Category Of Sex Research Articles

On the Name, Ideation, and Sexual Difference

The term gender has, for many years, been invoked as if it solved all the problems inherent in the category of sex. But has gender—as term and as concept—created another set of problems and problematic analogies? Is it the red herring of current work in our field? And does it have implications for futurity in the sense of what is to come in the field of women’s, gender, and sexuality studies? Does gender, in effect, confirm the mischaracterization, repeated obsessively in the u.s. academy especially, of women’s studies as an identity formation rather than as a field that questions the presence—through the oscillation between presence and absence—or possibility of sexual difference to come? Sexual difference, this essay posits, is a term with transitional content, yet to be fully conceived, and indeed perhaps intellectually hospitable in ways that resist content as justification, conceptualization as closure, or thought as merely aspirational. Sexual difference is still yet to be thought, and versions of it that we have belong to the anthropological rendering whereby sexes are imagined as existing when one might say they are material conditions formulated within an economy of the same.

Problematyka (nie)męskości w procesie psychoterapii

The author tries to demonstrate the relations between sociological concepts of constructing men’s gender identity and the theory and practice of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The complexity of the processes (intra-individual and social), in which a man recognizes his gender identity and sexual orientation, causes many theoretical and practical problems which require an interdisciplinary analysis. The article presents the dilemmas associated with different variants of modern man's gender identity and the difficulties for psychotherapists to negotiate them. The author points to the potential of sociological theories calling for the rejection of the category of biological sex, which can serve as inspiration for psychotherapists working with individuals being outside the common scheme of sexuality and gender.

Gender Differences: Examination of the 12-Item Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI-12) in an Older Brazilian Population

ObjectivesAlthough gender is often acknowledged as a determinant of health, measuring its components, other than biological sex, is uncommon. The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) quantifies self-attribution of traits, indicative of gender roles. The BSRI has been used with participants across cultures and countries, but rarely in an older population in Brazil, as we have done in this study. Our primary objective was to determine whether the BSRI-12 can be used to explore gender in an older Brazilian population.MethodsThe BSRI was completed by volunteer participants, all community dwelling adults aged 65+ living in Natal, Brazil. Exploratory factor analysis was performed, followed by a varimax rotation (orthogonal solution) for iteration to examine the underlying gender roles of feminine, masculine, androgynous and undifferentiated, and to validate the BSRI in older adults in Brazil.ResultsThe 278 participants, (80 men, 198 women) were 65–99 years old (average 73.6 for men, 74.7 for women). Age difference between sexes was not significant (p = 0.22). A 12 item version of the BSRI (BSRI-12) previously validated among Spanish seniors was used and showed validity with 5 BSRI-12 items (Cronbach=0.66) loading as feminine, 6 items (Cronbach=0.51) loading onto masculine roles and neither overlapping with the category of biological sex of respondent.ConclusionsAlthough the BSRI-12 appears to be a valid indicator of gender among elderly Brazilians, the gender role status identified with the BSRI-12 was not correlated with being male or female.

Dirt off Her Shoulders

In a discussion of the problem that Caster Semenya's velocity poses to the category woman, the introduction to this special issue shifts focus from Semenya's body (which has been the topic of much discussion during Semenya's temporary suspension from competition while officials debated whether she could compete as a woman) to the problem of being the fastest woman in the world. That move — from sex to speed (as an escape from the category of sex) — sets the tone for the special issue's consideration of athleticism as a set of discursive practices. The essays focus on queer practices that engage effeminacy, the feminine, and the female — queer figures of athleticism that cross, defy, redefine (that trans) not only categories of sex but also the category of the human.

The Gendered Body in the Qing Courtroom

T h i s a r T i c l e p r e s e n T s a va r i e T y o f court cases, including homicides and marriage disputes, from eighteenthand nineteenth-century China in which magistrates scrutinized bodies for evidence about gender performance. In order to judge these cases properly, magistrates needed to find out whether the persons under scrutiny were physically capable of normative gender roles or had violated the rules governing such roles; their judgments aimed to repair kinship networks and reinforce patriarchal hierarchies. These boundary-crossing “hard cases” help us understand the complex interweaving of bodily sex and social gender in the Qing: they provide insight into how magistrates (as well as midwives and others who gave evidence) would interpret the body in terms of what society demanded of it. For some time now it has been conventional to posit a clear distinction between sex and gender: sex is transcultural, biologically determined, and grounded in the body, whereas gender is socially and culturally constructed and therefore learned and performed according to varying scripts. as convenient as this sex/gender distinction may be, it has provoked intense debate among feminist theorists about exactly where to draw the line between them—or whether it is even possible to discern a stable, unmediated category of sex (or the body) prior to discourse. It seems, however, that a tentative consensus has emerged, at least among historians of gender and sexuality: while there does exist a real, physical

Leadership and emotional intelligence of corporate executives: Acomparative analysis

The paper is based on two concepts leadership and emotional intelligence. Basically the research is done to see the impact of leadership viz-a-viz emotional intelligence. This research shows that ever changing environment is liked by professionals. Research is done with the help of three instruments. First scale tells about the leadership frame, the second instrument tells about the passive biasness of a leader and the third scale tells about the emotional intelligence of a leader. The data collected with the help of research instruments has been analyzed and interpreted on the basis of different demographic factors like age, managerial cadre, total work experience, academic qualification, serving organization, category of operation and sex. It is found that the leaders with higher emotional intelligence like changes and they consider them as opportunities for doing something new.

Clinical outcomes after withdrawal of anti-tumor necrosis factor α therapy in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A twelve-year experience

To estimate the length of time to disease flare and the likelihood of achieving clinical remission after discontinuation of treatment with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) blockers in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). We conducted a retrospective chart review in a cohort of patients with JIA treated with TNFα inhibitors between January 1, 1998 and November 1, 2009. Demographic information, laboratory data, and medication exposure were extracted using a standardized tool. Outcomes of interest were based on preliminary criteria for remission in JIA. One hundred seventy-one patients with 255 discrete episodes of anti-TNFα treatment were reviewed. The median duration of patient observation was 59.7 months (range 5.8-211.2 months). Among patients in whom disease was inactive after discontinuation of anti-TNFα therapy, 50% had persistently inactive disease at 6 months, and 33% had clinical remission at 12 months. The median duration of anti-TNFα therapy after inactive disease was obtained was 6.1 months (range 0-67.9 months). No significant association was observed between the time to disease flare after cessation of treatment with TNFα antagonists and the length of time from the diagnosis of JIA to the initiation of anti-TNFα therapy, the duration of therapy following the onset of inactive disease, or the total duration of treatment with TNFα antagonists prior to discontinuation. The category of JIA, sex, and age at diagnosis were not associated with the risk of relapse. One-third of patients with JIA can successfully undergo withdrawal of treatment with TNFα antagonists and be spared the cost and potential morbidity of treatment for at least 12 months. Further studies are needed to identify factors to accurately identify these patients.

Conversational Grammar- Feminine Grammar? A Sociopragmatic Corpus Study

One area in language and gender research that has so far received only little attention is the extent to which the sexes make use of what recent corpus research has termed “conversational grammar.” The author’s initial findings have suggested that the majority of features distinctive of conversational grammar may be used predominantly by female speakers. This article reports on a study designed to test the hypothesis that conversational grammar is “feminine grammar” in the sense that women’s conversational language is more adapted to the conversational situation than men’s. Based on data from the conversational subcorpus of the British National Corpus and following the situational framework for the description of conversational features elaborated in the author’s previous research, features distinctive of conversational grammar are grouped into five functional categories and their normed frequencies compared across the sexes. The functional categories distinguish features that can be seen as adaptations to constraints set by the situational factors of (1) Shared Context, (2) Co-Construction, (3) Real-Time Processing, (4) Discourse Management, and (5) Relation Management. The study’s results, described in detail in relation to the biological category of speaker sex and cultural notions of gender, suggest that the feminine grammar hypothesis is valid.

Gender and Reproduction

What is the role of reproduction in formulating the categories of sex, gender, or of sexual difference? If Judith Butler is right that gender and sex cannot be neatly disentangled from the realm of affects, “sensation, acts, and sexual practice,” then it is equally doubtful that the realm of biological reproduction can be disentangled. There is a danger, however, of re-inscribing heterosexism or heteronormativity. Clearly, reproduction has historically been used to justify the conventional binary, oppositional, and hierarchical meanings of sex and gender. In response, feminist and LGBT theorists have argued that reproduction is irrelevant to gender identity. But does this make metaphysical sense? This paper argues that reproduction has a legitimate and substantive impact in determining the category of sex and influencing the category of gender, but that considerations of reproduction do not justify either heterosexism or homophobia.

Power, Perception, and Interracial Sex: Former Slaves Recall a Multiracial South

MY FATHER'S NAME WUZ ROBERT STEWART. HE WUZ A WHITE MAN. My mother wuz named Ann. She wuz part Indian. Her father wuz a Choctaw Indian and her mother a black woman--a slave. (1) This is how Charley Stewart, a former slave, described his lineage. Stewart was not alone in claiming parents and grandparents of mixed racial heritage; there are many references to mixed-race ancestry in the interviews of ex-slaves collected by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in the 1930s. The interviews also contain candid observations about interracial unions in general and about how people of African descent understood relationships that crossed social, legal, and racial boundaries. The former slaves described various combinations of racial unions and their ramifications for the participants, families, fellow slaves, and offspring. This article will consider the words of ex-slaves, using the WPA collection and a selection of biographies and autobiographies of slaves, and will re-create descriptions of and attitudes toward interracial sex during the nineteenth century. (2) These accounts indicate that their views on interracial sex varied according to the race of the participants because power with regard to sexual consent also varied according to race. The reminiscences of former slaves reveal that they had been aware of the interracial relationships around them and their heritage as the progeny of these relationships. (3) Though both types of relationships--between black slaves and whites and between black slaves and American Indians--traversed racial boundaries, the ex-slaves interpreted the power dynamics within these unions differently. In the eyes of many ex-slaves, relationships between whites and blacks were usually matters of forced sex between the powerful and the powerless: [I]mmoral white men have, by force, injected their blood into our veins.... (4) From the perspective of former slaves, relationships between blacks and American Indians, in contrast, were apparently more equal because both groups were stigmatized by the dominant white culture. Thus, the ex-slaves understood sexual relationships between blacks and whites as coercive and unions between blacks and American Indians as consensual. Some of these accounts also discuss the thoughts and feelings of the offspring of interracial unions and the slave community's response to mixed-race progeny. The narratives illustrate that within the slave community interracial sex provoked a range of emotions from anger and fear of racial degradation to acceptance and pride, depending on how slaves perceived the context of such unions. This examination of interracial sex in the nineteenth-century South deliberately focuses on the slaves' voices. Other historians of this region and era usually touch on the topic only briefly and rely heavily on sources produced by whites, such as travel diaries, personal papers, plantation records, and legal documents. (5) Consequently, the behaviors, thoughts, and words of black participants are mediated through white informants. Or the black perspective in such relationships is lost altogether; black people become silent figures instead of actors in their own right. Furthermore, scholars have questioned the accuracy of the WPA slave narratives and of biographies of and autobiographies by slaves. Despite questions of emphasis and accuracy, however, these sources provide direct links to the inner lives of slaves. (6) Many of the ex-slaves spoke quite passionately about the pain of racial amalgamation in the antebellum South. (7) In autobiographies and biographies, former slaves recounted their own histories as the progeny of interracial liaisons and gave their opinions of such relationships. Moreover, former slaves did not talk about interracial sex only in terms of black and white participants; they also mentioned American Indian relatives and ancestors--in other words, progeny of and participants in another category of interracial sex. …

Composição centesimal e teor de colesterol na carne de eqüinos (Equus caballus, Linneaus, 1758) machos e fêmeas agrupados por peso de carcaça

O presente estudo foi conduzido em frigorífico comercial e as análises no Setor de Tecnologia de Carnes do Departamento de Ciências dos Alimentos da Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA). Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do sexo e categoria de peso sobre a composição centesimal e teor de colesterol, 20 eqüinos (10 machos castrados e 10 fêmeas) foram abatidos e agrupados em categorias de peso ao abate preestabelecidas, sendo: C1( 88,82 a 97,88 kg); C2( 102,20 a 115,80 kg); C3(129,71 a 160,69 kg); C4(162,80 a 236,40 kg); com 5 animais por categoria. Os músculos longissimus dorsi (LD) e semimembranosus (SM), após o abate, foram coletados e analisados: umidade, gordura, proteína e cinzas (AOAC, 1990) e o colesterol foi determinado por colorimetria (Bragagnolo, 1997). O modelo estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2X4, e os dados foram analisadas pelo programa estatístico SAS. O fator sexo influenciou (p<0,05) os teores de colesterol no músculo LD. As médias encontradas (em base de matéria seca natural) foram de 36,77% e 56,08% para macho e fêmea, respectivamente. Os fatores categoria de peso e sexo não influenciaram os valores de umidade, proteína, cinza e gordura, nos músculos LD e SM, cujas médias foram: cinzas 0,70% e 1,16%; umidade 75,53% e 75,83%; gordura 0,67% e 2,03%; proteína 21,63% e 22,49% , para os músculos LD e SM, respectivamente. As proporções desses constituintes químicos mostram que a carne de eqüinos obtida em abatedouro comercial apresenta alta quantidade de proteína e baixa de gordura e pode ser considerada uma carne magra.

¿Mujer u hombre? Hermafroditismo, tecnologías médicas e identificación del sexo en España, 1860-1925

This article makes a contribution to recent medical historiography on the subject of the historical category of sex. By means of a detailed study of medical accounts published in Spain between 1860 and 1925 we analyse knowledge on the question of the identification of sex, male or female, with reference to the borderline category of "hermaphroditism". The technologies utilised by medico-legal sources to determine sex and the complex network of elements involved in establishing the biological dichotomy between men and women are prominent in our discussion.

Distribution patterns of different age classes and sexes in a Tyrrhenian population of Talitrus saltator (Montagu)

Temporal and spatial distribution patterns of a population of Talitrus saltator living on the Tyrrhe- nian coast of Tuscany (Italy) were studied. Bimonthly surveys were performed from March 1991 to January 1992 along transects using a standard system of pitfall traps and sieves for surface-active and burrowed indi- viduals, respectively. Captured individuals were subdi- vided into sex and age classes (on the basis of the number of articles of the flagellum of the second an- tenna). Abundances were calculated for each sampling period and sex ratios were determined. For each sampling period the mean hour of surface activity was calculated together with the mean zonation of both surface-active and burrowing sandhoppers belonging to the different sex and age classes. Shifts in mean zonation between the resting and active phase were also deter- mined. For each category of sex, age, and reproductive phase, simple and multiple regression analyses were used to find relationships of the mean zonation of surface- active animals with climatic data, and of the number of burrowed individuals with surface sand parameters recorded in correspondence to the sieves. On the whole, the results show that this Tyrrhenian population of T. saltator exhibited a bivoltine reproductive cycle and that the sex ratios of active sandhoppers were male or female biased according to the season. The variations in the mean hour of surface activity and in the zonation patterns of sandhoppers depended more on the age than on the sex. Furthermore distribution patterns were generally related to seasonal changes in the local climatic and substrate parameters. The observed differences be- tween burrowing and activity zonations were interpreted on the basis of the nocturnal migrations of the different categories.

Recruitment of Exemplars as Reference Points in Social Judgments

Four experiments examined the recruitment of individual-person exemplars as reference points in social judgments. Making a judgment regarding one person facilitated making the same judgment regarding another, particularly when the two targets were of the same sex and similar age. For the category of sex, this category-specific facilitation was strongest for participants who were highly traditionally sex typed. Compared to initial judgments regarding specific persons, initial judgments regarding social prototypes were less effective in facilitating subsequent judgments regarding other persons. This occurred despite greater perceived similarity between prototype–person pairs than between person–person pairs. In general, the predicted effects occurred less consistently for self than for other familiar-person exemplars. Overall, the results provide support for a privileged role of exemplars in social judgments and for the relevance of the social categories of sex and age in determining which specific exemplars are used in making judgments regarding particular targets.

The gap between food intakes and the Pyramid recommendations: measurement and food system ramifications

This paper measures the current gap in food consumption between dietary guidelines and estimated food intakes. Information on the adherence of the US diet to the guidelines comes from two sources: the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) and the USDA's annual Food Supply Data (FSD) Series. We review previous studies and supplement these with our own analysis of the 1994 CSFII and Food Supply data with Food Guide Pyramid serving recommendations. These analyses show that the greatest relative gaps occur in the fruit and dairy groups, and added sugars; smaller gaps exist for the other food groups. We also consider how future demographic changes will influence the size of these gaps. If current dietary patterns are maintained in each category of age, sex, and ethnicity, then we project substantial future increases in the gap at the aggregate food supply level for most food groups. The magnitude of the gap between current intakes and the Pyramid recommendations suggests the need for continued increases in agricultural productivity, higher resource use, and greater levels of international trade if the gap is to be closed.

White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South

This book is the first to explore the history of a powerful category of illicit sex in America's past: liaisons between Southern white women and black men. Martha Hodes tells a series of stories about such liaisons in the years before the Civil War, explores the complex ways in which white Southerners tolerated them in the slave South, and shows how and why these responses changed with emancipation. Hodes provides details of the wedding of a white servant-woman and a slave man in 1681, on antebellum rape accusation that uncovered a relationship between an unmarried white woman and a slave, and a divorce plea from a white farmer based on an adulterous affair between his wife and a neighborhood slave. Drawing on sources that include courtroom testimony, legislative petitions, pardon pleas, and congressional testimony, she presents the voices of the authorities, eyewitnesses, and the transgressors themselves - and these voices seem to say that in the slave South, whites were not overwhelmingly concerned about such liaisons, beyond the racial and legal status of the children that were produced. Only with the advent of black freedom did the issue move beyond neighborhood dramas and into the arena of politics, becoming a much more serious taboo than it had ever been before. Hodes gives vivid examples of the violence that followed the upheaval of war, when black men and white women were targeted by the Ku Klux Klan and unprecedented white rage and terrorism against such liaisons began to erupt. An era of terror and lynchings was inaugurated, and the legacy of these sexual politics lingered well into the twentieth century.

Plastic Actions: Linguistic Strategies and Le Corps lesbien1

In both her fiction and her essays on writing and feminist theory, Monique Wittig takes up and redeploys traditional themes and genres as well as recent theories of language, literature, and writing in order to force change in and through the dominant categories of thought and language. She has announced her project as one which would “do away with the category of sex” by way of reconfiguring the grammatically and conceptually enforced compulsory heterosexual order. I examine the specific linguistic mechanisms by which Wittig accomplishes this abolition of “sex” and the political/philosophical/ linguistic consequences of her “lesbianization” of language. Throughout, I aim to suggest what the political importance of The Lesbian Body as a diversified and written corpus is.

Ten-year survival after fractures of the proximal end of the femur.

Two hundred and eighty-eight patients who sustained a fracture of the proximal end of the femur in 1975 were followed up for 10 years. The mean age of the patients was 75 years. Seventy-two percent were women. Age was the single most important factor determining long-term survival. Other important factors were category of accommodation, sex and place of injury. After 10 years only 1.4% of the patients discharged to an institution were alive compared to 40% of the patients discharged to their own homes.

Eros, Civilization and the Burger Court

I want to offer an interpretation of one aspect of Burger Court's decisions concerning sex, marriage and family. This area of constitutional law is almost entirely creation of Burger Court and it seems to puzzle many people. The puzzle is a double one: why did a conservative Court get into this area at all? And once it got in, why hasn't it carried through with its project, by invalidating laws that interfere with sex lives of consenting adults? The decisions I have in mind have largely been decided under constitutional right of privacy introduced by Warren Court's decision in Griswold v. Connecticut, in which Court invalidated a Connecticut law prohibiting use of contraceptives, even by married couples.' Of course, Griswold was not first contact between Constitution and law governing family and sexual relations. In twenties Court had invalidated two state laws regulating educational practices as unduly restrictive of parental child-rearing authority. 2 Then, during forties, Court had struck down an Oklahoma sterilization statute under equal protection clause while observing that marriage and procreation were among the basic civil rights of man; ' 3 and had upheld a child labor statute as applied to young religious proselytizers only after observing that there was a private realm of family life which state cannot enter. ' 4 But these were isolated decisions and dicta, never grouped into a common category before Griswold. By contrast, obscenity cases were a recognized collective entity. Since middle of fifties, Court had struggled to establish constitutional limits on public censorship of pornography.' But obscenity law never fell into category of sex and family; rather it was conceptualized by courts and commentators as a traditional problem of freedom of expression, pitting police powers against free exchange of ideas. At least one critic noted that obscenity problem was more one of regulating sin than of cen