Fish Caught Research Articles

Policy-oriented adaptation strategies for artisanal marine fisheries under climate and non-climate stressors in San Andres de Tumaco, Nariño, Colombia

Climate and non-climate stressors significantly impact artisanal fishing in San Andrés de Tumaco, Nariño, Colombia, a crucial activity for local food security and employment. Our study aimed to prioritize these stressors on artisanal Fisheries Economic Units (FEUs) and propose policy-oriented adaptation strategies. We adopted an integrated approach, using diverse evidence sources and techniques such as complex network theory and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. Key challenges identified include reduced fish catch, abnormal climatic conditions, and changes in fish distribution. The community prioritizes educational, counseling, cultural, and behavioral adaptation measures. Crucial policy-oriented strategies encompass researching fish species' vulnerability to climatic changes, predicting commercial fish distribution considering climatic shifts, and developing a WebGIS for accessible regional climatic information; strategies that are consequently aligned with the Integral Policy for the Development of Sustainable Fisheries in Colombia. Our integrated approach assists decision-making, fostering adaptive capacity within these communities. It underscores the need for policy-driven, locally-sensitive, and strategic action to ensure the long-term resilience of artisanal fisheries against climate change and non-climate stressors.

Comparative Analysis of Changes in Fish Catches by Species and Sea Surface Temperature Change in Coastal Waters of the Republic of Korea

Comparative Analysis of Changes in Fish Catches by Species and Sea Surface Temperature Change in Coastal Waters of the Republic of Korea

Nutrition contributions of coral reef fisheries not enhanced by capture of small fish

Recent policy recommendations have highlighted the nutritional benefits of fisheries that capture small finfish species. Small fish, particularly those that feed in the pelagic zone, tend to be more nutrient dense than larger species, with increased concentrations of calcium, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids. However, capturing fish below some recommended size limit (i.e., length at first maturity = Lmat) in coral reefs is frequently considered to be unsustainable and associated with reduced yields and losses of ecosystem functions. To evaluate the potential effects of fish body size, we analyzed nutrient concentrations of 424 demersal and pelagic finfish species reported from Western Indian Ocean artisanal fisheries. We found that length and food source are associated with only small differences in nutrient density in the artisanal catches of this region (≤7% of a child's daily requirement in most cases). We also analyzed 20 years of catch monitoring data from Kenya, where many of the common species have Lmat ∼20–25 cm, to test the potential benefits and tradeoffs of capturing small fishes. Small capture sizes were associated with low yields and sexually immature catches with a mean length of 15 cm resulting in 38% lower catch per unit effort, 37% lower nutrient yield, and a 22% lower maturity index compared to a mean body length of 30 cm. Catches of undersized fish were not associated with substantial increases or decreases in nutrient content relative to human nutritional requirements. Thus, coral reef artisanal fisheries should target moderate to large fishes (>20 cm) to maximize overall yield, nutrient yield, and sustainability.

Collaborative fisheries research reveals reserve size and age determine efficacy across a network of marine protected areas

AbstractA variety of criteria may influence the efficacy of networks of marine protected areas (MPA) designed to enhance biodiversity conservation and provide fisheries benefits. Meta‐analyses have evaluated the influence of MPA attributes on abundance, biomass, and size structure of harvested species, reporting that MPA size, age, depth, and connectivity influence the strength of MPA responses. However, few empirical MPA evaluation studies have used consistent sampling methodology across multiple MPAs and years. Our collaborative fisheries research program systematically sampled 12 no‐take or highly protective limited‐take MPAs and paired fished reference areas across a network spanning 1100 km of coastline to evaluate the factors driving MPA efficacy across a large geographic region. We found that increased size and age consistently contributed to increased fish catch, biomass, and positive species responses inside MPAs, while accounting for factors such as latitude, primary productivity, and distance to the nearest MPA. Our study provides a model framework to collaboratively engage diverse stakeholders in fisheries research and provide high‐quality data to assess the success of conservation strategies.

Diversity of fishery resources and catch efficiency of fishing gears in the Feni River (Bangladesh)

A thorough examination of fish diversity indices, gear efficiency, catch composition, and decline causes of fish diversity was carried out in the Feni River (Bangladesh). Monthly data collection took place from July to December 2023 at three stations of the river. A total of 8 fish species under 7 orders and 8 families were recorded. The order Perciformes was the most prevalent, representing 30% of the total. Approximately half of the identified species are classified as least concern, while the remaining 4 species are classified as Not Threatened (12.5%), Vulnerable (12.5%), Endangered (12.5%), and Critically Endangered (12.5%). The mean values of the Margalef’s richness (d), Pielou’s evenness (J), Simpson’s index (1-D), Shannon-Weaver diversity (H), and 0.973±0.002 were calculated as follows: 1.720±0.139, 0.699±0.112, and 0.248±0.034, respectively. Based on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix, two groups were observed at a similarity of 58% within six months across the three sites. The chandi net and ghera net recorded the highest CPUE (kg gear-1day-1) at 5.93±0.966 and 0.53±0.041, respectively. The highest fish catch was recorded in July (2249 ± 668.71 kg), while the lowest was in October (1564 ± 465.05 kg). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the monthly fish catch. Fish biodiversity in the Feni River is declining day by day as a result of pollution, overfishing, the use of harmful gear, and a lack of optimal water and pollution. To improve and conserve fish species in the Feni River, it is strongly advised that appropriate fishery management techniques should be applied, that overfishing be closely monitored, and that fishermen be made more aware of their rights.

Dynamics of Chlorophyll-a Concentration in Ternate Island Waters and Its Effect on Yellowfin Tuna Production

This research was conducted from May to August 2023, with the aim of assessing the distribution of chlorophyll-a concentration and its effect on yellowfin tuna production in Ternate Island waters. The use of experimental fishing methods in collecting research data and data analysis in the form of abundance analysis, exponential regression, cross correlation, and General Aditive Models is expected to answer the research objectives. The results showed that the fluctuation of yellowfin tuna fish catch was similar to the abundance of fish stocks with the highest catch in June (14 229 kg) followed by July (11 142 kg), August (10 764 kg) and May (8 001 kg). The catch of yellowfin tuna fish is spread over a range of chlorophyll-a concentrations between 0.06 mg m-3 to 0.32 mg m-3, with an average monthly chlorophyll-a concentration of 0.22 mg m-3. Chlorophyll-a conditions in Ternate Island waters are quite fluctuating and significantly affect the catch of yellowfin tuna fish with a very strong correlation coefficient of 0.87. The results of General Aditive Models analysis found that the chlorophyll-a concentration value for potential yellowfin tuna fishing areas is > 0.01 mg m-3 with a correlation distance or time leg is in week 15.

Study of the coastal reef fishery pressure in a South Pacific Island (Bora-Bora, French Polynesia)

In the context of the general overexploitation of South Pacific reef fisheries, there is a global push to precisely define fishery parameters such as fishing effort, annual landings, and exploitation levels. In Bora-Bora, several surveys were performed to define the fishing grounds and the fishing effort of the reef fishery for the first time. Maps of the fishing grounds under different fishing pressures were created for the Bora-Bora reef fishery. The average fishing effort throughout the lagoon was 40 trips week−1 km−2. Annual landings were estimated following two different methods: school participatory surveys and landing based on the catch per unit effort. These estimations were used to determine that the maximum sustainable yield of the island's fisheries was 6.5 tons km−2 year−1. the reported annual yield in 2022 was 5.35 tons km−2 year−1, under the estimated maximum sustainable yield. The level of exploitation of the fisheries was also estimated based on the catch size composition of the ten most fished species. This revealed that fishing is responsible for more than 50% of fish mortality in six of the ten studied species, and that catch length could be increased to optimize both catches and biomass. Overall, the Bora-Bora reef fishery may be experiencing growth overfishing (i.e., the catching of fish that are too small to maximise biological sustainability and economical yield), which can endanger stock recruitment in the future if no actions are taken.

Правові операції у глобальному контексті

Background. The emergence of the concept of warfare, defined as the use of law to wage war, has prompted a reassessment of the strength of the international order based on the rule of law. Similar to the regulation of cyberspace, information threats, and instruments of economic and financial pressure, warfare is a non-kinetic action that does not follow the traditional course of an armed attack. Caught off guard, states do not know how to respond to these non-kinetic actions as they take place in a new and rapidly changing regulatory environment. Methods. The source base of the study is formed by documents of international organizations and scientific publications on legal operations. The author uses the dialectical, historical, comparative legal methods to track the transformation of views on the processes of planning and conducting legal operations; systemic and structural, formal and logical methods to determine the provisions which should be taken into account in the process of introducing the concepts of legal operations into the activities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; and methods of analysis, generalization and synthesis to develop relevant proposals. Results. International official documents (agreements, protocols, conventions, recommendations, standards, declarations, communiqués, messages, charters) that regulate and govern the issue of hybrid warfare were summarized and systematized; Proposals for the implementation of legal operations concepts in Ukraine were developed. Conclusions. The results of this study develop the ideas of other researchers on the expediency of introducing the concept and implementation of legal operations in the context of hybrid warfare.

Are fishers captive labourers in reservoir fisheries? Examining governance models and economics in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, India

AbstractInland fisheries are a source of fish as well as livelihoods for as many as 82% of the total 28 million engaged in the Indian fisheries sector. Reservoir fisheries are a significant component but remain largely untapped, both as a potential resource for development as well as a site of academic interest. The importance of institutional arrangements in governing natural resources is fairly recognized. However, empirical examination of how governance regimes interact with and impact the economic benefits from natural resource extraction for its principal actors is less explored, at least in the Indian context. Through case studies of two uniquely located and differently governed fisheries of Gandhi Sagar (GS, Madhya Pradesh) and Rana Pratap Sagar (RPS, Rajasthan) reservoirs in the Chambal River valley, it investigates the (in)equity in benefit sharing among labour (fishers), capital (fishing contractor), and the management (custodian‐state). Neither a purely revenue model of reservoir fisheries governance in RPS nor a seemingly revenue cum welfare model in GS has enhanced the income of nearly 2590 small‐scale fishers above their subsistence levels, though the latter provides welfare benefits to its 2209 dependent fishers through cooperatives. Of the gross annual income of INR 13,874/ha in GS and INR 16,126/ha in RPS, the fishers have only one‐third share in both cases, while the fishing contractors have 22% (GS) and 34% (RPS), and the resource managers have 29% (GS) and 15% (RPS) share, with the remaining 15% (GS) and 18% (RPS) accounted for by other costs, making the benefit sharing arrangement inequitable for fishers. Two key reforms, immediate market‐linked upward revision of sale‐price at which fish caught by fishers are collected by the contractors (from INR 33/kg to INR 65/kg), and long‐term organization of fisher cooperatives as empowered collectives able to exercise their agency and co‐manage the resource, are essential to ensure the fishers do not become captive labourers.

Effect of different bait towards eel (Monopterus Spp and Anguilla Spp) catching results in Kampung Baru, Bakongan Subdistrict, South Aceh

Kampung Baru is a village in South Aceh Regency. The fishing gear used by most fisherman is a traditional fishing gear. The traditional fishing gear usually used is trap. It is usually used by fishermen to catch eel fish. This study aims to find out the most effective type of bait to catch eel by using trap fishing gear in Kampung Baru Village, Bakongan subdistrict, South Aceh. The types of bait that are tested are congealed, earthworms, chicken intestines and shrimp paste at sampling locations that are usually used by local fishermen. The study used experimental fishing testing methods conducted from April to May 2023. Data analysis used is to determine the influence of different bait by using a complete randomized design. Research results show that the most catch uses a type of earthworm bait 20 eels. Data analysis using Analysis of Variance averages 2.05 eel per day. The smallest real difference test results show that each treatment has a different value and significant. So, it can be concluded that the effect of using different bait has an effect on the catch of eel fish (Monopterus spp and Anguilla spp), and the most effective of bait is earthworms.

Tax and customs status of imported fish products manufactured in the Exclusive Economic Zone of Russia and the World Ocean

Subject – customs status of goods. The aim is to study the tax and customs status of fish import and of fish products made in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the EEZ of the Russian Federation) and the World Ocean. The authors of the study analyze the law enforcement practice, formed over the past few years, what allow them to draw attention to the methodological underdevelopment of a set of issues related to the determination of customs legal relations of fish and fish products imported (manufactured) by Russian fishing vessels (or production of fish products) (hereinafter - Goods) outside the state territory of Russia. Scientific contribution: Development of practical cases to determine the tax and customs consequences of importing fish (catches), produced (caught) in the EEZ of the Russian Federation. Results and conclusions: The results of the study show that the current regulation (norms of the Customs Code of the EAEU) does not allow to make an unambiguous conclusion as to whether such goods should be considered in customs legal relations as "goods of the Union" or as "foreign goods". In connection with the above, it seems relevant to solve the problem related to the development of methodological approaches to determining the status of imported Goods.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF FISH RESOURCES ASSESSMENT

In the field of fisheries, one of the key tasks is to determine the total and commercial stocks of fish resources in a water body, as well as to establish the maximum allowable catch of fish to maintain the sustainability of the ecosystem. Mathematical models play an important role in this process, providing effective resource management and predicting fish population dynamics, which ensures the sustainable development of fisheries and the protection of aquatic ecosystems from depletion. The aim of this study is to develop a new mathematical model for assessing changes in fish resource stocks using the cohort method. The work proposes an alternative approach to calculating changes in fish resource stocks based on statistical theory. The model developed in this work represents a new approach to calculating fish resources for practical application, which can be useful for fisheries enterprises and government bodies involved in fish resource management. The advantage of this work lies in the development of a mathematical model based solely on known statistical data and data obtained from fisheries laboratories in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Modern statistical methods were applied to solve the mathematical model, which allow for the identification of unknown factors affecting the dynamics of fish populations, thereby increasing the accuracy of forecasts and the efficiency of resource management.

Oceanographic characteristics of Lampung Bay and its relationship to the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) period 2013-2021

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) may affect the distribution pattern of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the Indonesian seas. Understanding this impact is crucial for comprehending the dynamics of marine ecosystems, particularly in Lampung Bay. This study evaluates IOD effects on SST and associated upwelling/downwelling in Lampung Bay. 2014 fish catch data analysis reveals during negative IOD phases, SST increases (0.2°C to 2°C) with subsequent downwelling, coinciding with reduced catches (609.18 tons vs. 3,079 tons normal). Conversely, positive IOD phases show SST anomalies (-1°C to -2.5°C) with upwelling, correlating with increased catches to 3,349 tons in 2018. IOD-SST relationship primarily observed in Lampung Bay’s open connection to Sunda Strait (r=0.64 to 0.69), while weak correlations in coastal waters (r < 0.2) suggesting the influence of other factors on SST in Lampung Bay.

СЦЕНАРНЫЙ ПРОГНОЗ РАЗВИТИЯ СЫРЬЕВОЙ БАЗЫ РЫБОЛОВСТВА И УЛОВОВ РЫБ В АЗОВСКОМ МОРЕ В УСЛОВИЯХ СОКРАЩЕНИЯ ОБЪЕМОВ ПРЕСНОВОДНОГО СТОКА И РОСТА СОЛЕНОСТИ

Background. The reduction in freshwater runoff and the increase in the Azov Sea salinity are accompanied by a drastic transformation of aquatic biocenoses, as well as restructuring of various ecological groups of the ichthyofauna. Abrupt changes in the composition and abundance of fishing targets render traditional approaches to fishing ineffective and dictate the need to develop new kinds of fishery. Relevance. Identification of possible scenarios of the fishery resource development for the next 5–10 years is necessary to ensure the fisheries sustainability in the Azov Sea Basin. The aim of this work is to analyze the dynamics of the composition of commercial fish catches in the Azov Sea in the modern period of the sea salinization and to develop possible status scenarios for the stocks and catches of fishing targets for the next 3–10 years to substantiate fisheries management and regulation. Methods. In the course of developing such scenarios, the data on the actual dynamics and trends in the fishery resource changes during the comparable periods have been used, as well as the data on the ecological valence of the representatives of various ecological groups of fish at different stages of their ontogenesis in terms of their salinity tolerance. Results. 3 main unequally probable scenarios of changes in the abundance and biomass of various ecological groups of fish — primary industrial-scale fishing targets in the Azov Sea — have been developed; the recommendations for adapting the existing fishing practices to the changes in the fishery resources have been given. Conclusion. A further decrease in the commercial importance is predicted for the freshwater fish species, freshwater-spawning anadromous and semi-anadromous fish species, as well as for gobies and Black and Caspian Sea sprat (tyulka). The role of Black Sea migrants — European anchovy, grey mullets, red mullet, Mediterranean horse mackerel, garfish — will be reduced. Marine fish species — acclimatized so-iuy mullet and Black Sea turbot (kalkan) — will become the main fishing targets.

Marketing strategy of flying fish (Cypselurus sp) in Kiliga Village, East Part of Seram District

The sustainable potential of the fisheries sector in East Seram Regency includes surface fish (pelagic) and bottom fish (demersal) estimated at 128,692.2 tons/year, of which up to 2005 only 9,340.6 tons (7.79%) could be managed with a production value of 13,561,250,000. Additionally, there are several marine resources with high economic value, including sea cucumbers, lola, squid, sea turtles, and Penaide shrimp. This research will be carried out in Kiliga Village, Kiandarat District, East Seram Regency. The data used in this research includes primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from respondents through interviews using questionnaires, while secondary data used statistical data from the Central Statistics Agency, East Seram Regency Maritime and Fisheries Service, and other supporting data. Research data was obtained using observation, interviews, and literature study methods, as well as documentation. The results showed that the total IFAS score is 6.91, where one of the strategies needed here is that the government needs to provide outreach and training on flying fish catching and marketing training through online media as well as the existence of flying fish fishermen's cooperatives, and the total EFAS score reaches 7.48. Maintaining the quality of flying fish caught for sale will contribute to customer satisfaction, giving fishermen a chance to compete with increasingly tough competitors. The QSPM matrix results are obtained from the SWOT matrix which produces 6 alternative strategies.

УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ТРАЛОВОГО ПРОМЫСЛА ТЮЛЬКИ В АЗОВСКОМ МОРЕ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ПОПУЛЯЦИЙ ОСЕТРОВЫХ РЫБ

Background. At present, the Black and Caspian Sea sprat (tyulka) is the least exploited species of the aquatic biological resources in the Azov and Black Sea Fishery Basin, although it has always been a valuable fishing target and a possible reserve pool for the increase of fish catches in the Basin. In the recent years, with the increasing number of midwater trawls allowed for using in the Black and Caspian Sea sprat (tyulka) fishery, all vessels transitioned to its trawl fishing; however, its total catch is decreasing, and the fishing results of these vessels are on the decline. Relevance. Taking into consideration the stock restoration occurring to the sturgeon fish species in the Azov Sea Basin in the recent years, it is necessary to take measures for maintaining this trend, as the Black and Caspian Sea sprat trawl fishing can result in increased mortality or injury of sturgeon fish and considerably damage their population. With a substantial decrease in the Black and Caspian Sea sprat fishing stock, the matter of stock restoration of the sturgeon fish species in the Azov Sea can induce the prohibition of the trawl operations in this water body, including the complete ban of the insufficiently profitable trawl fishing of the Black and Caspian Sea sprat in its current form. The aim of this article is to examine the design of the midwater trawls used in the Black and Caspian Sea sprat fishing in the Azov Sea, to investigate the global best practices in the trawl selectivity improvement, and to substantiate the main design characteristics for the specialized tyulka midwater trawls and means of their selectivity improvement. Methods. The standard methods of sample collection and data processing that could characterize fishing methods, gears and techniques for harvesting aquatic bioresources have been used. Results. The designs for the specialized trawls for the Black and Caspian Sea sprat fishing (exploitation) and methods for their selectivity improvement have been developed. Conclusion. These specialized trawls with the sorting units and a new principle of using otter boards (trawl doors) can increase fishing selectivity and mitigate possible damage inflicted by trawling to the populations of sturgeon fish species in the Azov Sea.

An overview of the current status of Lake Jipe and its biodiversity dilemma

AbstractLake Jipe, is a shared water resource between Kenya and Tanzania located at the East African Coast is under multiple pressures. The present study assessed the current state of Lake Jipe and its biodiversity dilemma. Random sampling was conducted at 14 sampling points set at equidistant parallel to each other. Sampling depths and location coordinates were measured using Solar Transducer and GPSMAPS® 65 s. In situ water quality parameters were measured using YSI Pro Plus multiparameter; water samples for nutrients analysis were collected and preserved in cooler boxes prior transportation to Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) laboratory for analysis according to ALPHA 2005. Socio‐economic data in relation to status of Lake Jipe ecology were generated using Key Informants Interviews at identified beaches along Kenya and Tanzania. Present findings indicated that the lake has receded from the original 108.72 Km2 to 27.32 Km2 with annual temperatures, dissolved oxygen and conductivity of 28.58 ± 0.95, 5.19 ± 00 and 799.24 ± 69.41, respectively, for dry season. Wet season recorded 31.21 ± 0.31, 4.16 ± 0.01 and 882.44 ± 57.41 for temperature, dissolved oxygen and conductivity, respectively. Agricultural activities have significantly (90%) contributed to the lake levels decline and further affected the lakes' aquatic biodiversity. Among the most affected are the commercially important endemic fish species of the lake of which Oreochromis jipe has experienced the greatest decline. Overfishing, use of illegal unreported and unregulated fishing gears, intensified fishing along protected fish breeding areas as well as poor management and uncoordinated conservation efforts have significantly contributed to the decline of fish catches from 348 kg of O. jipe in 2016 to 90 kg daily catches in 2022. Consequently, the lake is in the verge of extinction if no action is taken. This calls for awareness on the significance of the L. Jipe ecosystems and its immediate and long‐term benefits. Further, there is need to revive and promote alternative economic activities including sustainable aquaculture and agriculture to local communities.

Observations of fish species diversity in floating artificial habitats in Koto Panjang reservoirs, Indonesia

Monitoring the diversity of fish species in artificial floating habitats that are continuously tested in the waters of the Koto Panjang Reservoir is important to assess the current availability of fish species resources. This study aims to evaluate the increase in fish species in the different artificial floating habitat structures that were tested. This study was conducted from November 2023 to June 2024 in the Koto Panjang Reservoir on 9 existing floating habitat structures. Each structure has 8 attractors with media (raffia rope, plastic rope, packaging bottles) hung at a depth of 2 m. Each structure is equipped with 4 traps to catch fish every month, then counted and identified according to applicable procedures. The catch in all artificial habitats was 189 fish with a total of 21 species from the previous 16 species. The largest number of fish remained in the raffia rope media at 100% and the lowest in the strapping band at 76,2%. Meanwhile, the types of fish found in the reservoir waters were 32 species from the 44 species that had been recorded from previous research. It was concluded that raffia rope media is a media preferred by fish in artificial floating habitats.

Catch of Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) under Varying Fishing Practices of Municipal Fisherfolks in San Miguel Bay, Philippines

Tiger-toothed croaker or Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider 1801) is native to San Miguel Bay in Bicol, one of the most productive fishing grounds in the Philippines. Locally known as “abo”, it is one of the major fish catch in the bay and its processing is a seasonal livelihood among coastal villages that commands high market price. With the present state of area, this study aimed to provide information on O. ruber catch trend under the different fishing practices among municipal fisherfolks. On-board surveys and observations (fishing trips) were conducted from the selected barangays of the seven municipalities around the Bay, which were attended by fisherfolk who have been into fishing activity for a long time. The morphometric characteristics of the fish in terms of size (lengths and weights), sex type, and sexual maturity were assessed. Fisherfolks prefer to perform fishing activities applying fishing methods such as “timbog” (“tupak”), “patalang” and “hugos”, if the water is turbid while others believed in the phases of the moon wherein better catch is experienced when the moon is on its first or last quarters. Fishing trips demonstrated that fisherfolks used bottom-set gillnets and commonly explored the middle to the mouth of the Bay off the municipalities of Mercedes and Siruma. From the 162.69 kg total catch during the 22 fishing trips, 31.49% or 51.22 kg of which were O. ruber caught largely from Mercedes, Calabanga and Cabusao areas. Mercedes employed the “patalang” method while the other two employed “timbog” method. Out of 434 O. ruber samples, 222 females and 212 males, having 1:1 ratio, were identified with TL of 19.14 + 0.11 cm and body weight of 70.76 + 1.46 g. Moreover, macroscopic analyses of gonads revealed that maturity stages of females ranged from mature to ripe or spawning while most males are already mature and gravid with some developing virgin.

Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Asap Cair Hasil Prolisis dari Tempurung Kelapa untuk Pengawetan Ikan Laut bagi Warga Pesisir Jepara

Pyrolysis which is a technology that might become a solution for fishermen in the Jepara Coastal Village. Fish caught by fishermen can be preserved using natural ingredients that are safe and healthy, namely liquid smoke so that the fish remains fresh and safe for consumption even if it is stored for up to 3 weeks. The purpose of this activity is to provide added value economically since the fishermen can maintain high selling prices, especially when the fish they catch are abundant. With a special target, fishermen can make this natural preservative from the main ingredient which is also abundantly available in Jepara, namely coconut shell. The method of applying Appropriate Technology is divided into several stages. (1) Initial outreach to the target community by identifying fishermen's needs in preserving fish; (2) Training and practice on the use and maintenance of this technology for the production of liquid smoke. This community service activity that is a transfer of knowledge provides understanding to fishermen to use liquid smoke as a fish preservative and avoid using hazardous materials such as formaldehyde and borax. Fishermen partners in Pesisir Jepara Village have experienced increased skills and knowledge on how to make liquid smoke and how to use it on caught fish obtained from the sea. This natural preservation provides economic benefits by delaying sales but the condition of the fish is still fresh and can be consumed properly.