Does poor sleep affect cognition differently across ages? Insights from a national cohort.

Breeding and antipredator behavior in urban environments: The importance of local nest-site conditions for the Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis).

Wetlands provide a wide range of ecosystem functions and services. However, anthropogenic activities in wetlands have led to changes in biophysical attributes that are rarely investigated, especially in the tropical inland valley wetlands (IVWs), likely due to their small sizes. The major objective of the study was to assess the effects of anthropogenic activities on Nalwekomba IVW (Uganda) biophysical features. This was achieved through the use of scores for impacts of three categories of human disturbances at 13 sites to obtain stress index scores and relative disturbance levels, in addition to measured environmental variables. Agriculture (denoted as AD) and grazing (denoted as GD) disturbances were the major contributing factors at 76.9% and 23.1%, respectively, of the sites. At > 10% impact rating, the relative disturbance level was higher for ADs in 39%, other human disturbances (31%), and least for GDs in 15.4% of the site. At ≥5% to < 10% impact rating, relative disturbance was high for GDs in 61.5% of the sites, ADs and ODs in 46% and 23% of the sites, respectively. Sites impacted by grazing and other human activities were significantly different (Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, p<0.005). Mean values for surface-water- depth of 0.29±0.10m; DO-2.56 ± 1.12 mg/l; pH- 7.26±0.26 and Temperature-26.99± 4.81℃ did not reflect effects on water quality. The higher electro-conductivity values of 932.79± 300.53µS/cm and total dissolved solids-467.75± 149.70 mg/l may signify a high gradient of impact. Though the impact scores reveal low anthropogenic wetland disturbance (observed at 53.8% of the sites), strategic management is recommended to lessen the modification and ensure environmental integrity of the Nalwekomba inland valley wetland.

The inherent characteristics of two wheels inverted pendulum (TWIP) robots are unstableness and high sensitivity to external perturbations, which means that effective balance control in the interaction with the real world is a persistent and practically significant challenge. Despite the intensive variety of reported control strategies in the literature, the currently available research is usually based on heterogeneous modeling assumptions, definition of disturbances, controller design and testing protocols. Such diversity prevents the fair comparison and blurs the inherent trade-offs of robustness, complexity, and implementability of various control methods. This gap is filled in this paper where a systematic and reproducible comparative analysis of three representative control approaches to TWIP systems is provided: full-order H infinity control, fixed-structure infinity-PID control and Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control.Based on the nonlinear TWIP equations of motion and linearized about the upright equilibrium configuration, a disturbance-inclusive dynamic model is obtained to assist in control synthesis. In order to guarantee fairness and repeatability, all controllers have been designed based on the same linearized model of the plant, and tested under the same constraints on actuators and the same disturbance scenarios. Three categories of external disturbances are considered to represent typical real-world interacting conditions experienced in the mobile robotic system: impulsive forces, finite duration disturbances and sustained external inputs. The performance of the controllers is evaluated based on representative time domain performance and robustness metrics under the same evaluation conditions.The outcomes of the simulation prove that the full-order H infinity controller has always the most robust disturbance attenuation, and the highest robustness in all the disturbance scenarios. The fixed-structure H infinity-PID controller is similar in regulation performance but is more practical to implement and it has less complexity of the controller. Contrary to it, the LQG controller is very sensitive to both finite-duration and sustained disturbances when compared to the same noise-free conditions. On the whole, the presented unified framework elucidates the trade-offs between robustness, complexity of controllers and their practical implementation, and a way forward on the selection of disturbance-resilient controllers to be used in the application of two-wheeled inverted pendulum robots.

The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources and the widespread use of power electronic devices have introduced complex power quality disturbances (PQDs), which are essentially caused by the superposition and coupling of multiple single disturbances. Accurate identification and classification of complex PQDs are crucial prerequisites for effective power quality assessment and control. However, existing classification methods often neglect the correlations among disturbance category labels, limiting their applicability under multi-disturbance conditions. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a Transformer-based multi-label classification framework that integrates label semantics fusion for complex PQDs. Specifically, a multi-scale dilated residual convolution module is employed to extract discriminative features across multiple temporal scales; the label semantics fusion module then embeds disturbance label semantics into the signal features; finally, a Transformer encoder is introduced along the category dimension to explicitly model inter-label dependencies, thereby enhancing multi-label classification accuracy. Furthermore, extensive validation on both the standard IEEE PES dataset and a self-developed physical experimental platform confirms the reliability and robust generalization capability of the proposed approach across heterogeneous measurement scenarios.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression/anxiety/sleep disturbance (D/A/S), as well as factors associated with these conditions, among patients with moderate-to-severe chronic pain.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at 13 tertiary hospitals in 10 provinces, enrolling consecutive patients with chronic pain from November 2023 to May 2024. Depression was defined using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 cutoff of 5 or higher, categories of depression were defined as none (scores: 0–4); anxiety was defined using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 cutoff of 5 or higher, categories of anxiety were defined as none (scores: 0–4); sleep disturbance was defined as a total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score of > 5, categories of sleep disturbance were defined as none (scores: 0–5). Sociodemographic, lifestyle behaviors, and clinical characteristics were collected. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine correlations among D/A/S. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to identify factors associated with these conditions.ResultsA total of 1107 patients were analyzed. D/A/S were identified in 36.6%, 19.1%, and 46.3% of the patients with chronic pain, respectively. The co-occurrence of two or three symptoms was 12.8–26.6%. In the multivariate analysis, patients who reported poor self-rated health (odds ratio [OR] 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33–2.68) and neuroticism (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02–1.09) were associated with depression. Neck pain (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.53–4.42), alcohol consumption (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.12–2.99), neuroticism (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.05–1.13), and pain interference (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.17–1.50) were correlated with anxiety. Alcohol consumption (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.16–2.32) and pain interference (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03–1.23) were associated with sleep disturbance.ConclusionAmong patients with chronic pain, D/A/S are prevalent and linked to distinct factors. Alcohol consumption and pain interference may be associated with both anxiety and sleep disturbance, while neuroticism may be linked to both depression and anxiety. Future systematic management of multifactorial factors may improve their mental health.

Contrasting effects of land-use and local disturbance on plant and pollinator communities in wetlands

ABSTRACTThis paper describes models used to explain Acid Sulfate Soil (ASS) transformation processes on Norfolk Island wetlands. Prolonged drying (1970–2020) and a range of human disturbances (from cattle pugging to excavated drains) have led to lower groundwater tables and the formation of Sulfuric organic soils (pH < 4). It builds on a companion paper, which provides the methodological framework by establishing five descriptive soil‐landscape models of 14 ASS wetlands affected by anthropogenic disturbances over three drying‐wetting cycles (drying until 2020, wetting in 2021, and flooding in 2022). The study aims to enhance land management and improve communication about ASS by applying four simplified soil‐landscape models: (1) A descriptive model: Describes processes leading to transformations in the properties of ASS during drying–wetting cycles. It is based on the descriptive models of a range of scenarios presented in the companion paper. (2) An explanatory model: Shows ASS transformation processes, including wetting, drying, and disturbances from excavation and cattle pugging, highlighting reversible and irreversible changes. (3) A predictive (4D) model: Illustrates ASS transformation across diverse environmental conditions, considering three drying–wetting cycles and five disturbance categories. (4) Two predictive evolutionary models: Depicts long‐term ASS changes under different conditions, identifying factors that stabilise or accelerate soil changes over recent geological time. These models help non‐specialists (such as land holders and community groups) recognise ASS types, monitor changes, and implement either nature‐based solutions or remediation management options. They could also be applied to other islands in the south Pacific region.

ABSTRACTFreshwater inland wetland systems around the world have been significantly affected by human activities, particularly disturbances (excavation) as well as drying (drought) and wetting (flooding) scenarios. These impacts often result in lowered water table levels, which can have severe environmental impacts, particularly if acid sulfate soils (ASS) are present. If such soils are acidified, it can cause degradation of ecosystems and damage to infrastructure and the leaching of acidity and metals into receiving waters. This situation was identified on Norfolk Island following an extended run of dry years from 1970 to 2020. In the wetter years that followed the properties of the ASS changed depending on the severity of disturbance. The transformations that took place were investigated through description and sampling to 2 m deep on three occasions from 2020 (dry), 2021 (wet) to 2020 (flooding). These organic‐rich wetlands with ASS span a range in severity of disturbance from cattle pugging (moderate), soil erosion, drainage, infill and cultivation (high), dam construction (very high), sheetflood erosion (severe) and deep excavation of drains (extreme). The study aimed to determine and evaluate the temporal and spatial variability of ASS in wetlands impacted by changes in the five anthropogenic disturbance categories across this drying‐wetting cycle. Soil properties measured included pH, reduced inorganic sulfur (SCr), titratable actual acidity (TAA), retained acidity (RA), acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and mineralogy using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Using this information, five descriptive soil‐landscape models were constructed and supported by colour photographs. The aim was to enable ready understanding of ASS changes taking place. The models describe the variety of ASS materials, water movement and soil properties that can represent both reversible and irreversible changes. More specifically, the descriptive soil‐landscape models illustrate how prolonged drying of hypersulfidic organic soils leads to the formation of sulfuric organic soils. These models also show how successive wetting and flooding in moderate to very highly disturbed wetlands transforms Sulfuric organic soils to Hypersulfidic and Monohypersulfidic organic soils under anoxic conditions (reversible changes). In contrast, these models also depict how wetting and flooding of in severe and extremely disturbed wetlands do not change Sulfuric organic soils (irreversible change) due to their being permanent disconnection from the water table. The descriptive soil‐landscape models also illustrate how occurrences and formation of the iron‐rich precipitates are significantly affected by drying‐wetting cycles and anthropogenic disturbance. The following precipitates were prominent: (i) schwertmannite and ferrihydrite in ponded water and coating vegetation, (ii) iridescent floating films of schwertmannite and ferrihydrite on water, and (iii) ammoniojarosite coating vegetation on sulfuric organic soils. If acidification occurs, these mineral assemblages serve as visual indicators of ASS hazards, which can threaten water resources by reducing water quality and cause corrosion damage to heritage structures. Based on these findings a summarized soil‐landscape explanatory model and predictive ASS models are presented in a companion paper. This article aims to assist land managers to better understand and respond to these diverse wetlands.

Sleep disorders related to cervical diseases represent a poorly defined category of sleep disturbances closely associated with cervical musculoskeletal dysfunctions, autonomic dysregulation, and chronic pain. Despite increasing clinical recognition, an integrated pathophysiological framework remains lacking.

This research was conducted in Pejaten Neighborhood, Kaligandu Village, Serang District, Serang City, Banten during October 2024 by considering that the Chicken Slaughterhouse is in the middle of the community with the aim of examining the perceptions of the community around the chicken slaughterhouse on its positive and negative impacts. This research used survey method (observation and interview) with descriptive statistical data analysis using likert scale. The results showed that the community had a positive perception of the traces of the presence of chicken slaughterhouses with a total score of 409 which was included in the useful category. But on the other hand, the negative impact indicator shows a quite disturbance category with a score of 271. Overall, although there are benefits, the negative impacts also need to be considered from the presence of abattoirs around the community.

It is crucial to determine the potential subgroups of sleep disturbances in patients undergoing elective surgery based on the importance of symptom clusters and individual characteristics in order to develop targeted symptom management plans. This study explored the potential categories of postoperative sleep disturbances in patients undergoing elective surgery through latent profile analysis, and explored the influencing factors of each category. A total of 400 eligible elective surgery patients were included in the analysis, and three potential subgroups were identified: mild sleep disturbance group (c1 = 140,35.0%), moderate sleep sleep disturbance group (c2 = 177,44.2%), and severe sleep disturbance group (c3 = 83,20.8%). It was found that the higher the BMI, the greater the probability of patients belonging to the moderate sleep disturbance group (OR = 1.114, P = 0.002) and the severe sleep disturbance group (OR = 1.258, P < 0.001),the longer the duration of anesthesia the greater the likelihood of patients belonging to the severe sleep disturbance group (OR = 1.004,P = 0.011), the greater the pain the greater the probability of patients belonging to the moderate sleep disturbance group (OR = 1.590,P < 0.001) and severe sleep disturbance group (OR = 1.785,P < 0.001), and the higher the anxiety level the greater the probability that patients were in the moderate sleep disturbance group (OR = 1.135,P = 0.007) and severe sleep disturbance group (OR = 1.261,P < 0.001).

ABSTRACTThe impacts of permafrost thaw do not manifest uniformly across the Arctic, and this presents challenges for predicting how permafrost‐affected lakes will respond to climate change. Here, we leveraged long‐term field data collection and studies of a particular permafrost lake type (predisposed to thaw slump disturbance) in the Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands region to develop a conceptual model that can shed light on, and facilitate further testing of, lake ecosystem impacts associated with polycyclic shoreline retrogressive thaw slumps. To inform the development of the model, we compared regional changes in slump activity and lake water quality variables known to be impacted by slumping between 2005 and 2017, and showed that the timeline to recovery in lake dissolved organic carbon (DOC) following slump stabilization was longer than the time between cycles of slump growth, stabilization, and re‐initiation in most lakes. We also analyzed geochemical changes in sediment cores that incorporated the last several hundred years of history in 18 lakes that spanned a gradient in thaw slump disturbance, as well as a core dating back to ca. 1365 CE in a lake with an ancient slump. Results indicate that sediment geochemical changes were most pronounced at the initial onset of slumping, with only muted changes in sediment characteristics upon slump growth or re‐initiation. Our conceptual model can guide future investigations into the extent to which lakes with polycyclic slumps are predisposed to, or buffered against, significant limnological changes under anthropogenic climate warming. While our model is specific to lake systems in ice‐cored morainal terrain impacted by retrogressive thaw slumping, similar approaches would be highly useful for understanding ecosystem response under a range of permafrost disturbance categories.

Abstract As pregnancy progresses, pregnant women tend to experience sleep problems. These sleep disturbances are generally caused by physical changes during pregnancy that trigger discomfort. In addition, pregnant women who have certain diseases are also at risk of sleep disorders. Poor sleep can cause complications in pregnancy. Research Objective: To determine the relationship between discomfort and sleep quality in third trimester pregnant women at TPMB ‘D’ Tebet South Jakarta. Research Methods: Descriptive quantitative with cross-sectional design. Sample 40 respondents with total sampling technique. The research instrument used a discomfort questionnaire and PSQI. Data analysis using Chi-square test. Research results: Most of the respondents experienced discomfort in the category of disturbance as many as 25 respondents (62.5%). Most of the respondents had poor sleep quality as many as 23 respondents (57.5%). Based on the Chi-square test, the p-value &lt;0.000 is smaller than 0.05, it is concluded that there is a relationship between discomfort and sleep quality in third trimester pregnant women at TPMB D Tebet South Jakarta, thus Ha is accepted. Keywords : Pregnant women, discomfort, sleep quality

Following several small-scale benthic disturbance experiments, an industrial polymetallic nodule collector trial was conducted by the company Global Sea mineral Resources (GSR) in their exploration contract area in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone using the pre-prototype vehicle Patania II (PATII). In this study, meiofaunal (i.e., nematode abundance, ASV diversity and genus composition) and environmental (i.e., grain size, total organic carbon/total nitrogen and pigment) properties are compared between disturbance categories (i.e., Pre-impact, Collector Impact and Plume Impact). One week after the trial, proxies for food availability within the Collector Impact sediments were altered with lower total organic carbon (TOC) and pigment (i.e., CPE: sum of Chlorophyll a and phaeopigments) values. Albeit not significant, the observed decrease of nematode abundance and ASV diversity, further indicate the consequences of the removal of the ecologically important surface sediment layer within the PATII tracks. Next to sediment removal, exposed sediments were modified in different ways (e.g., central strips, parallel caterpillar imprints with alternating bands of depressions/ripples and interface patches) and were also subject to heavy collector-induced sediment blanketing. We propose that these cumulative impacts have led to intricate seabed modifications with various levels of disturbance intensity which resulted in the high meiofaunal variability observed. Adjacent nodule-rich areas (i.e., Plume Impact) received considerable levels of sediment deposition (2-3 cm) and were defined by significantly lower food sources (CPE, TOC, carbon to nitrogen ratio) and an observation of meiofaunal enrichment (i.e., higher average nematode abundance and ASV diversity; although statistically non-significant), but mechanisms behind these ecological changes (e.g., suspended material-surface fluxes, passive dispersal of fauna in the plume vs. active upward migration and “viability” of redeposited fauna) remain unresolved. We conclude that complex benthic pressure-response relationships associated with the PATII trial, combined with the high degree of natural spatial and temporal variability in abyssal meiofaunal communities and sedimentary parameters, complicates the quantitative assessment of deep-sea mining associated disturbances.

Nonstationarity due to climate variation and anthropogenic disturbances has altered high flow regimes. However, the extent of change has not been evaluated for undisturbed versus disturbed watersheds. This article aimed to determine how partitioning watersheds into undisturbed and disturbed categories can improve the performance of probability distributions for flood analysis throughout the United States. We utilized peak flow information for 26 reference (undisturbed) and 78 nonreference (disturbed) watersheds with drainage areas ranging from 135 to 42,367 km2 and record lengths of 100 to 140 years. Results indicated that flood quantile estimates of the Log Pearson Type III (LP3) distribution were likely being overestimated for return periods of 2 to 10 years, while flood estimates of 50 years and higher might be underestimated. In contrast, the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution outperformed LP3 in estimating floods with return periods of 50 years or more. These findings enhance flood frequency analysis and forecasting under nonstationary conditions.

Disturbances of sleep are prevalent among children with chronic kidney disease. However, the aetiology of sleep disorders in children particularly after kidney transplantation is not clear. We sought to ascertain the prevalence and type of sleep disturbances in paediatric kidney transplant recipients and to identify predictors of sleep disturbances in this population. Caregivers of kidney transplant recipients completed online questionnaires about their child's sleep. The questionnaires utilised were the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents (ESS-CHAD), questions about sleep hygiene, and questions about restless leg syndrome. Demographic and clinical details were collected from medical records. Thirty-five children were included in the study, with a median (IQR) age of 14.1years (9.5-16.1) and median years (IQR) since transplant of 3.7 (0.7-8.7) years, and 72.0% were identified to have at least one category of sleep disturbance according to scores on the SDSC. The most common sleep disturbances reported were disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) (40.0%) and disorders of excessive somnolence (DOES) (31.4%). Statistically significant predictors of sleep disturbances include low estimated glomerular filtration rate and increased age. Among children who screened positive for DIMS and DOES, the majority indicated use of electronic devices in 1h before bed. A high prevalence of sleep disturbances has been identified in children after kidney transplants, and some risk factors may be modifiable. Further studies are required to understand whether there are other readily modifiable predictors of sleep disturbances.

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act allows states some autonomy in altering the disability category terminology and definitions, given that the changes do not exclude students eligible under the federal language. Several states have used this flexibility for the emotional disturbance category historically. This study provides a contemporary analysis of the interstate variation in the emotional disturbance category through a comprehensive evaluation of state department education policy documents for differences in terminology, definition, and disability-specific evaluation procedures and guidance. The work is contextualized by previous reviews of similar but different purposes relevant to the time periods in which they occurred. Data from the current study show continued convergence toward the language in the federal definition. Results present notable differences related to cultural considerations, the social maladjustment exclusionary clause, and the provision of mental health services. Implications for research and policy are discussed.

PurposeSleep disturbance has become a major challenge among adolescents worldwide. Substance use is among the most common factors contributing to sleep disturbance. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the prevalence and categories of sleep disturbance among adolescents with substance use.MethodsWe comprehensively searched for relevant studies published in the following databases from inception to August 2022: CINHAL (via EBSCOhost), PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, Embase, ProQuest, and Web of Science. Data analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 3 software. We used a random-effects model to pool prevalence rates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Forest plots and p values for the Cochran Q statistic were used to evaluate heterogeneity among studies. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to compare the groups and identify the sources of heterogeneity.ResultsWe examined 18 studies that reported insomnia, hypersomnolence, sleep-related breathing disorders as sleep disturbances among adolescents with the use of alcohol, smoking, marijuana, and coffee. The total sample was 124,554. The overall prevalence rate of sleep disturbance was 29% (95% CI: 0.201–0.403). Subgroup analysis revealed that the prevalence rates of insomnia and hypersomnolence were higher among alcohol users (31%; 95% CI: 0.100–0.654) and smokers (46%; 95% CI: 0.232–0.700). The study design and method of assessment groups were the significant moderators that showed the source of variation in the included studies.ConclusionSleep disturbance is highly prevalent among adolescents with substance use. Insomnia and hypersomnolence are more prevalent among alcohol users and smokers, respectively. On the basis of our findings, health-care providers can develop effective targeted interventions to reduce substance use, prevent sleep disturbance, and promote healthy sleep habits among adolescents.

Abstract AimUnderstanding changes in the behaviour of threatened species responding to rapidly increasing human disturbances is critical for biodiversity conservation. Here, we synthesize a meta‐analysis of the cumulative effect of human disturbances on the behaviour of global threatened terrestrial mammals.LocationGlobal terrestrial ecosystem.Time PeriodData collected from 1993 to 2021.Major Taxa StudiedTerrestrial mammals.ResultsThere were significant differences in behavioural changes among categories of human disturbances (i.e. biological invasion, climate change, grazing, habitat degradation, protection management, road traffic and tourism). The effect size of road traffic on behavioural change was the largest and particularly led habitat selection to be more specialized. The effect size for habitat degradation on foraging behaviour was the largest, and the effect mainly led to a shorter time spent in foraging and a change in food selection. Changes to behaviour increased with human disturbance intensity and varied among species according to their functional traits including body mass, food habits, migration and group type. Climate change, grazing, road traffic and tourism had a greater effect on larger species. The effect size for habitat degradation on omnivorous species was the largest, while carnivorous and solitary species were more sensitive to tourism, and migratory species were especially vulnerable to climate changes.Main ConclusionsThe diverse human disturbances interact with disturbance intensity, and some species' functional traits significantly affected the behavioural change in threatened terrestrial mammals. Such behavioural changes away from predisturbance patterns may have consequences for their fitness and community interactions. The management and conservation of threatened species should incorporate knowledge of their behavioural responses to human disturbance and take into account the potential ecological consequences for biodiversity conservation.