Comprehensive surveillance of bovine piroplasmosis in Bangladesh: Clinicopathology and molecular insights.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is globally endemic, with the ability to establish persistent infection (PI) being central to its complex epidemiology. Currently the genetic variability of BVDV in Bangladesh remains poorly understood. This study involved a survey in commercial dairy herds in the south-eastern part of Bangladesh in 2024/2025. A total of 373 blood samples were collected from cattle in 24 dairy herds. Serum and buffy coat samples were analyzed using antibody-ELISA and RT-qPCR targeting the 5'-UTR region, followed by sequencing. The MDBK cell line was used for virus isolation and biotyping. Herd and animal-level seroprevalences were 83.3% and 15.3%, respectively, while the corresponding viremic rates were 79.2% and 11.0%. Analysis of 41 sequences identified nine distinct BVDV-1 subgenotypes (1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1k, 1p, 1o, and 1v), with BVDV-1b (41.5%) and BVDV-2a (14.6%) predominating. Additionally, five HoBiPeV-a pestiviruses were detected. Among antigen-positive cattle, 38 (92.68%) were identified as transiently infected and 3 (7.3%) were confirmed as PI. Six (14.6%) and 27 (65.9%) were identified as cytopathic and non-cytopathic biotypes, respectively. Risk factors for BVDV seropositivity included: female sex (OR: 3.0), clinical disease in the past three months (OR: 2.4), crowding (OR: 2.9), and lack of dedicated clothing for farm workers (OR: 5.7). Active infection was associated with calves (OR: 6.2), heifers (OR: 2.3), stunted growth (OR: 3.0), technician-performed artificial insemination (OR: 10.4), and frequent neighboring farm visits (OR: 3.1). This study has provided data crucial for formulating prevention and control strategies against BVDV to safeguard the Bangladeshi dairy industry.

CattleSavior: Prototyping a mobile application for non-invasive cattle disease detection in Bangladesh

Parthenogenic Fasciola (Trematoda: Fasciolidae) flukes have been developed by the hybridization of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. They are aspermic (asF) but capable of clonal expansion through parthenogenesis and are spreading rapidly throughout the globe. Here, we unambiguously prove the occurrence of parthenogenic Fasciola in cattle in Bangladesh, along with their ex vivo culture protocol and anthelmintic efficacy. By employing multiple conventional and molecular tools, we confirmed the presence of both the spermic F. gigantica (sFg) (31.7%; 814/2575) and asF (68.3%; 1761/2575) in Bangladesh. Both the adult sFg and asF survived well in DMEM supplemented with 20% bovine serum and 20% bovine bile. Using a DMEM-based ex vivo culture protocol, we found that nitroxynil (NTX) and oxyclozanide (OCZ) efficiently killed both sFg and asFg in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Surprisingly, triclabendazole (TCBZ) and clorsulon (CRL) killed neither sFg nor asF. Also, praziquantel, albendazole, and levamisole did not affect the viability of the flukes. We found that all TCBZ survivors had more than one mutation, both in nucleotides (G440A, G643A, and G788A) and amino acids (R147K, E215K, and R263K) of the binding pocket of carboxylesterase B (CestB), providing molecular evidence of TCBZ resistance in Fasciola. Taken together, asF constitutes more than two-thirds of the Fasciola population in Bangladesh. This study unambiguously proved the ineffectiveness of TCBZ against both asF and sFg circulating in Bangladesh. Therefore, only OCZ and NTX remain effective against fasciolosis, which thus poses ongoing public health risks of infection in humans with TCBZ-tolerant strains of fasciolosis.

Theileria orientalis, an obligatory intracellular blood protozoon, which causes the substantial economic losses to the cattle industry and is widely prevalent throughout Bangladesh. The study was aimed to assess the nationwide prevalence, genetic diversity and evolutionary divergence of T. orientalis parasites in Bangladesh by analyzing bovine blood samples. The genetic characterization, haplotype network analysis and Codon-based evolutionary divergence was conducted by targeting the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene. The overall prevalence of T. orientalis was 63.75% (n = 800), as determined by MPSP-PCR across the eight divisions of Bangladesh with significant regional variation. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed that the query MPSP sequences were clustered into two genotypes namely 5 and 7. Genetic diversity indicated high haplotype and moderate nucleotide diversity but consistent with contrasting demographic and selective pressures across regions. The evolutionary divergence analysis revealed the complex genetic landscape of T. orientalis population which shaped by historical expansion, ongoing gene flow and localized diversification. The haplotype network analysis identified total 29 distinct haplotypes, highlighting substantial diversity within the two genotypes. These findings demonstrate the occurrence and genetic richness of T. orientalis in cattle of Bangladesh. Although the pathogenic impact could not be assessed in this study, the presence of diverse genotypes suggests a need for continued surveillance and future research to determine the clinical and economic relevance of this parasite.

ABSTRACTBackgroundFasciolosis is a food‐borne parasitic zoonotic disease caused by widespread liver flukes that affect ruminants and humans, and is responsible for non‐resolving hepatic damage. Although fasciolosis occurs in both acute and chronic forms, chronic fasciolosis is more common.ObjectivesThis study investigates the pathological changes and immunological cascade in the livers of Fasciola gigantica infected cattle, both at the transcriptional and translational levels.MethodsNormal and suspected liver samples from cattle were collected and examined. Affected tissues were subjected to routine histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Transcription factors and interleukins (IL) were measured by sqRT‐PCR and ELISA.ResultsIn chronic fasciolosis, liver became atrophied, marked with whitish fibrotic patches, calcification and bile duct hyperplasia filled with blackish‐brown sandy contents. Histopathological examinations showed massive loss of hepatocytes, fibrous proliferation, and infiltration of mononuclear cells and eosinophils. In addition, a huge deposition of amyloid was noticed in severely affected livers. T‐bet (T‐box expressed in T cells protein) remained at the basal level, whereas expression of GATA‐3 (GATA‐binding protein 3) was dramatically increased in severe fasciolosis. Also, there was a noticeable increase in the GATA‐3 positive cells, while T‐bet positive cells were largely absent, displaying a drift towards Th2 type immune response. In severe infection, mRNAs of IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐10 and IL‐13 highly expressed compared to the non‐infected control, but the interferon‐ (INF)‐γ expression remained unaltered. Similarly, we detected significant (p < 0.01) elevation of IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6 and IL‐13 in severely affected liver lysate. To further validate the notion, bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (bPBMCs) were treated with F. gigantica‐culture milieu (FCM). FCM treatment elevated IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6 and IL‐13 in a time dependent manner, confirming liver fluke‐induced Th2‐biased immune response.ConclusionThis study reveals distinct pathology and dysregulation of transcription factors and cytokines profiles in F. gigantica infected cattle.

&lt;b&gt;Objectives:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Caseous lymphadenitis&lt;/i&gt; (CLA) is one of the significant economically important diseases of small ruminants caused by &lt;i&gt;Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis&lt;/i&gt;. Despite the occurrence of CLA worldwide, there are no reports of CLA in slaughtered ruminants in Bangladesh. This study was designed to investigate the pathology and molecular detection of CLA in slaughtered sheep, goats, and cattle in Bangladesh. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; A total of 102 goats, 16 sheep, and 50 cattle were examined at several slaughterhouses in Mymensingh Sadar. Mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys from animals with suspected internal lesions were evaluated pathologically. Confirmation of &lt;i&gt;C. pseudotuberculosis&lt;/i&gt; was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). &lt;b&gt;Results: &lt;/b&gt;Gross examination revealed enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes with multiple abscesses containing greenish-yellow caseous material. The spleen exhibited a characteristic onion-skin appearance, commonly associated with CLA. Histopathology revealed caseous necrosis, encapsulated by fibrous tissue, with infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells, along with Gram-positive coccobacilli arranged in Chinese letter patterns. Similar lesions were observed in other visceral organs of goats. PCR detected &lt;i&gt;C. pseudotuberculosis&lt;/i&gt; in 29.41% (30/102) goats, 6.25% (1/16) sheep, and 18% (9/50) cattle. &lt;b&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/b&gt;To date, it is the first report of internal CLA in slaughtered ruminants in Bangladesh, as confirmed by pathological and molecular findings, and it highlights the importance of slaughterhouse-based surveillance for disease control.

Bovine fascioliasis is considered to be an economically important parasitic disease of cattle in Bangladesh. This study investigated its occurrence, related risk factors, and the efficiency of frequently used anthelmintic medications. The study was conducted from 11th July, 2024 to 15th January, 2025 in and around Dighalia Upazila, Khulna in Bangladesh. A total of 379 fecal samples were collected from the indigenous (Bos indicus) and crossbred cattle and tested by using the standard direct smear method at the Upazila Veterinary Hospital laboratory in Dighalia, Khulna. The overall prevalence was found to be 59.9% from 227 positive samples. Feeding practice, body condition, season, deworming history and types of anthelmintic drugs were found to have a significant association with fascioliasis (P<0.001). In contrast, when considering the relationship with sex, age and genotypes, it was observed that there was no significant association (P>0.05). Animals of poor body condition had a prevalence rate of 81.82%, followed by moderate (55.00%) and good (45.76%) body conditions. The study also showed that deworming significantly reduced the infection rates (40.00%) compared to non-dewormed cattle (72.93%). Furthermore, pasture-fed cattle had a higher prevalence rate (70.0%) compared to stall-fed (48.60%). Higher prevalence was observed in monsoon (76.00%), followed by late monsoon (62.12%) and winter seasons (40.98%). Drug efficacy varied. Triclabendazole was most effective (96.00%), followed by Nitroxynil (87.72%), Albendazole (66.67%), Fenbendazole (62.50%), and Levamisole (57.14%). This study highlights the vital necessity for effective management practices, including systematic deworming, enhanced feeding strategies, and the selective use of anthelmintic drugs to decrease veterinary expenses and control bovine fascioliasis in Bangladesh.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains endemic in Bangladesh with the persistent circulation of FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes O, A, and Asia 1, underscoring the need for robust epidemiological data to inform and optimize national FMD control strategies. This study analyzed 57 VP1 coding sequences obtained from 89 clinical samples collected from FMD-infected cattle in Bangladesh between 2021 and 2023. Phylogenetic analysis classified these field isolates into three FMDV lineages: O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e (n = 40, 70.2%), O/ME-SA/SA-2018 (n = 15, 26.3%), and A/ASIA/Iran-05 (n = 2, 3.5%). The O/ME-SA/SA-2018 lineage detected in 2022 (61.1%) and 2023 (25.0%) shared 94.24-99.06% nucleotide sequence identity with viruses from the same lineage collected in 2021. Sequences for O/ME-SA/SA-2018 were monophyletic, while data for O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e provided evidence for viruses evolving within two sister clades in Bangladesh during 2021-23. Additionally, two samples collected in 2023 and tested positive for serotype A were characterized as belonging to the A/ASIA/Iran-05 lineage (sublineage FAR-11), representing the first cases of this lineage reported within the FMD endemic Pool 2. Analyses showed that VP1 sequences for two isolates (A/BAN5/2023 and A/BAN6/2023) were most closely related to a virus isolated in Pakistan during 2022 (PAK/41/2022a), sharing 97.81% nucleotide identity and a common ancestor dated March 2022. Further studies are needed to identify likely pathways of introduction of the A/Iran-05 lineage in Bangladesh, as well as to assess the potential risk to neighboring countries. This study highlights the importance of continuous FMD monitoring in Bangladesh to inform both control and vaccination strategies.

Paramphistomosis is an emerging pathogenic disease of ruminants, inflicting severe economic losses on the livestock sector through reduced milk and meat production, weight loss, treatment costs, and high mortality, particularly in young animals. This study aimed to quantify the prevalence and economic impact of paramphistomosis in cattle and buffaloes slaughtered in the Lahore district. A comprehensive two-year abattoir survey (January 2023 – December 2024) was conducted, recording monthly condemnation data. Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant disparity (Mann-Whitney U test, p &lt; 0.001) in infection rates between species, with buffaloes exhibiting a markedly higher overall prevalence (22.99%) compared to cattle (8.41%). A powerful seasonal pattern was identified (Kruskal-Wallis H Test, p &lt; 0.001), with infection rates peaking dramatically during the monsoon season (July-October), exceeding 41% in buffaloes. This fluctuation was strongly correlated with environmental conditions. Crucially, no significant temporal trend was found (p &gt; 0.8), indicating stable, endemic disease levels. Direct economic losses from organ condemnation alone amounted to several thousand crore Pakistani rupees annually. When combined with indirect losses from an estimated 20-30% reduction in milk yield, weight loss, mortality, and treatment costs, the total economic burden is profound. The findings underscore the endemic nature of paramphistomosis and highlight the ineffectiveness of current control measures. The study concludes with urgent recommendations for implementing strategic deworming programs aligned with seasonal epidemiology, promoting integrated parasite management, and enhancing farmer education and veterinary infrastructure to mitigate these substantial losses and secure Pakistan's agricultural economy. References Alvi, M. A., Alshammari, A., Asghar, F., Ali, R. M. 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ABSTRACTThis study aimed to molecularly characterize Proteus vulgaris, assess its antibiotic susceptibility and profile virulence genes in isolates from cattle showing clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in Bangladesh. A total of 61 samples, including nasal swabs and lung tissues, were collected from cattle of varying ages and sexes between January and June 2024. Samples were cultured in sterile nutrient broth and streaked onto nutrient agar, blood agar, and MacConkey agar. Identification was performed through Gram staining, biochemical assays and molecular techniques, including PCR and partial gene sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using the disc diffusion method, and virulence genes were detected by PCR. The isolates exhibited swarming motility and hemolytic, greyish colonies on blood agar; small, circular, pale‐to‐yellow colonies with a fishy odour on MacConkey agar; and appeared as small, pink‐stained coccobacilli (singly or in pairs) under Gram staining. Biochemical testing showed positive reactions for catalase, methyl red, indole and Voges–Proskauer tests, and negative results for lactose fermentation and oxidase. PCR confirmed P. vulgaris in 11 samples (18%). Partial sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed 100% identity with strains reported in Germany and the USA. All isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone and levofloxacin but showed complete resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, ampicillin and tetracycline. PCR analysis also identified the presence of the virulence genes luxS and rsbA. This is the first report of P. vulgaris associated with respiratory infections in cattle in Bangladesh.

Abstract Crossbreeding in dairy cattle has recently become of increased interest. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the impact of crossbreeding on both the physical attributes and milk production capacity of crossbred cattle in Bangladesh. Data from 847 crossbred Holstein cattle were used to estimate the genetic effects on average milk yield. Besides, the history of 5 certain disease conditions was also collected. F1 and F2 generations were categorized by the percentage of sire blood they had and then the data were analyzed to find the point at which genetic contribution leads to the most productivity. The mean production and impact of breeding sires’ blood percentage were measured through statistical tests like ANOVA, Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The result showed that in both F1 and F2 generations, maximum lactation yield was found in 0.9375% Holstein Friesian sires’ blood group (1265.3333 ± 15.36436 L and 1597.1803 ± 217.02733 L respectively). For the two generations, the results indicate a highly significant effect of blood percentage on overall milk production, though certain diseases were not significantly associated. The results also revealed that as the amount of local breed blood increased, the amount of milk produced consistently decreased indicating the importance of keeping the amount of exotic blood between 75% and 93.75%. In conclusion, productive performance of crossbred cattle relies heavily on strategic breeding programs and the fast crossbreeding had a thoughtful impact on milk production in the study area.

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism remains a critical challenge in livestock health management, particularly in tropical regions where environmental conditions favor parasite proliferation. This study conducted an 8-year retrospective analysis (2017-2024) of GI parasites in dairy cattle across 11 districts in Bangladesh. Data were sourced from a private veterinary diagnostic laboratory, with a focus on the prevalence, types, and trends of GI parasites as well as associated risk factors. GI parasites were identified using different coproscopic methods including direct smear, flotation, and sedimentation. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive analysis, followed by Poisson regression. The most prevalent parasites identified were Schistosoma spp. (57.3%) and Paramphistomum spp. (22.6%), with notable peaks in prevalence during the years 2019 (65%) and 2021 (62%) for Schistosoma spp. and in 2017 (32%) for Paramphistomum spp. Other parasites, such as Balantidium (B.) coli, presented a lower but consistent prevalence (9.8%), whereas Fasciola spp. and Haemonchus spp. were identified less frequently. The analysis revealed that various factors significantly influenced parasite incidence, including seasonal variations, district-specific ecological conditions, and animal-related factors. Statistical analyses, particularly Poisson regression, demonstrated that male cattle (RR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.230-0.401) had a lower risk of infection with Schistosoma spp. than females, whereas regions with abundant water bodies, such as Manikganj (RR: 11.9, 95% CI: 6.801-20.648, p < 0.001), Mymensingh (RR:7.9, 95% CI: 2.243-27.78, p < 0.01), and Narayanganj (RR: 6.6, 95% CI: 3.867-11.177, p < 0.001), presented higher prevalence rates. Seasonal trends revealed increased prevalence rates during the winter (Schistosoma spp.: RR: 1.5, CI: 1.090-1.919, p < 0.05; Paramphistomum spp.: RR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.322-3.299; B. coli: RR: 1.2, 95% CI: 0.672-2.151; and Fasciola spp. RR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.322-4.555), which aligns with periods of more significant water usage and potential exposure to contaminated sources. This study underscores the need for targeted parasite control programs, particularly in high-risk areas, and advocates for improved livestock management practices and regular veterinary interventions to mitigate the economic and health impacts of GI parasites. These findings provide valuable insights for developing tailored parasite management strategies to increase the productivity and well-being of dairy cattle in Bangladesh.

We report the genome sequence of the Bacillus sp. strain BAU-SS-2023, isolated from nasal swabs of cattle in Bangladesh. The strain was isolated using brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and blood agar media. The genome was 9,162,285 bp, 32.4% G+C content, 9,145 coding sequences, 6 rRNAs, 73 tRNAs, and 9 noncoding RNAs.

<sec><title>OBJECTIVE</title>To use molecular techniques to assess the prevalence of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis in tuberculin-positive dairy cattle and to identify the risk factors for TB in these animals.</sec><sec><title>METHODS</title>A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2018 to 2020 across Mymensingh, Sirajgonj and Dhaka Districts in Bangladesh. The single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test was administered to 1,580 cattle suspected of having bovine TB using both avian and bovine purified protein derivative. Milk and lung tissue samples from positive animals were examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the causative agents of TB. Multivariable logistic regression model identified risk factors, and Sanger's dideoxy sequencing method was used for the phylogenetic analysis of PCR amplicons.</sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title>Simplex PCR identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in 12.6% of samples. Multiplex PCR detected M. bovis in 6.3% and M. tuberculosis in 3.1% of the samples. Phylogenetic analysis of 12 IS6110 gene sequences (8 M. bovis, 4 M. tuberculosis) confirmed alignment with human isolates from Bangladesh.</sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title>The study suggests potential reverse zoonotic transmission of M. tuberculosis. Further research is needed to understand the implications and assess TB transmission between humans and cattle in Bangladesh. The findings highlight the need for a comprehensive One Health approach.</sec>.

Campylobacter, one of the four key causes of diarrheal diseases of humans, is a zoonotic bacterial pathogen commonly found in cattle, sheep, goats and poultry. As the number of crossbred cattle steadily increases in Bangladesh through intensified livestock production to fulfill the demand of animal-source protein, the risk of pathogenic Campylobacter transmission is likely to increase in humans and animals including the farm environment. The objective of this study was to confirm the risk pathways and estimate the likelihood of entry and exposure risks of Campylobacter for cattle in the farm holdings. Following OIE risk analysis guidelines and tools, we assessed the risk level of each pathway using secondary and field observation data used in expert opinion elicitation process to formulate and confirm the risk level and their combined risk. The probable risk nodes were combined to obtain the total risk level for each specific transmission pathway using the template adapted by Zepeda-Sein based upon expert opinions. The evaluations revealed that the risk of the entry and exposure of Campylobacter is medium with medium levels of uncertainty. Moreover, the consequence pathways showed high risk with low level of uncertainty. Finally, the overall risk for transmission was evaluated as medium with medium level of uncertainty. This study suggests that there is a significant risk of Campylobacter transmission which may spread in humans, animals and successfully maintain in the farm environments. Good animal husbandry practices along with personal hygiene and sanitation practices of animal attendants including their family members are needed to minimize the risk of Campylobacter transmission from farmed cattle to humans. The findings of this study could be useful for framing functional risk reduction measures at the low-resource settings using One Health approach considering human, animal and environmental health perspectives. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2025, 10(1), 6-21

Objective:The goal of this study is to describe the genome of Streptococcus agalactiae that was found in clinical mastitis in cattle in Bangladesh. This work will show how strong the bacteria are and how important they are for public health.Materials and Methods:Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform, followed by comprehensive analysis with various bioinformatic tools to identify key genomic features.Results:WGS revealed that the isolates are closely related, belonging to sequence type ST4, a rare type previously identified in both human and animal hosts. The isolates possess 44 virulence-related genes linked to adherence, capsule biogenesis, enzyme production, immunoreactive antigens, protease, and cytolysin production. They also carry two pilus islands (PIs), PI-1 and PI-2b, which are often associated with invasive diseases. PI-2b proteins are key targets for vaccine development against Group B Streptococcus (GBS). The isolates belong to serotype Ia and carry the gbs2018-2 variant, indicating their adaptability to a wide range of hosts, including humans and animals. These virulence factors are critical for understanding S. agalactiae’s pathogenicity and developing vaccines against its infections. Additionally, the isolates harbor antimicrobial resistance genes conferring resistance to glycopeptides (vanT, vanY), macrolides (mreA), peptides (mprF), penicillins and β-lactams (pbp), and aminoglycosides. Source tracking via the BacWGSTdb website identified these isolates as closely related to human pathogens, indicating their zoonotic potential.Conclusion:These results suggest that S. agalactiae could be a zoonotic pathogen. This highlights the need for ongoing genomic surveillance to fully understand how it causes disease and come up with effective ways to control it.

Blastocystis is a widespread protozoan known to induce digestive disorders in humans and animals, including cattle globally. The parasite exhibits a significant amount of genetic variability and is divided into 42 recognized subtypes (STs) in mammals and birds. Sixteen of these subtypes are identified in cattle and 14 are zoonotic. This study explored the distribution and genetic variations of Blastocystis and its zoonotic potential in dairy cattle. Two hundred fresh fecal samples were collected from smallholder dairy calves (aged &lt;6 months) in two milk pocket areas of Bangladesh: Sirajganj (n=100) and Pabna (n=100). A molecular study based on PCR assay targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene was employed to screen and subtype the parasite in the fecal samples. Analyses revealed Blastocystis among 10% of the cattle, with 8% positive cases in samples from Sirajganj and 12% in samples from Pabna. Various factors including sex, age, breed groups, and fecal consistency were considered, although these were found to be statistically insignificant. Out of the 20 positive Blastocystis isolates, only three subtypes, namely ST10, ST21, and ST26, were identified where subtype ST10 was the most prevalent. Notably, no zoonotic subtypes were detected in the fecal samples, suggesting a lack of zoonotic significance. The findings provide insights into the molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis infection in cattle, indicating its low genetic diversity in the study areas. Further research is needed to determine the exact frequency and genetic composition of Blastocystis and its zoonotic potential in cattle in Bangladesh. J. of Sci. and Tech. Res. 6(1): 13-20, 2024

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is a prevalent serious disease among dairy cows worldwide. It poses a significant challenge to the dairy industry, animal welfare, and a threat to public health. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular detection, prevalence, and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. isolated from raw composite milk samples obtained from SCM dairy cattle in Bangladesh. A total of 612 quarters milk samples obtained from 153 cows were analyzed for SCM using the California Mastitis Test. Bacterial isolation and identification were carried out and bacterial species were confirmed using molecular polymerase chain reaction methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disc diffusion method. The findings revealed that the prevalence of SCM was 70.3% (26/37), 35.95% (55/153), and 23.04% (141/612) in the herd, cow, and quarter levels, respectively. Among the positive samples, 92.7% (51/55) were Staphylococcus spp. (S. aureus, S. chromogenes, and S. simulans) and the remaining isolates were 7.3% (4/55) Streptococcus spp. (Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus dysgalactiae). The most prevalent species was S. chromogenes, accounting for 67.3% (37/55). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 65.5% of isolates were susceptible to cefoxitin, whereas, 89.1% were resistant to penicillin. Overall, 12 isolates (21.8%) out of 55 were resistant to more than three classes of antimicrobials and were defined as multidrug-resistant isolates. Methicillin-resistance gene was detected in 61.1% of the cefoxitin-resistant isolates. A multivariate logistic regression analysis identified five potential risk factors including the lack of post-milking teat disinfection (OR: 3.06), absence of immediate feeding after milking (OR: 9.81), poor udder hygiene (OR: 7.83), tick infestation (OR: 13.76), and absence of dry cow therapy (OR: 3.31). The findings of the current study underscore the urgent requirement for targeted interventions, considering the identified factors to effectively manage and control SCM in dairy cows.

The first report of concurrent infection of hemorrhagic septicemia with foot and mouth disease in cattle in Bangladesh