Cause Of Maxillofacial Trauma Research Articles

Epidemiology of maxillofacial trauma in elderly patients receiving oral anticoagulant or antithrombotic medication; a Swiss retrospective study

BackgroundThe percentage of elderly trauma patients under anticoagulation and antiplatelet agents has been rising lately. As newer agents are introduced, each comes with its own advantages and precautions. Our study covered elderly patients admitted to the ED with maxillofacial trauma while on anticoagulation (AC) or antiplatelet therapy (APT). We aimed to investigate the demographic characteristics, causes, and types of maxillofacial trauma, along with concomitant injuries, duration of hospitalisation, haemorrhagic complications, and the overall costs of care in the emergency department (ED).MethodsData were gathered from the ED of Bern University Hospital. In this retrospective analysis, patients over 65 of age were included, who presented at our ED with maxillofacial trauma between 2013 and 2019 while undergoing treatment with therapeutic AC/APT.ResultsThe study involved 188 patients with a median age of 81 years (IQR: 81 [74; 87]), of whom 55.3% (n=104) were male. More than half (54.8%, n=103) were aged 80 years or older. Cardiovascular diseases were present in 69.7% (n=131) of the patients, with the most common indications for AC/APT use being previous thromboembolic events (41.5%, n=78) and atrial fibrillation (25.5%, n=48). The predominant cause of facial injury was falls, accounting for 83.5% (n=157) of cases, followed by bicycle accidents (6.9%, n=13) and road-traffic accidents (5.3%, n=10). The most common primary injuries were fractures of the orbital floor and/or medial/lateral wall (60.1%, n=113), zygomatic bone (30.3%, n=57), followed by isolated orbital floor fractures (23.4%, n=44) and nasal bone fractures (19.1%, n=36). Fractures of the mandible occurred in 14.9% (n=28). Facial hematomas occurred in 68.6% of patients (129 cases), primarily in the midface area. Relevant facial bleeding complications were intracerebral haemorrhage being the most frequent (28.2%, n=53), followed by epistaxis (12.2%, n=23) and retrobulbar/intraorbital hematoma (9%, n=17). Sixteen patients (8.5%) experienced heavy bleeding that required emergency treatment. The in-hospital mortality rate was 2.1% (4 cases).ConclusionsThis study indicates that falls are the leading cause of maxillofacial trauma in the elderly, with the most common diagnoses being orbital, zygomatic, and nasal fractures. Haemorrhagic complications primarily involve facial hematomas, especially in the middle third of the face, with intracerebral haemorrhage being the second most frequent. Surgical intervention for bleeding was required in 8.5% of cases. Given the aging population, it is essential to improve prevention strategies and update safety protocols, particularly for patients on anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy (AC/APT). This can ensure rapid diagnostic imaging and prompt treatment in emergencies.

Frequency of concomitant injuries in maxillofacial trauma in a tertiary health care centre in India: A 5-year retrospective study

PurposeRoad traffic accidents (RTA), assaults, falls, and sports-related injuries are the leading causes of maxillofacial trauma. Due to quite different geographical environment and fast urbanization, the use of various protective equipment is restricted in India. Thus, compared to other countries, there might be a significant difference in the pattern and frequency of associated injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma. The present study was conducted to identify the causes and pattern of various maxillofacial fractures and the frequency of other related injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma. MethodsThis is a cross-sectional retrospective study recording 2617 subjects with maxillofacial trauma. The patient demographics, causes of trauma, types of maxillofacial injury, and associated soft and hard tissue injuries were recorded. The types of maxillofacial and associated injuries were diagnosed from details of clinical examinations and the interpretation of various radiographs available in the file. The associated injuries were divided into head injury, other bony injuries, and soft tissue and vital structure injuries. Descriptive statistics and the test of proportion were used. A p value < 0.05 was considered as a level of significance. ResultsThe maxillofacial injuries were significantly common in patients aged 16 – 45 years (66.7%) than in patients aged ≤ 15 and > 46 years (33.3%) (p < 0.001). The RTA was the most common cause of maxillofacial injury (n = 2139, 81.7%), followed by fall (n = 206, 7.9%), other causes of injury (n = 178, 6.8%), and assaults (n = 94, 3.6%). The maxillofacial injury by 2-wheel vehicle accidents was significantly higher than that by 4-wheel vehicle and other vehicle accidents (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between alcohol and RTA (p < 0.001). The head injury (n = 931, 61.1%) was the most common associated injury, followed by soft tissue and vital structures injuries (n = 328, 21.5%) and other bone injuries (n = 264, 17.3%). DiscussionHead injury was the most common associated injury followed by soft tissue and vital structures and bone injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma. Clavicle fracture and injury to the lower extremities were the most common hard and soft tissue-associated injuries.

Maxillofacial trauma and its management presenting at a tertiary care hospital in Lahore during Covid-19 pandemic.

The objective of this study was to assess the patterns of maxillofacial injuries, aetiology and their management during the pandemic of Covid-19 in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. This is a single center, prospective cross-sectional study. Patients from all age groups who presented at the Emergency room of Jinnah Hospital Lahore and managed by the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department during 1st December 2020 till 31st January 2021 were included. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS for Windows, Version 20.0. Total 202 patient were analyzed, 161 (79.7%) were male and 41 (20.3%) were females. Male to female ratio was 4:1. About fifty three percent of patients belonged to the age group 15-35 years. The most common cause was road traffic accidents (RTA), followed by fall. Eighty-three (41.1%) had only soft tissue injuries without any bony fracture and 119 (58.9%) had facial bones fractures. Zygomatic bone fracture was most common (53.8%) followed by mandible fracture (31.1%). Sixty-one out of 119 patients with fractures were treated with Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF). Three patients had complete loss of vision because of facial trauma. Only 56 (28%) patients were managed under General Anaesthesia. During the initial pandemic era, a large majority of patients presenting with maxillofacial injuries were young male adults. The most common cause of maxillofacial trauma was RTAs. Soft tissue injuries were predominant followed by facial bone fractures and zygomatic bone was more frequent among the fracture cases. Covid-19 pandemic increased the difficulties faced in the management of maxillofacial trauma patients.

Study of Prevalence, Clinical Pattern and Management of Maxillo-Facial Fractures in a Tertiary Care Centre

Introduction: Maxillofacial injuries are one of the most common injuries prevailing in society because of the strong reliance on road transportation. Road traffic accidents being the most common cause, affecting more than 20 million people worldwide. Multiple modality treatment is often required for the management of maxillofacial fractures, including clinical examination, radio-diagnosis and surgical intervention. 3-D CT face has helped in the reconstruction and reformation of fractures with some limitations to the same. Surgical management still holds a good approach towards the definitive management of maxillofacial fractures. Material and methods: Prospective observational study from 1st February 2021 to 31st July 2022. The parameters used were age, sex, time of incident, etiology, type of vehicle used with preventive measures, type of fractures, and treatment received. All patients underwent proper history taking, clinical examination, radiographic evaluation, and 3-D CT face reconstruction. Results: About 104 patients of maxillo-facial fractures presented to the emergency room of SRMS-IMS, Bareilly, out of which 63 patients were treated with surgical management Conclusion: The study concluded that RTAs were the major cause of maxillofacial trauma with the mandible being the most common bone fracture. ORIF with mini-plate fixation as treatment. lack of helmet and seat belt use, alcohol abuse, over-speeding and failure to follow traffic rules and regulations were the contributing factors

A Changing Trend in Pattern of Maxillofacial Trauma in Mumbai: A Prospective Study.

Maxillofacial skeleton is the most vulnerable site for trauma due to its prominence. The aim of our study was to analyse the cause and pattern of maxillofacial injuries & to correlate the aetiology and pattern of facial injury. This prospective study includes 304 patients with facial trauma, who reported to our institute within a time span of 2 years. Data were collected on basis of sociodemographic status plus additional data obtained on type of injury, aetiology, location and status of the victim. The most frequent cause of maxillofacial trauma (MFT) was fall (43.3%) followed by RTA (34.2%) and assault (15.1%). In upper 3rd face region frontal bone fracture was prevalent with 1.3%, while in the midface, zygomatic complex (ZMC) fracture (3.9%) and in lower 3rd part of face, mandible fracture (42.8%) and dentoalveolar fracture (30.2%). Mandible was the most prevalent site for trauma. Although fall was the main aetiological factor in our study, midfacial injuries were mainly due to assault and RTA. Combination of mandibular fracture and soft tissue injury were mainly seen in RTA and injury due to fall. Conservative management was mainly employed for treatment with 46.1% followed by ORIF with 36.2%. Changing trend in aetiology of MFT was noted. Furthermore, study should be conducted for better understanding, and to carry out preventive measure for the same.

Epidemiology and Pattern of Pediatric Maxillofacial Trauma: A 5-Year Retrospective Study.

To analyze the epidemiology, pattern, and prevent measurement of pediatric maxillofacial trauma in Xinjiang, China. Clinical records of patients aged 0 to 18 years with maxillofacial trauma over the 5 years were reviewed. Epidemiological features of data were collected for the cause of injury, age and sex distribution, frequency and type of injury, localization and frequency of soft tissue injuries, facial bone fractures, and presence of associated injuries. Statistical analyses performed included descriptive analysis, χ 2 test, and logistic regression analyses. Among the 450 patients, 333 were male and 117 were female, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.8:1, the mean age was 9.2±5.4 years; 223 cases were soft tissue injuries and 227 cases were maxillofacial fractures. The 16 to 18-year-old group was the highest, with the prevalence of maxillofacial fractures. The most common cause of pediatric maxillofacial trauma was traffic injuries. The incidence of maxillofacial trauma in pediatric patients correlates with a number of factors, including age, sex, and etiology of trauma. The 16 to 18-year-old group is the most prevalent group for maxillofacial trauma in pediatric patients, and traffic accidents are the leading cause of maxillofacial trauma in pediatric patients.

Characteristics of Maxilllofacial Trauma Patiens before and during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Oral and Maxilllofacial Surgery Department of Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung

Introduction: Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, motor vehicle accidents, falls, physical assaults, and sports injuries were the main causes of maxillofacial trauma. The existence of interventions to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in home-centered social activities in the community. This also contributes to alterations in the aetiology of maxillofacial trauma that occur worldwide and may affect other characteristics of this entity. Methods:This is a retrospective study conducted at the Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, and was carried out in September–December 2022. The population of this study were maxillofacial trauma patients with diagnoses of vulnus (laceratum, schissum, punctum, and morsum), frontal, mandibular, maxillary fractures, orbit, naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE), zygomaticus, and dentoalveolar fractures before the 2018–2019 pandemic period and during the 2020–2021 pandemic period at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department at RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung through the emergency department.The variables studied included age, gender, type of trauma, etiology, alcohol involvement, and management.The data are presented as frequency distribution and percentage in tabular and diagram. Results: During the 2018–2021 periods, there were 504 patients who experienced maxillofacial trauma before the COVID-19 pandemic, and this number has decreased to 216 patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The majority of maxillofacial trauma experienced both before (n = 314; [62%]) and during (n = 166; [77%]) the COVID-19 pandemic was caused by motor vehicle accidents. Most of patients before the COVID-19 pandemic were aged 0–19 years (n = 230; [46%]), meanwhile, during the COVID-19 pandemic most patients were aged 20–39 years (n = 88; [41%]).Overall, there were no differences in sex characteristics, alcohol involvement, type of maxillofacial trauma, or treatment given before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: The existence of interventions to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic by imposing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) has resulted in modifications to community social activities that are centered in the home. This factor contributed to some differences in the characteristics of maxillofacial trauma patients at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department in Hasan Sadikin Hospital before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: Maxillofacial trauma, Characteristics, COVID-19

A meta-analysis to evaluate the prevalence of maxillofacial trauma caused by various etiologies among children and adolescents.

Children and adolescents who are affected by trauma may have complications that are more serious and dangerous. Herein, a meta-analysis to evaluate the prevalence of maxillofacial trauma caused by various etiologies according to the geographic regions of the world among children and adolescents was conducted. A comprehensive search was performed in four databases of PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus from January 1, 2006 until July 7, 2021. To evaluate the quality of included articles, an adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used. The prevalence of maxillofacial trauma was estimated by event rates and 95% confidence intervals in relation to etiology and geographic region of study population. Through search in the databases and the electronic sources, 3071 records were identified, and 58 studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. A total of 264,433 maxillofacial trauma cases were reported by all included studies. Globally, the overall prevalence of maxillofacial trauma was highest due to Road Traffic Crashes (RTC) (33.8%) followed by falls (20.7%), violence (9.9%), and sports (8.1%) in children/adolescents. The highest prevalence of maxillofacial trauma were observed in African population (48.3%) while trauma due to falls was most prevalent in Asian population (44.1%). Maxillofacial trauma due to violence (27.6%) and sports (13.3%) were highest in North Americans. The findings demonstrate that RTC was the most prevalent etiology of maxillofacial trauma in the world. The prevalent causes of maxillofacial trauma differed between the regions of study population.

Estudio epidemiológico multicéntrico de trauma maxilofacial: evaluación retrospectiva-descriptiva de un año, de 1356 casos en una región metropolitana de Colombia.

Background: This retrospective study was conducted to identify the epidemiological profile and treatment modalities linked to the maxillofacial trauma (MFT) managed in the Maxillofacial Surgery Departments of seven hospital centers in Antioquia, Colombia. Material and Methods: Clinical records with specific attention to sociodemographic characteristics, mechanisms of injury, type of MFT, location of injuries, and treatment modalities of MFT were collected from January to December 2017. Descriptive analyses using Pearson's chi-square tests were performed. Results: A total of 1356 records were retrieved.Males were significantly more affected, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.85:1.The most susceptible age group involved was young adults (18 to 40 years). A low percentage of alcohol (9.3%) and drugs consumption (2.5%) was recorded. Most common causes of MFT were road traffic accidents (RTA), falls, and interpersonal violence (IPV). Most injuries involved both soft and hard tissues followed by hard tissues and isolated open soft tissue injuries. Among fractures, the middle third was the most commonly affected site and the utmost method of treatment was open reduction and internal fixation. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the evidence available, this study has demonstrated that the gender, age stratum, and etiological factors, such as RTA, falls, and IPV, but no alcohol and/or psychoactive substances consumption, may have a significant influence on the prevalence, patterns, and treatment modalities of MFT in this sample population.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on maxillofacial trauma etiology

Objective: Maxillofacial trauma (MFT) is a frequent presentation in the emergency department (ED) which requires a multidisciplinaryapproach. Although, its etiology and diversity of injuries are almost similar worldwide, the causes may differ among the countriesdepending on the sociocultural and environmental factors and local traffic regulations. This study aims to evaluate etiologies ofmaxillofacial traumas (MFTs) in ED and to compare etiologies of MFTs during COVID-19 pandemic with the previous year.Patients and Methods: Totally 84 (61 males, 23 females) patients admitted to ED of our center with MFT between March 15th – April30th, 2020 were included. The control group consisted of 148 (112 males, 36 females) MFT patients admitted to ED in the previousyear (March 15th-April 30th, 2019). Data including age, sex, cause of trauma, treatment, and COVID-19 infection status within 14 daysafter ED admission were compared between groups.Results: Mean age was 31.88±2.53 years in the patient group and 31.40±1.74 years in the control group. Number of patients admittedto ED with MFTs decreased by 43.3% during pandemic compared to the previous year. Majority of MFTs occurred at home, followedby public places, traffic, and workplaces in both time periods. During pandemic, the rate of home accidents increased and MFTsoccurred in the public places decreased.Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic-mandated social restrictions lead to a decrease in the number of MFTs. However, home accidentsare the main cause of MFTs. Spread of COVID-19 infection in the hospital setting can be minimized with necessary precautions.

A ten year retrospective statistical analysis of maxillofacial injuries in patients admitted and treated at Institute of Dental Sciences Bareilly

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence, common age, gender, causes, types, treatment modality, and complication of the maxillofacial fractures for the patients admitted to the Institute of Dental Sciences Bareilly.&#x0D; Materials and methods: The medical records of all cases admitted to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) ward of Institute of Dental Sciences Bareilly, were reviewed for presence of maxillofacial fractures. The statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 22.&#x0D; Results: There were 78% males and 12% females. The most affected age-group was 15–30 years and the male–female ratio was 6.5:1. RTAs were the most common cause of maxillofacial trauma, accounting for 70% of cases, followed by assaults (10%), sports injuries (12%), and falls (8%). Our findings revealed that the mandible body and parasymphysis were the most actively engaged bones, accompanied by the mandibular angle. Open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) was the most common treatment methods (89.3%) utilized in this study.&#x0D; Conclusion: Maxillofacial fractures most commonly affected young individuals in the 15–30-year-old age-group, often as a result of RTA, and body of the mandible was the most frequent site of fracture. This study also concluded that helmet use among motorcyclists (93.29%) was infrequent among the participants. Education and motivation on road safety measures are the two factors that have to be considered to improve helmet use among motorcyclists.&#x0D; Clinical significance: The prevalence, common age, gender, causes, types, treatment modality, and complication of the maxillofacial fractures for the patients admitted can be assessed from the present study.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Facial Fractures Related to Soccer.

Soccer is one of the most popular sports in the world. Despite the concept that soccer is not a violent game, it can lead to several injuries in amateur and professional settings, including facial fractures. Previous studies of facial fractures in soccer were all retrospective and, to date, no prospective studies are available in the literature.The authors performed a comprehensive literature search using the terms "soccer" AND "facial fracture" OR "craniofacial fracture" and "football" AND "facial fracture" OR "craniofacial fracture" and retrieved 693 articles. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 articles were included in the present study.A total of 647 patients had suffered facial trauma, with a male-to-female ratio of 63.7:1. The patients' mean age was 27.3 years.The articles reported 670 fractures as follows: 219 (32.7%) in the zygoma, 197 (29.4%) in the nasal bone, 153 (23.6%) in the mandibula, 54 (8.0%) in the orbital wall, 12 (1.8%) in the frontal sinus, 10 (1.5%) in the alveolar bone, 3 (0.4%) in the maxilla, 3 (0.4%) in a Le Fort pattern, and 1 (0.1%) in a naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) pattern.Sports are a frequent cause of maxillofacial trauma and are responsible for 9.2% to 33.2% of such injuries. Soccer is a contact sport more associated with lower-limb injuries, but with a significant rate of facial fractures. As soccer is a popular sport played without facial protection and involving high-intensity movements and contact, the prevention of facial fractures related to this sport is crucial to improve the players' safety.

Maxillofacial trauma following road accidents-An 11-year multi-center study in Israel.

Road traffic collisions (RTC) are known to be one of the major causes of maxillofacial trauma (MFT). The road user factor is of crucial importance in the prevalence, severity, and treatment of maxillofacial injuries. The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of maxillofacial trauma among road users, to illustrate injury patterns and to identify road users at high risk. This historical prospective multi-center study was based on Israel's Trauma Registry between 2008-2018, which included 4829 hospitalized patients following RTC with MFT. Data were analyzed according to six road user types (vehicle driver, passenger, bicyclist, motorcyclist, pedestrian, and e-bike/scooter), maxillofacial injury location, and maxillofacial treatment. MFT, which accounted for 5% of the hospitalized RTC injuries, was not equally distributed among road users, as bicyclists and e-bike/scooters were more prone to maxillofacial trauma (7.2% and 10.1%, respectively) than vehicle drivers (3.2%). Children (age 0-14years) comprised almost half of the cyclists, 25% of the pedestrians and 20% of the passengers. Some MFT patients experienced multiple injuries, with the majority involving jaw and facial bones and to a lesser extent the mouth, teeth, gingivae, and alveolar bone (mouth and dento-alveolar (DA) trauma). Approximately 30% of hospitalized road casualties with MFT underwent MF surgery, with the need for surgery lowest among pedestrians. Hospitalized road casualties had different types of MFT in terms of prevalence, location, severity, and treatment, depending on the road user type.

Oral and maxillofacial injuries in children: a retrospective study.

ObjectivesThe purpose of this retrospective epidemiological study was to determine the etiology and pattern of maxillofacial injuries in a pediatric population.Materials and MethodsData for pediatric maxillofacial trauma patients aged 12 years and younger who were registered at the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, India, were reviewed and examined. Patients who were treated between October 2016 and September 2018 were analyzed according to age, sex, cause of injury, frequency and site of facial fractures, and soft tissue injuries. The chi-square tests were carried out for statistical analyses with a significance level of 5%.ResultsOf 232 patients with a mean age of 6.77±3.25 years, there were 134 males (57.8%) and 98 females (42.2%). The overall male to female ratio was 1.39:1. The most common causes of injuries were falls (56.5%) and motor vehicle accidents (16.8%). Incidence of falls decreased significantly with age (P<0.001). Dentoalveolar injuries (61.6%) and soft tissue injuries (57.3%) were more common than facial fractures (42.7%). Mandibular fractures (82.8%) were the most common facial fractures, and perioral or lip injuries were the most prevalent injuries in our patient population. There was a positive association between facial fractures and soft tissue injury (P<0.01) (odds ratio 0.26; confidence interval 0.15-0.46).ConclusionFalls were the leading cause of maxillofacial trauma in our sample of children, and the most common site of fractures was the mandible.

Pediatric Maxillofacial Trauma Patterns Among Different Types of Road Traffic Accidents

Traffic accidents are one of the most leading cause of maxillofacial trauma. Defining the bone fracture patterns in different type of traffic accidents may enable for appropriate surgical approach. This study research the pattern of pediatric maxillofacial fractures in terms of different type of traffic road accidents and age groups. The data on road traffic accidents that caused maxillofacial trauma between May 2014 and January 2019 was gained from the University of Gaziantep hospital data system. Road accident type, age groups, and the type of fractures were the evaluation parameters. A total of 61 patients meet the criteria and 41 of those were boys. The midface bones of orbital, maxillar, and frontal are the most fractured structures with a total number of 48. The least fractured bone was mandibula with a number of 4. The comparisons of these fractures among the different type of road traffic accidents and age groups were found to be statistically significant. Car-pedestrian and car-passengers type of road traffic accident mostly seem to cause midface fractures at the primary and secondary school-aged children.

The Correlation of Age and Patterns of Maxillofacial Bone Fractures and Severity of Associated Injuries Caused by Motorcycle Accidents.

Every year, there are significant numbers of motorcycle accident casualties in Taiwan. These accidents are the leading cause of maxillofacial trauma. Age should be an important factor of maxillofacial fracture patterns yet there is limited literature on the topic. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the correlation of age with maxillofacial fracture in motorcycle accidents. This is a retrospective descriptive analysis conducted over 2-year period at Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. We focused on the population of maxillofacial injury caused by motorcycle accidents. Data, including demographics, age, fracture patterns of facial bones, and other associated injuries, were collected. Among 881 admissions, there were 179 patients in the minor group, 644 patients in the adult group, and 58 patients in the geriatric group. With patterns of maxillofacial fracture, midface fracture was the most common type. The minor group had higher incidence of mandibular fracture. The geriatric group sustained more midface fracture. Associated injuries, such as severe head injuries and c-spine injury, were more likely to occur with the old age victims. The overall mortality rate was 3.1%. Our study presents the different trends of fracture patterns in different age groups, which is associated with different types of treatment required. We summarized all these data in the hope of providing further assistance to trauma doctor dealing with motorcycle accidents.

A retrospective cross-sectional study of maxillofacial trauma in Delhi-NCR Region.

Aim and Objectives:To evaluate the pattern, prevalence, etiology, site of fractures, and their management in patients with maxillofacial injury in Delhi-NCR region.Materials and Methods:A total of 1278 maxillofacial trauma patients visiting different registered hospitals from Delhi-NCR region from January 2012 to December 2017, treated by open reduction and internal fixation under general anesthesia (GA)/local anesthesia (LA) or closed reduction/conservatively, were taken into the study. The parameters considered in the study were age and sex distribution, etiological factors and incidence of maxillofacial trauma, pattern and site distribution of maxillofacial fractures, and management.Results:From a total of 2250 trauma patients, 1278 patients (1053 males and 225 females) had maxillofacial injury. The average prevalence rate was 56.8%. Yearly incidence rate was 20.4%. Road traffic accident (RTA) was the most common cause of trauma in 1029 (80.5%) patients, followed by physical assault [158 (12.3%)] with significant male predominance in different age groups. Isolated mandibular fractures were the most common [48.6% (parasymphysis 31.6%, condyle 28.2%)], followed by midface with maxilla fracture [27.6% (zygomatic bone and arch 50.2% and Lefort II fractures 18%)]. Treatment modalities were conservative management, closed reduction, and open reduction with internal fixation under GA/LA.Conclusion:RTA followed by physical assault is still the leading cause of maxillofacial trauma in young males in Delhi-NCR region. Mini plate osteosynthesis is the main treatment procedure for maxillofacial trauma. We need to enforce strict traffic rules, road safety law, and preventive measures along with improvement in education and socioeconomic status in the population to avoid maxillofacial injuries.

Two years retrospective study of maxillofacial trauma at a tertiary center in North West Ethiopia

BackgroundMaxillofacial injury poses a challenge to oral and maxillofacial surgeons working in developing countries with limited resource and human power. The present study aimed to determine the etiology, pattern, and management of maxillofacial trauma in Gondar university of Gondar hospital.MethodsA retrospective descriptive study design was used. Medical registration retrieving of patients with maxillofacial trauma visited dental center of University of Gondar Hospital from September 2013 to August 2015 was done. During data collection, etiology of trauma, pattern of fracture, treatment modality and complications were recorded using predesigned data collection template and analyzed using SPSS computer software version 20. Statistical analysis was done to show the sex distribution of maxillofacial trauma and the effect of alcohol intake on the incidence of trauma.ResultsDuring 2-year period, September 2013–August 2015, 326 patients of maxillofacial trauma were treated in the dental center of university of Gondar hospital. The mean age was 29.12 (± 8.62) with age range of 11–75 years. Majority of the study participants (47.2%) were within the age group of 21–30 years. Eighty percent of the participants were male with a male to female ratio of 4.02:1. Interpersonal violence (75.8%) and Road traffic accident (21.5%) were the leading causes. Males are at high risk of maxillofacial trauma relative to females (P < 0.0001). There was high incidence of trauma in the weekend, rural residents, December to February, mandibular fractures and soft tissue injuries were the most common injuries. There was an associated injury in 79 (24.2%) patients in head and neck area, thoracic, abdominal and extremities. Half of the patients were managed conservatively (49.7%) with debridement and suture, while 45.7% of the patients were closed reduction and 4.6% were surgical open reduction. There were 25 post procedure complications especially in mandibular fractures.ConclusionInterpersonal violence was the major cause of maxillofacial trauma, while mandible and soft tissue were the most affected maxillofacial areas. The federal ministry of health, Ethiopia should have well-organized maxillofacial center in tertiary hospitals for emergency management to avoid morbidity and mortality.

Assessment of Maxillofacial Trauma in Emergency Department

Background: Maxillofacial trauma is one of the most common traumas with many complications and disabilities. Recognition of the trauma-related mechanisms is the key to early diagnosis and treatment. Objectives: The current study was aimed at assessing maxillofacial trauma in emergency department. Methods: The current cross sectional study was performed on 406 patients with maxillofacial trauma recruited from the emergency department (ED) of Shariati and Imam Khomeini hospitals from January 2014 to March 2015. Demographic data, etiology and mechanism of trauma as well as the type of maxillofacial fractures were recorded by the emergency medicine (EM) residents. Maxillofacial fractures, diagnosed by the computed tomography (CT) scan, were reported by the ED attending radiologist. Results: The current study evaluated 406 patients, 106 females (26.1%) and 300 males (73.9%), with maxillofacial trauma and the mean age of 29.95 ± 15.82 years. The leading causes of maxillofacial trauma were the road traffic accidents (RTA) (50.2%), followed by falling (20.0%) and assault (17.3%). Maxillofacial fractures were detected in 137 patients (33.7%) and mandibular fractures were the most common site (71.5%). The mean age of males was significantly higher than that of females. Some causes of maxillofacial trauma, such as assault and occupational accidents, were significantly common in males than females. The risk of maxillofacial fractures was significantly higher in the traumas caused by pedestrian-car accidents followed by falling and assault. Conclusions: In the current study population, the patterns of underlying causes of maxillofacial traumas were similar to other types of traumas mainly affected by socioeconomic status of the society. RTA was the main cause of maxillofacial trauma and males were affected more than females. Most of the current study patients were in the 3rd and 4th decades of life. Mandible was the site mostly involved in MF fractures.

Systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the proportion of maxillofacial trauma resulting from different etiologies among children and adolescents.

This study aimed to determine via systematic review and meta-analysis the proportion of maxillofacial trauma resulting from different etiologies among children and adolescents. A systematic review of articles published from 2006 to 2015 (10years) in English language was performed. The following databases were used: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science. Observational studies reporting the number of children and/or adolescents who suffered maxillofacial trauma resulting from different etiologies were included. Studies were selected by two independent reviewers (Kappa=0.737). A proportion meta-analysis using random-effect models was performed to estimate the pooled prevalence and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Der-Simonian and Laird weights. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I 2 statistics. A total of 27 studies remained after qualitative analysis including 402,339 patients. The male/female ratio ranged from 1.5:1 to 3.5:1. Road traffic accidents corresponded to the main etiology agent of maxillofacial trauma (34%; 95% CI, 25-44), followed by falls (31%; 95% CI, 25-37), violence (11%; 95% CI, 4-19), sports (4%; 95% CI, 3-5), and others (5%; 95% CI, 2-8). Heterogeneity among studies was high, even stratifying by world region. The adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies showed an intermediate score for most of the included studies. Results suggest that road traffic accidents represent the main cause of maxillofacial trauma among children and adolescents. However, results should be interpreted with caution due to the high heterogeneity.