Category Level Research Articles

PENGETAHUAN PETANI DALAM BUDIDAYA CABAI RAWIT DI DESA LAPANDEWA MAKMUR KECAMATAN LAPANDEWA KABUPATEN BUTON SELATAN

Cayenne pepper cultivation represents one of the most promising agricultural enterprises in the region, offering significant potential for growth and development. The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and expertise among farmers engaged in the cultivation of cayenne pepper plants in Lapandewa Makmur Village, Lapandewa District, South Buton Regency. The population of interest in this study was the total number of cayenne pepper farmers in Lapandewa Makmur Village, which was 22 farmers. The sample was determined using the census method, whereby the total population was used as a sample in the study, namely 22 respondents. Data collection techniques employed observation, interview, and documentation methods using media in the form of questionnaires. This research is quantitative in nature. Data were processed using quantitative descriptive analysis using the class interval formula. The results indicated that the level of knowledge of farmers in cayenne pepper cultivation activities in Lapandewa Makmur Village was at a high level of knowledge category. This level of knowledge encompasses the following areas: seed procurement, land processing, planting, maintenance, pest control, harvest, and post-harvest. The farmers demonstrated an adequate level of knowledge regarding the processes of seed procurement, land processing, planting, pest control, harvesting, and post-harvesting. However, they exhibited an insufficient level of knowledge regarding the maintenance of cayenne pepper plants.

Understanding national brand customer erosion: exploring socio-demographic and weight of purchase factors

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore brand customer erosion at both the category and brand levels while considering consumer socio-demographic characteristics and weight of purchase factors. Design/methodology/approach Data from 3,563 buyers encompassing 20,601 purchases were collected from a prominent household data panel. Findings Brand customer erosion varies depending on socio-demographic factors (householder age, family size, life cycle and social class) and weight of purchase; variations are evident depending on the specific brand. Originality/value The paper makes a substantial contribution to the established fields of marketing and consumer behavior literature by opening a new line of research. It does so by demonstrating, the impact of socio-demographic factors on customer erosion. Simultaneously, it presents results that contradict the limited existing research on the influence of weight of purchase on brand customer erosion.

Upcycling C1 gas-derived resources in future food system

Upcycling the one-carbon (C1) gas-derived resources into food-related product offers a dual benefit, alleviating food shortages and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Powered by synthetic biology and cutting-edge technologies, the conversion of C1 resources into food-related products has become a reality. In this study, we present a state-of-the-art review for the synthesis of C1-based food-related products, broadly categorized as follows: (i) C1-to-carbohydates, (ii) C1-to-proteins, (iii) C1-to-lipids, (iv) C1-to-food additives, and (v) C1-to-food packaging. We assess the technological readiness level of each product category and identify the C1 fixation pathways and C1-based products with industrialization potential. We also address the bottlenecks and explore the opportunities within the less mature product categories. By revealing the existing knowledge gap, we emphasize the imperative of leveraging advanced technologies and collaborative efforts to address these challenges. Taken together, our work highlights the potential of upcycling C1 gas-derived resources in fostering future food system.

Modeling multi-factor user preferences based on Transformer for next point of interest recommendation

With the rapid development of the mobile network and the gradual popularization of mobile devices, more and more users try to find attractive places to visit through WeChat, Twitter applications. In this trend, personalized next point of interest(POI) recommendation in the Location-based Social Network (LBSN) has become the focus of research and practice. Most existing studies capture user interest changes between different days (i.e. weekend and weekday), however, they ignore seasonal factors in time transition and category factors and thus fail to capture seasonal-level and category-level movement patterns in users’ mobile trajectories. Besides, they neglect the relevance between POIs from all users’ trajectory and fail to generate expressive POI embedding representation without constructing trajectory graph, which will reduce the accuracy of the next POI recommendation. To address the issues above, a next POI recommendation method for modeling Multi-factor User Preferences based on Transformer (MUPT) is developed, which consists of a global POI relationship modeling, a local multi-factor user preference modeling and a prediction module. It first learns the collaborative information of users with similar behavior to generate expressive POI embedding representation. Then it captures the personalized movement patterns of users at the POI, category and time levels based on Transformer mechanism in the local module. Especially the seasonal and other fine-grained information on the time series are learned in the time preference modeling part. The prediction module designed tracks the relationship between multi-level motion pattern representation of user check-in behavior and the next POI accessed by the user, and it finally obtains user’s preference probability for next POIs. An extensive experiment has been conducted on four datasets, and the experimental results analysis demonstrates that our proposed MUPT method is superior to other methods in terms of accuracy(ACC), mean reciprocal rank(MRR) and normalized discounted cumulative gain(NDCG).

Hubungan antara Pengalaman sebagai Korban Cyberbullying dengan Kepercayaan Diri pada Mahasiswa Program Studi Bimbingan dan Konseling

This research uses correlative quatitaive research. The sample in this study amounted to 65 students of the Guidance and Counseling Study Program. The data collection technique used in this research is by distributing questionnaires using a google form link with a Likert scale statemen. Data collection uses a cyberbullying experience scale with 34 valid items with a reliability test value of 0.952 and a self-confidence scale with 40 valid items with a reliability test value of 0.970.The results in this study prove: 1) There is a negative relationship with a Pearson Correlation correlation value of -648 with a significance level of 0.000. 2) The level of cyberbullying experience in Guidance and Counseling Study Program students is classified in the high category with a percentage of 38%. 3) The level of self-confidence in students of the Guidance and Counseling Study Program shows 2 levels of categories, namely the low category with a percentage of 32% and the high category with a percentage of 31%.

Nothing means anything if everything means something: exploring the issues of coping profiles and the person-centered approach

ABSTRACT Background Adopting a person-centered approach to coping potentially allows researchers to explore the multifaceted nature of the construct. However, this increasingly adopted approach also has limitations. Namely, employing cluster or latent profile analysis to investigate coping through a person-centered lens often brings a lack of generalizability and subjectivity in interpreting the generated profiles. As such, this study aimed to explore the impact of varied methodology in person-centered investigations of coping profiles. Methods 682 university students’ (M = 21.3 years old, SD = 3.5) responses to the COPE Inventory were analyzed across item, subscale, and higher-order category levels using cluster and latent profile analysis to produce 6 finalized models for cross-method comparison. Results Throughout 19 analyses, approach coping, avoidance coping, low coping, and help-seeking profiles were consistently identified, alluding to the potential of universal coping trends. However, membership overlap across COPE structures and methodology was largely inconsistent, with individual participants classified into theoretically distinct profiles based on the methodology employed. Conclusion While evidence suggests latent profile analysis provides a more rigorous approach, the significant impact of minor methodological variations urges a reevaluation of person-centered approaches and incorporation of multi-construct data to enhance the understanding of coping profiles.

Are we afraid of the woods? – An investigation of the implicit and explicit fear reactions to forests

The beneficial effects of nature exposure have been repeatedly documented and encourage frequent and regular contact with nature and especially highlight forests. However, in human history, forests have also been associated with negative emotions such as fear and were seen as dangerous environments. While existing literature could demonstrate that natural environments can evoke fear, the focus was on the explicit perception. Given that research has shown the significance of additional implicit processes in fear-related behaviour, we aim to explore the presence of an implicit fear response to forests. Therefore, in an online study, we investigated the explicit and implicit fear reactions to forests by a Northern German sample of N = 256. Using three explicit measurements, we investigated fear and danger perception on a semantic and visual level of the stimulus category "forest" compared to the human-made urban green space "park" and the urban setting "house". Additionally, we assessed the unconscious response tendencies towards the forest within three implicit tasks: Subliminal Priming Procedure (SPP), Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) and Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Within the analyzed sample, the subliminally presented word forest evoked a stronger positive valence response compared to park (SPP). In contrast to houses, the forest showed a stronger approach and weaker avoidance tendency (AAT). At the same time, both the three explicit and one implicit measurement (AMP) showed a stronger fear perception of forests compared to parks or houses. Considering the increasingly utilised beneficial effects of nature in interventions, these findings should be acknowledged when implementing nature exposure in interventions and treatments.

Enhancing irrigation water productivity using short-range ensemble weather forecasts at basin scale: A novel framework for regions with high hydro-climatic variability

Integrating short-term weather forecasts with crop growth models has emerged as a valuable decision-support tool for enhancing irrigation water productivity in water-intensive crops. Our primary focus lies in formulating a simplified Quasi-Farmer Behavior Routine to utilize ensemble weather forecasts to provide irrigation guidance. The study proposes the concept of Rainfall Confidence Quotient (RCQ) that is optimized based on the forecast uncertainty levels for rainfall categories that affect the irrigation decision. We utilize two publicly available ensemble weather forecasts from NCEP-GEFS and ECM and a regionally fine-tuned high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) ensemble forecast system with a 3-day lead time. We have refined our methodology by conducting 800 simulation experiments across diverse scenarios, each reflecting distinct climate regimes, soil types, cropping seasons, and management practices. The proposed method consists of a sequential 3-checkpoint algorithm incorporating ensemble rainfall forecasts, antecedent soil moisture, and evapotranspiration. During the wet crop season of 2015–16, the enhanced methodology yielded a substantial increase in irrigation water productivity (IWP), averaging around 20–30 % increase across spatial locations, in contrast to the conventional irrigation practices that do not consider weather forecasts. However, during 2016–17, a dry year, the improvement in IWP only ranged between 2–10 %. On average, water savings (at field scale) of 200–500 mm were recorded in the wet year crop season of 2015–16, while 100–300 mm of water savings were achieved during the dry year crop season of 2016–17, without any considerable reductions in the crop yield. The robustness and adaptability of the developed approach have been established through comprehensive evaluation with field observation and remote sensing techniques, suggesting its potential scalability to similar hydro-climatic typologies across the world.

Application of Cations, Acids, and Antioxidants on Mitigating Acrylamide Formation in Food with a Special Focus on Potato and Cereal Based Foods - A Review

Acrylamide is a toxic substance that formsin food during high-temperature processing methods such as deep-frying, baking, and roasting, through the Maillard reaction or the acrolein pathway. Since acrylamide has been identified for its carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity, global food authorities have established benchmark levels for different food categories. Consequently, researchers have proposed various mitigation strategies, focusing on agronomical, chemical, physical, and microbial approaches. However, most of these approaches are associated with high cost, technology, extended time, and poor sensory and nutritional quality. In this context, application of various additives such as metal cations, organic and inorganic acids, and antioxidants in optimum amounts have been effective in reducing acrylamide formation. Additives contribute to reducing acrylamide either by interacting with its precursors and/or intermediate products or by breaking down acrylamide into other non-toxic substances. Since cations can form thermostable asparagine/matrix intermediates through chelation reaction between asparagine and metal cations, asparagine will be unavailable to react with carbonyl compounds to form the Schiff base. Lower pH conditions inhibit the acrylamide formation by blocking the protonation of the α-amino group of asparagine and reducing any possibility for nucleophilic addition reactions with carbonyl groups. Toxicity associated with Maillard products can be reduced by using antioxidants in the frying oil or the food. Polyphenols are capable of reducing the acrylamide formation by directly trapping acrylamide at elevated temperature. It is essential to identify the most appropriate additive, its concentration and the optimum process conditions when applying additives to get an optimal acrylamide inhibition. This review article highlights the effect of various additive applications, their effectiveness and possible future advances in food to control acrylamide formation within the accepted level.Keywords: Acrylamide, Antioxidant, Carcinogenicity, Deep-frying, Maillard reaction

Implementation of Tsukamoto Fuzzy Logic to Determine Sheep Livestock Population Based on Gender and Age Category in Aceh Tamiang Regency

This study implements the Tsukamoto Fuzzy Logic method to determine the sheep livestock population based on gender and age categories in Aceh Tamiang Regency. The population data of male and female sheep are categorized into three age groups: young, adolescent, and adult. The processes of fuzzification, fuzzy inference, and defuzzification are used to model the data and produce more accurate population predictions. Fuzzy rules are applied to consider the combination of membership levels of each age category and gender. The analysis results indicate that the sheep livestock population in Aceh Tamiang Regency is 5553,69007. The Tsukamoto Fuzzy Logic method has proven effective in handling uncertainty and variability in livestock population data, providing flexibility in complex data-driven decision-making. This study makes a significant contribution to the utilization of fuzzy logic methods for planning and managing livestock populations and can serve as a reference for policymakers in the livestock sector.

Palliative care national plan implementation through stakeholder analysis

BackgroundNational palliative care plans depend upon stakeholder engagement to succeed. Assessing the capability, interest, and knowledge of stakeholders is a crucial step in the implementation of public health initiatives, as recommended by the World Health Organisation. However, utilising stakeholder analysis is a strategy underused in public palliative care.ObjectiveTo conduct a stakeholder analysis characterising a diverse group of stakeholders involved in implementing a national palliative care plan in three rural regions of an upper-middle-income country.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study design, complemented by a quantitative stakeholder analysis approach, was executed through a survey designed to gauge stakeholders’ levels of interest and capability in relation to five fundamental dimensions of public palliative care: provision of services, accessibility of essential medicines, palliative care education, financial support, and palliative care vitality. Stakeholders were categorised as promoters (high-power, high-interest), latent (high-power, low-interest), advocates (low-power, high-interest), and indifferent (low-power and low-interest). Stakeholder self-perceived category and knowledge level were also assessed.ResultsAmong the 65 surveyed stakeholders, 19 were categorised as promoters, 34 as advocates, 9 as latent, and 3 as indifferent. Stakeholders’ self-perception of their category did not align with the results of the quantitative analysis. When evaluated by region and palliative care dimensions the distribution of stakeholders was nonuniform. Palliative care funding was the dimension with the highest number of stakeholders categorised as indifferent, and the lowest percentage of promoters. Stakeholders categorised as promoters consistently reported a low level of knowledge, regardless of the dimension, region, or their level of interest.ConclusionsAssessing the capability, interest, and knowledge of stakeholders is a crucial step when implementing public health initiatives in palliative care. It allows for a data-driven decision-making process on how to delegate responsibilities, administer financial resources, and establish governance boards that remain engaged and work efficiently.

Assessment of Occupational Hazards and Health Status (Respiratory and Non-respiratory) Among Sawmillers in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria

Background: Sawmilling exposed workers to diverse occupational mishaps and subsequent health complications. Investigating workplace risk and health status can help mitigate morbidness and death among this group. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the occupational hazards and health status of sawmill workers in Akure, Nigeria. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted on 304 sawmill workers in Akure metropolis selected via multi-stage sampling methodology. Data were collected using a pre-tested, standardized questionnaire. In addition, the body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (mmHg), and respiratory function parameters (spirometry) were measured. Descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square) were used to evaluate and summarize the data, with a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: The respondents' average age was 42.0 ± 2.8 years. The common reported workplace hazards included noise 273 (89.8%), manual lifting of objects 221 (72.7%), heat 192 (63.2%), and wood dust 192 (63.2%), while common reported injuries were bruises 292 (96.1%), hearing impairment 281 (92.4%), electric shock 250 (82.2%), and fainting attack 232 (76.3%). The common prevalent ailments suffered by respondents in the last month were cough 158 (52.0%), phlegm production 149 (49.0%), chest pain 63 (20.7%), skin problems 100 (32.9%), and eyes irritation 111 (36.5%). The anthropometric measurement showed that most 272 (89.5%) sawmill workers are overweight and obese. Spirometry measurements revealed that one-third of the respondents had a forced expiratory ratio (FER) measurement below 70.00% and an abnormal respiratory rate. The bivariate analysis showed a significant correlation between the respondents' self-reported prior workplace injury, knowledge of workplace dangers, and sociodemographic characteristics (job category and educational level). Conclusions: The results showed that the respondents suffered from impaired respiratory function related to workplace hazard exposure and the non-usage of protective devices during operational activities. In addition, the majority are at risk of developing diverse cardiovascular and respiratory diseases due to workplace exposures.

Sequential explanatory technological pedagogical and content knowledge of madrasah teachers in Jambi

This study aims to describe the structural model of Sequential Explanatory Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) of Madrasah Teachers in Jambi Province.This research involved 132 teachers for surveys and 5 teachers for interviews. Descriptive statistics, t-test, Anova, and SEM-PLS were used in quantitative data analysis, while qualitative data was carried out using descriptive thematics. The findings show that Madrasah teachers' TPACK is at a good category level. There are no differences in teachers' TPACK levels based on gender, certification status, madrasa level, age, teaching experience, and field of study. Technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK) has a stronger influence on technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) compared to technological content knowledge (TCK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). Teachers need support from schools and communities to increase TPACK knowledge in addition to from self-awareness to developing competence as well as several other information that have been discussed in the discussion of this research. Teachers should increase their TPACK knowledge so that they can confidently implement technology in their learning.

Measures to Organize Steam Education Activities for Children with Autism in Vietnam

This study assessed the expressive language development of M.T, a 5-6-year-old child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), following a STEAM educational intervention conducted in April 2023. Using a structured plan aimed at enhancing expressive language, the project involved activities like “Making Scented Jars” and “Making a Bird's Nest.” M. showed marked improvements, scoring 36 points in the post-intervention assessment, a 10-point increase from the baseline, placing him in the "Fair" category (Level 3). Key progress areas included the ability to present using visual aids and answer open-ended "Why?" questions. Initially unable to present and displaying negative reactions, M. gradually understood presentation structures and organized content more logically. He began to use simple negative sentences and sequence words effectively in storytelling. Additional gains were observed in daily use of names, actions, qualities, and polite expressions, indicating broader communicative improvement. Feedback from teachers and parents highlighted increased attention, interest, and confidence in STEAM activities. M.'s ability to engage in storytelling and role-playing significantly enhanced his classroom participation and reduced the need for external support. These findings underscore the potential of tailored STEAM activities to foster language development in children with ASD.

Category–level drivers of the market share–rank power law relationship

PurposeThis paper aims to analyze variations in the parameters of the market share–rank power law across consumer packaged goods (CPG) categories.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a two-level hierarchical linear model to examine the relationships between category-level variables and the parameters of the market share–rank power law in 790 CPG categories.FindingsThe slope of the market share–rank power law is shallower – indicating more equal market shares – in categories of high importance to retailers and those with high levels of promotional activity or high-volume purchases. Higher levels of market share inequality are associated with categories with high overall prices.Research limitations/implicationsTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first research to show the systematic influence of category characteristics on the relationship between brands’ market shares and their ranks, thus, identifying a key moderator for this important empirical generalization in marketing.Practical implicationsWhile market leadership may be a desirable goal for many brands, the corresponding market share at the top brand does vary. Moreover, the share premium for being number one in the category (gap between the top and other highly ranked brands) can be greatly affected by retailers’ strategies. In addition, the slope of the power law has desirable qualities as a measure of market concentration. However, the empirical study shows that category characteristics must be considered when analyzing differences in concentration across categories or time.Originality/valueWhile other studies document variations in the market share–rank power law relationship, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first that models these variations as a function of observable category characteristics. The comprehensive nature of the data demonstrates the universality of the market share–rank power law relationship across CPG categories in the USA.

Potential profiling of self-management skills in older co-morbid patients

BackgroundUnder the general trend of global aging, geriatric comorbidity is increasingly common, which may have some impact on the quality of life of the older people. Self-management can effectively improve patient compliance, subjective initiative, and improve patient quality of life. However, the present situation of self-management in different old people is different. Therefore, this study classifies older co-morbid patients through potential profiling analysis, understands the category characteristics of self-management level of older co-morbid patients, and discusses the influencing factors of self-management level of different categories of older co-morbid patients, which can provide reference for personalized intervention programs for different comorbidity characteristics of elderly people in the future. MethodThrough a cross-sectional study, 616 cases of older co-morbid patients in three districts of Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, were selected as survey subjects by using the whole cluster sampling method. The General Information Questionnaire, Chronic Disease Self-Management Scale, Health Literacy Scale, Electronic Health Literacy Scale, Collaborative Social Support Scale, and Health Empowerment Scale were used to conduct the survey.ResultsThe result of LPA shows that the self-management characteristics of older co-morbid patients should be classified into 3 categories: good self-management (19.4%), medium self-management(27.9%), and low self-management (52.7%). The results of multivariate logistic regression analyses show that literacy, religiosity, health literacy, e-health literacy, appreciative social support, and health empowerment are influential factors for self-management among older co-morbid patients (p < 0.05).ConclusionThere is obvious heterogeneity in the self-management level of older co-morbid patients. It is recommended that healthcare professionals give targeted interventions for their weaknesses according to the self-management characteristics of different categories of patients in order to enhance the self-management level of this population and improve their quality of life.

PROFESSIONALISM IN MANAGEMENT OF PRIMARY DAIRY COOPERATIVES

Professionalism is meticulous adherence to undeviating courtesy, honesty, and responsibility in one's dealings with customers and associates, plus a level of excellence that goes over and above the commercial considerations and legal requirements which is needed as a key for business success. The study was conducted for three years in 2017-19. The South Gujarat which has seven districts and all were included for investigation. Every year two districts were taken and from each district 100 respondents were selected. Thus, the total respondents were 700. Majority of the respondents had middle age category and medium level of income, family size, social participation, faith in people, group motivation and moderate level of perceived benefits of co-operative societies and knowledge about principles of co-operation. Majority of the respondents had average level degree of professionalism. Income, attitude towards co-operative society, attitude towards other members of the co-operative society, faith in people, perceived benefits of co-operative society, group motivation and knowledge about principles of co-operation were positively significant with degree of professionalism in management of primary dairy co-operatives.

Assessment of Cyber Resilience in the Maritime Domain Using System Dynamics and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

The maritime industry is increasingly dependent on digital technology, making it vulnerable to cyber threats. Every stakeholder is exposed to cybersecurity risks and challenges. This research aims to provide an assessment and simulation model of cyber resilience in the maritime domain, supported by qualitative descriptive statistical methods. This study is also supported by system dynamics and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The data were obtained from an eight-member expert panel (academics and practitioners) and pertain to the research period January 2022 – February 2023 and the Indonesian Sea area. Research results on global weight revealed the threat (MC-1), vulnerability (MC-2), and technologies (MC-3) sub-criteria as the most important, with the global weight of 0.102 each, followed by the navigation (MO-2), and governance and compliance (CR-6) sub-criteria with the global weight of 0.072 and 0.065, respectively. Maritime cyber resilience evaluation is based on three main criteria. The maritime operation criterion has the highest resilience value, with overall evaluated value of maritime cyber resilience being in the acceptance resilience category level 4, with the value of 3.535 (70.701%). Furthermore, changes in the maritime cyber resilience value in the 2022-2025 period are still at level 4 (acceptance resilience). Maritime cyber resilience is expected to stagnate at its current level 4 in 2023. In the third and fourth year (2024-2025), a downward trend in the maritime cyber resilience value is expected.

The Vitality of Psychosocial Risks Identification: Results from Malaysian Oil Rigs

The growing focus on psychosocial risks and their possible effects on the mental and physical well-being of employees has thrived as a result of the transformations occurring in the workplace. The transformations in the realm of employment and the recent global occurrences have intensified the pre-existing psychosocial risks and introduced novel psychosocial risks that must be taken into account in order to safeguard the well-being of the employees. Thus, this study explores psychosocial risks among offshore O&amp;G industry employees in Malaysia. Psychosocial risks have consistently been challenging in workplace health and safety practices. A generic descriptive research study was conducted with 412 offshore O&amp;G employees from four states: Sabah, Sarawak, Kelantan, and Terengganu. The data collected were analysed using SPSS 28. Based on the findings, job demands, job security, social support, and job satisfaction were identified to influence the mental health state among offshore O&amp;G employees. Among the most significant factors were social support and work environment, with mean values of 4.09 and 5.76, respectively. Meanwhile, job security (mean 2.06) indicated a low level in the score category. Simultaneously, the onset of COVID-19 in 2020 resulted in changes in how people live and work, which are dominant examples of psychosocial influences. The findings emphasized the importance of these aspects in measuring employee’s mental health state. The study also discusses the research implications.

How to achieve differentiated urban mitigation? Evidence from the spatial differences in aggregate embodied carbon intensity

A better understanding of the spatial differences in aggregate carbon intensity (ACI) among cities is useful in achieving differentiated urban mitigation. In this study, we investigated the aggregate embodied carbon intensities and spatial differences in the four municipalities in China during 2007–2017 using an input-output (I–O) model at both the aggregate and final demand category levels. The results indicated that the spatial differences were distinct and gradually increased at both levels. In addition, a spatial structural decomposition analysis was utilized to examine the main factors that contributed to these differences. The energy intensity effect was confirmed as the dominant factor, while the structural effects played an increasingly significant role, particularly the Leontief production structure effect. Finally, policy implications associated with the differentiated CO2 peaking paths were proposed.