Scholarly Categories Research Articles

"Our Very Pronounced Theory of Equal Rights to All": Race, Citizenship, and Populism in the South Texas Borderlands

OnMay 11, 1896, a “copper-colored”manwith “dark eyes, straight black hair, and high cheek bones” walked into the federal courthouse in San Antonio, Texas, and applied for American citizenship.HewasRicardo Rodriguez, an illiterate thirty-seven-year-old laborer who spoke no English. A native of Guanajuato, Mexico, he had lived in Texas since 1883. By all he accounts was an industrious, law-abidingmanwith only one stated reason for desiring citizenship: “because he lived here.” There to contest Rodriguez’s applicationwere the Populist attorney Theodore J.McMinn and the Republican attorney Andrew Jackson Evans. Both men were familiar figures in the courtroom of the presiding judge, Thomas S.Maxey, a Democrat appointed to the bench in 1888 by President Grover Cleveland. Intent upon making a test case of Rodriguez’s application, the attorneys filed an amicus brief challenging the application on the grounds that Rodriguez was not white and therefore ineligible for citizenship under American immigration law. The case held enormous implications not only for immigrants but also for thousands of Mexican Americans in Texas and the Southwest. It also would have far-reaching political reverberations, as Mexicanos constituted an important voting constituency of the Democratic party. Two broad categories of scholars have studied In re Rodriguez. One group has been concerned primarily with what the case reveals about the history of race in the United States. The relatively recent recognition that race has no meaningful biological basis and is socially (and legally) constructed has led them to examine the case through new cultural studies and critical race theory. They have considered Rodriguez in the context of the body of immigration laws and jurisprudence of the era, hoping to explain the sources and nature of racism.

Application of Thinking Method of Decomposition and Combination in Developing Software

There are many thinking method, the thinking method of decomposition and combination is important and widely used. In the category of scholars, "decomposition and combination" belong to "analysis and synthesis". Developing software is a complex mental activity, so it requires the use of a variety of thinking method. Thinking method of decomposition and combination is the use of the most frequent in developing software. Content of thinking method of decomposition and combination is analyzed. Application of thinking method of decomposition and combination has been analyzed from four aspects. Four aspects are the development trend of software, the main content of the structured software development method, the main content of the object-oriented software development method, several commonly used software development tools.

Scholarly activity points: a new tool to evaluate resident scholarly productivity

BackgroundScholarly activity is an important aspect of a resident's educational experience; however, evaluation methods have remained underdeveloped despite the increased focus over the last decade. A new scoring system is proposed as a comprehensive evaluation tool. MethodsIn this scoring system, each scholarly activity (i.e. abstracts, manuscripts, book chapters, research protocols, and research grants) are converted into a numerical score, Scholarly Activity Points (SAPs), which reflects the complexity of the project and the degree of resident's involvement. First, a relative weight value is given to each scholarly category based on its complexity (i.e. 50 points to an abstract, 150 to a manuscript). Then SAPs are calculated with modifiers specific to each scholarly activity (i.e. for an abstract, meeting venue, repeated presentation, authorship, abstract category, and awards). To demonstrate how the system works, a list of scholarly activities by anaesthesia residents graduating from a university programme between 2003 and 2010 was obtained. SAP scores of graduating classes were analysed. ResultsDuring the 2003–2010 academic years, a total of 106 residents (the mean of 13 per class, ranging from 9 to 19) graduated from the full 3 yr residency programme. The SAP system allowed statistical comparison among the graduated classes of overall scholarly productivity; significant increases were noted in the average SAPs per resident among the classes of 2009 {154 (204), [mean (sd)]} and 2010 [524 (471)] compared with those by the classes of 2003–2006 [90 (188), 45 (73), 126 (349), 83 (205), respectively]. ConclusionsA new scoring system enabled a comprehensive statistical evaluation of residents’ scholarly productivity.

Hear Then No More Parables: The Case against ‘Parable’

Scandalous racial ideas are woven into the very fabric of some of the most cherished concepts of modern biblical scholarship. In his book Racializing Jesus, Shawn Kelley argues that race plays an essential role in the construction of a dizzying amount of cherished scholarly categories. Central to his argument is the claim that the category of parable is decidedly problematic because it emerges from, and is rendered coherent by, some of the most toxic elements of modern racialized ideology. Parable scholarship has long drawn its fundamental interpretive ideas from specific, modern views concerning the nature and power of symbolic and metaphoric language. Unfortunately these categories have a long and rather unseemly history, and they derive their power from this history. Behind the moving language of art, freedom and higher consciousness lurk the less appealing world of nationalism, race and ethnic purity. Escaping the later almost certainly means, at least for a time, learning to live without the former. This means that New Testament scholars and historical Jesus scholars would do well to put aside the category of parable. Parable scholarship envisions the powerful words forcing the hearer to make a stark choice, but perhaps the choice belongs instead to the biblical scholars: embrace these aesthetic categories along with their deeply troubling ideological baggage, or give up on the scholarly category of parable in its entirety.

“Big and Small Truths” in the Work of Historians and Sociologists

This is one of those books not written by a sociologist but nonetheless highly enlightening for sociologists, or at any rate those among them whose interests are not limited to present-day American society and are not single-mindedly committed to quantitative methods. It will be of special interest to those drawn to the larger, timeless, and theoretically challenging questions of social existence and human interactions the kinds of questions which preoccupied Durkheim, Marx, and Weber. It will be of particular interest to American sociologists who think of themselves as public intellectuals rather than social scientists not that these categories are mutually exclusive. This volume also includes some interesting reflections on the professional insecurities of historians which unexpectedly parallel those of sociologists, for example: . historians today. . . suffer from a sort of double insecurity. First, the discipline is not very clear where it sits in the world of scholarly categories. Is it a humanity? Is it a social science?. . . This sense of insecurity goes a long way to account for the fascination. . . with theory, with models, with 'frameworks'. These tools, such as they are, offer the reassuring illusion of intellectual structure. . . (pp. 261-62). Sounds familiar does it not? Tony Judt, a British historian who passed away in 2010, was educated in Britain and France, taught at Oxford and Cambridge as well as the University of California, Davis and Berkeley before moving to New York University, where the spent the bulk of his academic career as founder and director of

Beyond Categorization

The term “pagan monotheism” was coined to describe monotheistic tendencies in Greco-Roman religion. Its usefulness has been strongly disputed on various grounds: for introducing a cognitive perspective on ancient religion, which was basically ritualistic; for implicitly taking Christianity as the norm by which to measure classical religion; and for confusing scholarly categories by classifying phenomena as monotheistic that are much better described as henotheistic. This article suggests that these arguments have been attempts to create a supposedly objective and universal scholarly vocabulary, while that new vocabulary would serve to obscure the history and ideological origin of the concepts it promoted. Arguing for a reflective, hermeneutical approach that incorporates an awareness of the origin and charged meanings of our concepts into scholarship, the author proposes methodological pluralism as a way out of these unfruitful terminological debates. Each concept sheds light on some aspects of reality while obscuring others. In particular, the often-criticized ambiguity and fuzziness of the term “pagan monotheism” may help us to formulate questions that otherwise would remain marginal in studies of ancient religion.

The Riverrun of Rewriting Scripture: From Textual Cannibalism to Scriptural Completion

Abstract To retain the concept of rewritten Bible as a scholarly category it is not only crucial to slightly change the name of the notion by re-designating it “rewritten Scripture” but also to accord the term the status of a cross-cultural third-order concept. This will allow research to detach the notion from its somewhat current “parochial” nature intrinsically linked as it is to the study of Second Temple Jewish literature. Rewritten Scripture should be conceived of as an excessive form of intertextuality that signifies the relationship existing between scriptural predecessor and rewritten piece with respect to the question of authority. Apart from advancing the theoretical discussion of the nomenclature, the essay takes a fresh look at a moot point that has loomed large in previous debates, whether rewritten Scripture strives to replace its scriptural predecessor or aims to complement it in an irenic fashion. The acknowledgement of some aspectualism grants legitimacy to both viewpoints, when they are rightfully understood within their proper perspectives. Finally, the article engages in typological considerations that will allow us to distinguish between three continua defined by respectively content, form, and function. Each constitutes a continuum on its own that advantageously may be segmented by several caesuras, which will allow us to differentiate between irenic scriptural completion at the one end of the spectrum and scriptural cannibalism at the other end of the spectrum. The fact that two works belonging to the category diverge on one continuum does not imply a corresponding divergence at other continua.

Gurus or Wizards? A Review of the Role of Management Consultants

Management consultants have a widespread and ever-increasing presence in modern business. Yet few management studies explicitly focus on the consulting industry. What role do management consultant companies play, and do they contribute to clients' activities in similar ways? Can these questions be addressed using scholarly categories? This paper tackles this understudied topic through an analysis and elaboration of existing literature, which suggests new avenues for management research and offers fresh reflections for practice. In particular we develop a number of propositions, centred on the behaviours of consultants and the sources of consultants' competitive advantages, which inspire future investigations in an area relevant to both academics and practitioners.

Points of departure for a constructive critique of the Bolivarian Revolution

From what Left position, both intellectually and politically, does one formulate a critique of the Chavez-led Bolivarian Revolution without aligning with a right-wing opposition? For starters, we need reliable evidence of the achievements, problems, and mistakes of the Bolivarian project. At the same time, any engagement with social change in Venezuela necessitates attention to one’s positionality as well as scholarly and activist categories of analysis and practice.

Theagent'slogics of action: defining and mapping political judgement

How do individual actors figure out what to do? This article advocates a departure from carving up research on this key question about political agency into narrow scholarly categories. Such categories, especially what has to become framed as incompatible logics of action in International Relations Theory, may make for neat and tidy scholarly boxes. But they miss the winding roads through which actors come to embark on a course of action. In order to overcome this shortcoming, I start with uncovering an important clue on which authors adhering to different logics of action converge; political agency has a lot to do with making judgements. I proceed with conceptualizing political judgement broadly in terms of subsuming particulars and universals. I follow-up with outlining a map for empirical research on judgement that helps us follow the actors in how they figure out what to do (the agent's logics of action) rather than superimposing our narrow scholarly categories on their reasoning (a scholarly logic of action). Scrutinizing the usefulness of this map, finally, I analyse McNamara's exercise of political agency during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The findings underline my overall argument: the inclusive conceptualization of political judgement, coupled with the balance of theoretical and empirical inquiry that the research map facilitates, improves on our understandings of how actors figure out what to do.

"Women as the Sponsoring Category": A Forum on Academic Feminism and British Women's Writing

At the 2008 18th- and 19th-Century British Women Writers conference (BWWC), Ann Cvetkovich, Susan Fraiman, and Susan Stanford Friedman presented the opening-night plenary panel devoted to mapping feminist scholarship's current priorities and concerns. Conference participants reported being both intrigued and perplexed by the speakers' seemingly bleak view of "women writers" as a useful scholarly category. This essay, conducted by the authors as a year-long email conversation, extends that plenary discussion. In addition to sketching the intellectual history of feminism within the American academy and assessing how Women's Studies (broadly defined) engages with a host of pressing interdisciplinary concerns, the authors also revisit their discussion of what defines and justifies continued work on 18th- and 19th-century British women writers.

Textopia: designing a locative literary reader

This article presents a design experiment attempting to create a locative literary system, which allows users in an urban environment to listen to literary texts which talk about the very places they find themselves in, and to write and share their own place-bound texts through the system. The methodological approach is an attempted implementation of the proposed scholarly category of humanist interventions, answering a need to bridge the interdisciplinary gap between humanistic scholarship and digital design. Following an analysis of the potential benefits of providing a system which enables active exploration of the relationship between literary texts and the places they talk about, the practical process of designing a prototype for this system is explained. The outcomes of initial user experiences indicate that the system has a high potential to work as a creative tool for interested users; however, flaws in the system also prevent this potential from having been fully realised so far. These observations point at two challenges for further development: although the wiki format has a history of success in soliciting user contributions, it seems ill fitted for applications, such as this, where individual creativity is central; and flexible ways of managing granularity of content is important for the locative experience of literary texts.

Assessing Scholarly Influence: Using the Hirsch Indices to Reframe the Discourse

This study is part of a program aimed at creating measures enabling a fairer and more complete assessment of a scholar’s contribution to a field, thus bringing greater rationality and transparency to the promotion and tenure process. It finds current approaches toward the evaluation of research productivity to be simplistic, atheoretic, and biased toward reinforcing existing reputation and power structures. This study examines the use of the Hirsch family of indices, a robust and theoretically informed metric, as an addition to prior approaches to assessing the scholarly influence of IS researchers. It finds that while the top tier journals are important indications of a scholar’s impact, they are neither the only nor, indeed, the most important sources of scholarly influence. Other ranking studies, by narrowly bounding the venues included in those studies, distort the discourse and effectively privilege certain venues by declaring them to be more highly influential than warranted. The study identifies three different categories of scholars: those who publish primarily in North American journals, those who publish primarily in European journals, and a transnational set of authors who publish in both geographies. Excluding the transnational scholars, for the scholars who published in these journal sets during the period of this analysis, we find that North American scholars tend to be more influential than European scholars, on average. We attribute this difference to a difference in the publication culture of the different geographies. This study also suggests that the influence of authors who publish in the European journal set is concentrated at a moderate level of influence, while the influence of those who publish in the North American journal set is dispersed between those with high influence and those with relatively low influence. Therefore, to be a part of the top European scholar list requires a higher level of influence than to be a part of the top North American scholar list.

Heaven and Heavenly Piety in Colonial American Elegies

When the Massachusetts schoolteacher Benjamin Tompson pictured his unmarried sister Elizabeth in heaven, he saw her in a palace-like ‘nunnerye’ where ‘Chast virgins have faire entertainment free’. Elizabeth and the other virgins in heaven ‘Enjoy their purest love in sacred mirth’ as ‘Great Jesus daily steps of his bright throne/And gives them hart embraces every one.’ Colonial Puritan elegies such as this one challenge our inherited scholarly categories, which contrast a spiritualized Christian heaven with a corporeal Muslim one and set ‘a distant, majestic [Protestant] God’ in opposition to the intimate afterlife of medieval Catholic mystics. The most interesting part about Elizabeth Tompson’s elegy, however, is that she narrates it herself. Benjamin imagined her speaking to him from the bosom of Christ, saying ‘I Dare not tell what hear in heart i find’, and then going on to describe her experience of the afterlife in the first person. Christ leads her to the top of a ‘mount of pleasure’ where, she says, ‘i [have] all [the] flowers of paradice to Crop.’ A Protestant saint embracing a physical Jesus, picking flowers to her heart’s content, and telling her brother about it – these are all images which challenge our notions of early modern views of heaven and demonstrate the fruitfulness of elegies, or funeral poems, for opening up the imaginative worlds of early modern belief.

French Feminism vs Anglo-American Feminism

This article opens with the questioning of a now established scholarly category, `French feminism'. It proposes that theoretical and polemical understandings of `French feminism' have been founded on an opposition to its counterpart, `Anglo-American feminism'. The measure of this opposition has been defined mostly as geographical, linguistic and cultural. But underneath such constructions often lies the old sameness vs difference debate that has captivated feminism since the suffragettes. The article argues for a less oppositional and less discounting definition of the two strands of feminism. It proposes to read oppositional classifications as motivation for a dialogue addressed to the `other ' of theoretical constructs; questioning the likelihood of foregoing oppositional classification.

State agency: social action without human activity?

What are we to make of the state? According to Hegel, it was the ‘Divine Idea on Earth’. For Hobbes it was an ‘Artificiall Man’. Nietzsche declared it the ‘coldest of all cold monsters’. And for Alexander Wendt it is a ‘person’. Wendt is absolutely serious about this; it is not that the state ‘is like’ a person; it literally is a person; ‘states are people too’. Wendt's literalist take on the state marks a watershed within that broad category of scholars committed to a scientific International Relations. Previous generations of scientifically orientated IR scholars, many of a positivist persuasion, have been happy to personify the state only insofar as this is understood as an instrumental device aimed at facilitating explanation. Talk of a state acting was admissible only as long as it was understood that this implied no ontological commitment to the state possessing any of the properties assigned to it. It may seem ‘as if’ the state acted; it may even seem ‘as if’ states existed. But as David Easton knew only too well, the state was only a ‘ghost in the machine’. A necessary ghost, of course, but a spectral apparition nonetheless. Wendt, whatever one thinks of his treatment of the state, has at least reopened the question of state ontology and state agency.

La dimension métalinguistique dans les activités scolaires d'apprentissage de la lecture

Corinne Gomila & Sonia Branca-Rosoff: The metalinguistic dimension of school reading pedagogy. Based upon data gathered in twelve classrooms, the aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of metalinguistic activity associated with the teaching of reading. Three types of metalinguistic treatments are observed; 1) autonymy alone when the schoolmasters repeat and validate or invalidate pupil sentences; 2) autonymy accompanied by units of ordinary language such as words, small words, bits of words... 3) Finally, the beginning of a grammatical nomenclature. However, even this last category have pragmatical dimension related to reading activity. It is quite different from the scholarly categories, which belong to academic disciplines (grammar and linguistics).

Pentecostalism in translation: Religion and the production of community in the Haitian diaspora

I examine the growth of Pentecostalism in the Haitian diaspora through both a neo‐Weberian framework and the argument, derived from Walter Benjamin, that the cultural translation of religious doctrine should resonate with the original and not merely substitute scholarly categories for sacred meanings. Haitian migrants to Guadeloupe, French West Indies, appropriate Pentecostalism to produce a transnational enclave in the face of marginality and displacement. Using Christian idioms, they defend themselves against denigrating stereotypes and articulate sentiments of loss and remembrance of the Haitian homeland. Their theology of sin, salvation, and the spirit therefore overlaps with anthropological frameworks about the production of community. These two languages complement each other, and each provides a partial theory to explain the need for moral separationism as well as its likely effects. Examining this complementary relationship suggests both the specificity of Haitian Pentecostalism and the limits of Benjamin's literary model for ethnographic interpretation. [Pentecostalism, Haiti, transnationalism, religion, morality, translation, Benjamin]

Post-School Education and the Transition from State Socialism by James s> Muckle John. W. Morgan (review)

REVIEWS 785 tendency amongst Western analysts to underestimate the significance of the rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan and a failure to address the prospective regional implications.This was not, though, a mistakethe statesin the region made. Despite the growing divergencesand conflictsbetween the post-Soviet CentralAsian states,which is brought out in an excellent chapter by Martha BrillOlcott, the risingIslamistthreatof the late I990S led to a closing of ranks behind their traditional protector, Russia. The two other major regional powers Iran and China -also joined the loose Russian-dominated coalition, a sort of secular version of the 'Holy Alliance', to combat the perceivedthreatsfromPakistaniand Saudi-supportedIslamicfundamentalism and international terrorism.By 2000, the missing link in the construction of an inclusive co-operative frameworkfor dealing with these threats was the absence of the United States and its allies, Pakistanand Saudi Arabia. The events of September i i finally provided the impetus for the US, and more reluctantlyPakistanand SaudiArabia,tojoin an anti-Talibancoalitionwhich had alreadybeen established. Despite failingto explore the possibilitiesof such a broad inclusive alliance being formed, the contributorsto Central AsiaSecurity,like those of US-Russian Relations, provide a good analysisof the securitysituationin the region in the late I99os. They also highlight the underlying tensions -weak distrustful states,deterioratingeconomies, resourcescarcities,regionalstrategiccompetition which remain close to the surface. September i I might temporarily have focused attention away from these issues, much as it has dampened the sources of conflict between the US and Russia. The key question is whether September iI has trulyopened a new chapterin US-Russian relationsand for the Central Asian region or whether the old problems and disputes, as well describedin these two books,will inevitablyre-emerge. Department ofPolitics R. DANNREUTHER University ofEdinburgh Muckle, James, and Morgan, John. W. (eds). Post-School Education and the Transition fromStateSocialism. Continuing Education Press, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, 2001. XXii + 2I6pp. Tables. Notes. Index. ?34.95. THEconsequences of the collapse of communism in Central-Eastern,Eastern and South-EasternEurope,oritsfar-reachingevolutiontowardsverydifferent models of socio-political and economic forms of organization in many formerly rigidly communist countries in other parts of the world, will for a long time yet attract the attention of different categories of scholars. Educationalexpertscannot fail to neglect the necessityfor a sharpanalysisof the repercussionsof thisprocessfor the aims,principlesof administrationand finance, the structure, contents and teaching/learning methods in the educational systemsof the countries concerned. Yet, that analysisis far from being an easytask.It is clearthatthe transitiontowardssomethingnew, which is very different from anything that had been going on before, follows a differentpath in each country,resultingfroma numberof influences,to which 786 SEER, 8o, 4, 2002 different, country-specificweights must be attached. In addition, education systems as such consist of various sectors, subject to diverse stimuli and incentives which render the analysis difficult. Under such circumstances examining one particularlevel of education at a time, without attempting a full geographicalcoverage of all the countriesinvolved in the processseems a very sensiblestrategy. The present volume concentrates on post-school education only, even though this in itself embraces higher education, vocational training and retraining as well as diverse forms of adult and continuing education. The freedom allowed by the editors for the contributorsto concentrate uponjust one formof post-school education, ratherthan dealingwith all of them makes, however, direct comparisons difficult.Covering only some countries (e.g. in Europe:Russia and Bulgaria,but not Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, or any of the Baltic Republics) does not allow for valid generalizations , applicable to all post-communist European states. Outside Europe, examining the paths to some kind of a new orderclearlymakesthe book very interesting. Particularlyso, because the different contributors, dealing with China, Tibet, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Mongolia and Cuba, are persons intimatelyfamiliarwith the most recent developments and undercurrentsnot easily detectable to the more detached outside observers of the rapidly changing scene in these countries. What happens in China under 'the tidal wave of marketization'is of great importance. This is examined in a rigorous way by David K. K. Chan, an Associate Professorin the Department of Applied Social Studies in the City University of Hong Kong. As he underlines, 'the ability to cope with the incentives to improve efficient use of resources, quality, efficiency and accountability have now become the...

Jonapsalm und Jonabuch: Sprachgestalt, Entstehungsgeschichte und Kontextbedeutung von Jona 2

Book Review| July 01 2001 Jonapsalm und Jonabuch: Sprachgestalt, Entstehungsgeschichte und Kontextbedeutung von Jona 2 Jonapsalm und Jonabuch: Sprachgestalt, Entstehungsgeschichte und Kontextbedeutung von Jona 2, Hermann J. Opgen-Rhein. Alan J. Hauser Alan J. Hauser Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of Biblical Literature (2001) 120 (2): 358–360. https://doi.org/10.2307/3268307 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Alan J. Hauser; Jonapsalm und Jonabuch: Sprachgestalt, Entstehungsgeschichte und Kontextbedeutung von Jona 2. Journal of Biblical Literature 1 January 2001; 120 (2): 358–360. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3268307 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveSBL PressJournal of Biblical Literature Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Book Reviews You do not currently have access to this content.