том числе система матриксных металлопротеиназ.Цель. Изучить распределение частот генотипов генов матриксной металлопротеиназы второго типа и иммуногистохимические особенности их экспрессии в плацентарной ткани у женщин с ранними репродуктивными потерями и привычным невынашиванием беременности в анамнезе.Материалы и методы. В исследуемую группу включены 26 пациенток с привычным невынашиванием беременности и ранними репродуктивными потерями в анамнезе и 23 женщины с 3 и более физиологическими родами. В работе использованы современные молекулярно-биологические, иммуногистохимические и морфометрические методы исследования.Результаты. Данные анализа распределения частот металлопротеиназ второго типа и иммуногистохимические особенности экспрессии их в плацентарной ткани выявили различия между группами женщин с привычным невынашиванием беременности и физиологически протекающей беременностью.Выводы. Анализ генотипов системы матриксных металлопротеиназ может использоваться в клинической практике для оценки имплантационного процесса во время беременности, нарушение которого зачастую является основной причиной невынашивания на ранних сроках гестации. The formation of the placenta is an invasive process and is inherently associated with the transformation of the basement membrane and the extracellular matrix. A number of enzymes take part in this process including the system of matrix metalloproteinases.The objective of this study was to study the frequency of genotypes of matrix metalloproteinase type 2 genes and immunohistochemical features of their expression in placental tissue in women with early reproductive losses and a history of recurrent miscarriage.Materials and methods. The study group included 26 patients with recurrent miscarriage with a history of early reproductive losses and 23 women with three or more physiological deliveries. The work uses modern molecular biological, immunohistochemical and morphometric research methods.Results. Data from the analysis of the frequency distribution of metalloproteinases of the second type and the immunohistochemical features of their expression in the placental tissue revealed differences between groups of women with recurrent miscarriage and physiological pregnancy.Conclusions. Analysis of the genotypes of the matrix metalloproteinase system can be used in clinical practice to assess the implantation process during pregnancy the violation of which is often the main cause of miscarriage in the early stages of gestation.