Catch-up Development Research Articles

Problems of incorporation of the principles of international law into the system of normative legal support of social welfare of the Russian Federation and their impact upon training of personnel for social services

The subject of this article is the theoretical and practical aspects of application of the experience of other countries of the modern world (from the perspective of the concept) in the process of raising the effectiveness of social welfare system of the Russian Federation as a whole, and the system of training social workers in particular. Since the late XX century, key difference of the current stage of global development, and namely of international law is the gradual shift of legal norms and political practice away from the traditional concepts of economic, social and humanistic policy, which for a long time formed the fundamental discourses of the domestic and international social life. The author states the fact on the need accelerate inclusion of the Russian Federation into the global social cont1ext on both, theoretical and practical levels. Reception of the norms of international law, especially of humanistic nature, historically contributed to the improvement of legal systems of the so-called counties of “catch-up development”; in a certain way, the Russian Federation can also be attributed to this group. On the one hand, Russia has a rich tradition of creating the norms of perfect social legislation (including a fairly effective system of training social workers), whole on the other hand, in recent years we can observe the processes of “erosion” of social rights of the citizens.

РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ В ДОГОНЯЮЩЕЙ ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ РОССИИ

In the modern economy of Russia, an important role is played by technologies, which are given a significant place in the concept of innovative development. The fundamental direction of this development is research and development in the field of technologies, production of products, provision of services, which is the basis for the growth of the standard of living of the population. In view of the increasing role of territorial differentiation, the analysis of regional development in the catching-up innovative economy of Russia becomes relevant, since technological lag cannot but affect the efficiency of production. This is clearly demonstrated by the integrated ratings of socio-economic and scientific-technological development of the regions of the Russian Federation. The existing models of innovative development are based on the concepts of advanced and catch-up development. The Strategy of innovative development of Russia indicates that the country is focused on the re-equipment of the economy, based on imported technologies, which corresponds to the catch-up type of development. For Russia, the option of leadership in those segments of the economy where competitive advantages are created is possible, while advanced development should take place not only in the economic sphere, but also in the social sphere. The problem of catching up with innovative economic development is a new one that requires detailed study, both in theoretical and analytical aspects. In addition, special attention should be paid to the analysis of the possibilities of implementing the strategy of advanced and catch-up innovative development in the regions of Russia, as well as the creation of territories of advanced socio-economic development and special economic zones. In many regions of the Russian Federation, there are enterprises that produce world-class products that will allow them to be leaders. One of the most common areas of innovation activity in the regions is the introduction of new technologies in the housing and utilities system and transport infrastructure.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ПЕРСОНАЛОМ КРЕАТИВНИХ ІНДУСТРІЙ В УМОВАХ ГІБРИДНОЇ ВІЙНИ

The social context comes to the fore global development and, accordingly, the issues of the future destiny of man and the peculiarities of the space of his existence. Labour is an expression of the forces of mankind and the sacred moral duty. Without work neither the living of society nor the existence of each individual is possible. Work develops and glorifies the personality. Creativity is central to the creative industries, as it plays a role in these areas equal to the innovation in other sectors of the economy. But creativity is far enough from such industries as business and economics. During the statistical survey on the level of creativity in the workplace, I have been comparing indicators of people’s level of satisfaction in the film industry and business. Modern economic system both in developed countries and in countries of so-called catching-up development, increasingly are developing in the direction of intellectualization of the economy, the main result of which are new ideas that are commercialized in innovation, especially in the creative sphere of human activity. Results intellectual property rights are increasingly finding their way application and practical implementation in the role of the most valuable economic resource, and creativity becomes the main source economic value in a hybrid war. The development of modern society requires active transformations in the personnel management system of enterprises on the way to optimizing management systems, the effectiveness of approaches to professional development of employees, the use of innovative technologies for the formation of labor potential. That is why this article is devoted to such topical issues as the peculiarities of the application of specific methods of personnel management of creative industries, analysis of factors that have become prominent in this particular area. Great importance is attached to the digitalization of management processes in the enterprise, the main aspects of creative work are highlighted; the advantages of using creativity for personnel management in traditional spheres of production activity are considered. In turn, the modern world, along with the benefits of economic processes, pushes economic actors to new challenges related to development, innovation, technology management. Such a challenge has been the hybrid war in which Ukraine's economy has been developing for the past seven years. The article reflects the influence of various components on the formation of qualitative characteristics of the labor potential of the creative sphere.

On some issues of digitalizing production in the course of transition to INDUSTRY 4.0.

The authors point to the current trends in the development of society, revealed by globalization: stratification of the population by income, the formation of economically developed centers and economic periphery, the dominance of developed countries over developing ones. The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the concepts of technological superiority; it is emphasized that the concept of catch-up development allows saving resources in the process of modernizing production, but leads to a technological lag. Therefore, during the transition to the advanced development, the need for the consistent infrastructure becomes urgent, offering opportunities for the commercialization of new developments, and financing projects of competitive high-tech industries. The stages of technological modernization and transition to the "Industry 4.0" production standard are considered and several examples of the implementation of products accompanying the production of transformers are proposed. The conclusion is drawn: in the mode of catching-up development, it is necessary to concentrate resources for modernization and improvement of production; in the mode of advanced development, in addition to financing scientific developments, it is necessary to create conditions for attracting innovations and ensuring their implementation.

Why Europe Looks so Much like China: Big Government and Low Income Inequalities

One view in the literature (Popov 2020) is that East Asian model is superior to other models in the Global South, at least in terms of catch-up development and possibly even in innovations beyond the technological frontier. Unlike economic models in Latin America and Sub-Sahara Africa, the East Asian model prioritizes community interests (e.g., that of work collective, neighborhood, nation-state, and all of humanity) over those of individuals with the possibility of limiting some human rights for the greater benefit of all. Crucial features of the East Asian economic model include relatively low income and wealth inequalities, strong state institutional capacity (as measured by the murder rate and share of the shadow economy). The origins of the East Asian economic model can be traced to different trajectories of the development of the Global South since the 16th century (Popov, 2009; 2014). This paper argues that European economic model and East Asian model have a lot in common. After controlling for the size of the country and the level of development, it turns out that government consumption as a share of GDP is relatively high in both models, whereas income inequalities are relatively low.

Глобализация мировой экономики: тенденции и противоречия

Received 01.11.2020. The interpretation of the term “globalization” and differences to other terms characterizing the development of the world economy (internalization of the world economy, internal division of labor, regional integration) is given. The main signs of globalization (dynamic of trade volumes, FDI inflows, portfolio investments and international credits; internalization of technical progress; digitalization of economy; development of regional economic integration, global migration; TNC activities; transformation processes in the former socialistic countries) are summarized. The focus is on differences between long trends (since 1970) and actual development after the crisis (since 2010). The legitimacy of introduction of the term “deglobalization” is discussed. The modern model of the globalization (global capitalism) is analyzed. Based on some characteristics of this model (global competition, market fluctuations, unbalanced trade flows, social differences, fragility of the global governance), the critical arguments are considered and opportunities of transition to the new model of globalization in the next future are estimated. The relation of catch-up development and polarization in the era of the globalization is analyzed. The dynamics of GDP development of countries in 1972–2018 are summarized. The focus is on the relation between GDP per capita for countries with high income and countries with both law and middle income. The influences of global activities of countries on the level of GDP per capita are highlighted. The empirical basics are data of KOF-Index. The sample includes countries with both middle and low income which held positions in the ranking in KOF-Index from 27 till 182. The positive interdependence between (based on the KOF-Index) and level of GDP is identified. The conclusion about the potential future of the globalization is given.

Opportunities and Threats for Innovative Import Substitution in Russia

The article examines the development of import substitution in Russia from the historical perspective, confirming the need for an innovative strategy instead of the model of catch-up development. The study investigates international and domestic approaches to the implementation and impact of innovations, noting achievements and considerable potential of Russian science. Analysis of certain economic indicators for the period 2017-2019 revealed positive trends in the development of agricultural industry, negative dynamics of industrial production, a decline in manufacturing production and growth in mining. A decrease in research and development expenditures and a decline in the number of design, design and survey organizations, and researchers led to a decrease in production share of high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries in gross domestic product. There is a slight increase in exports, including its share in world exports. The problems and achievements of import substitution are considered on the example of the agricultural and aviation industries. The SWOT analysis identified the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the development of Russian import substitution, considering the innovative component. Finally, the paper proposes an author’s approach to a cross-sectoral assessment of import substitute products in order to create an effective import substitution mechanism, considering the innovative component.

Models and tools for industrial policy in high-income countries

This article examines the main directions of industrial policy, covering the knowledge economy, integration into global value chains, the new industrial revolution, stable development, etc. It should be noted that in the current environment, industrial policy is characterized as more diverse and complex. The article also presents the main stages of development in approaches to industrial policy in the world. Such models of industrial policy as capacity building, protective, catch-up development, based on innovation, aimed at a new industrial revolution are considered. The characteristics of these models of industrial policy are given, in which the differences in the degree of industry specificity, the degree of intervention, the degree of openness to external competition, and the degree of export orientation are studied in more detail. Three phases of industrial policy were studied. Models and tools of industrial policy in high-income countries are also considered. The experience of countries such as South Korea and Taiwan, which have transformed from a group of upper-middle-income countries to a group of high-income countries through high innovation costs have been studied. In particular, the forms and tools of industrial policy in these countries are considered. Thus, the article studied the world experience of creating and implementing industrial policies in highincome and upper-middle-income countries.

ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОГРАНИЧЕНИЯ И БАРЬЕРЫ НА ПУТИ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ

В статье показано, что институциональные барьеры препятствуют развитию инновационного предпринимательства и инновационной экономики в целом. В ходе анализа институциональных барьеров, сдерживающих развитие инновационной деятельности, выявлено, что инновационная разработка выходит на рынок, который в силу своей монополизации не заинтересован в ее внедрении. Это является одной из главных институциональных ловушек развития инновационного предпринимательства. В работе обосновано, что институциональным барьером является низкий уровень предпринимательской активности в высокотехнологичном секторе, а значит, институт инновационного предпринимательства до конца не сформирован. Показано, что в настоящее время в стране сложились благоприятные обстоятельства и возможности выхода из институциональных ловушек. Процессы цифровизации позволят преодолеть сформировавшиеся проблемы развития российской экономики и уйти от модели догоняющего развития.

Geoculture and unevenness: Occidentalism in the history of uneven and combined development

Recent works on ‘uneven and combined development’ (UCD) have focused on its contributions to the study of political economy and geopolitics, but they have yet to systematically address the cultural dimension of social change — the socially shared ideas by which people understand and act upon the world. The present article addresses this lacuna by applying the premises of UCD to the nineteenth-century emergence of Occidentalism: the idea of ‘the West’ as the dominant site of culture, civilisation and modernity. Against the problems of methodological internalism and Eurocentrism, I argue that the categories of unevenness and combined development provide critical entry points for an examination of the international construction of ‘Western’ identities and discourses during the late-nineteenth century imperial era. Specifically, I advance a theory of geocultural feedback which locates the constituting terms of those identities and discourses in a specific conjuncture of global unevenness: how the experience of ‘relative backwardness’ in late-industrialising societies translated into self-consciously ‘Westernising’ projects of catch-up development which destabilised prevailing conceptions of white European supremacy. In both the British and American empires, this historical dynamic produced a distinct pattern of cultural transformation: a reactive discourse of civilisational closure centred on the defence of ‘the West.’

Global value chains – a ladder for development?

ABSTRACT For countries of the Global South, global value chains offer an opportunity to integrate into international trade and to industrialise relatively easily. However, in this contribution, we argue that this is not sufficient for a catching-up development, i.e. to reach the GDP per capita levels of the countries of the Global North. On the contrary, there is a risk that countries will remain trapped in low value-added activities. The theoretical argument is supported by case studies of four industries in six countries. For catching-up, countries need comprehensive horizontal and vertical industrial policy.

THE IMPACT OF INNOVATION, KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS AND OIL PRICES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE REGIONS OF KAZAKHSTAN

The study of impact of innovation and diffusion of knowledge for economic growth of European regions and other developed countries is increasingly attracting attention of scientists. Along with this, there are many studies for impact of world economic growth of oil prices. At the same time, there is an insufficient attention to joint assessment and comparative analysis of effectiveness of these internal and external growth factors. Moreover, this important issue has been studing a little in relation to countries with economies in transition. This paper is devoted to the study of the impact of innovation and the knowledge spillover in combination with an assessment of the impact of fluctuations in the world oil price on economic growth of regions of Kazakhstan. Catching-up development models are constructed according to annual data from 2005 to 2016 for 16 regions of Kazakhstan. Calculations based on the panel data with fixed effects have confirmed that costs of technological innovations, their spillovers between regions, healthcare costs, as well as the growth rate of the world oil price positively influenced for economic growth in regions. Moreover, socio-economic conditions reinforced their positive impact on growth. It has established that changes in the world oil price and costs of technological innovations and their spillovers between regions effects at the same order, and impact of health care costs and socio-economic conditions on regional growth is noticeably weaker. The results of the study confirm that for innovation activity is essential for the economic growth of the oil exporting country as well. Keywords: oil prices, R&D, innovations, knowledge spillovers, regional growth, Kazakhstan JEL Classifications: C33, O11, O32, O40 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9034

Neonatal Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum—8-Year Surgical Experience at One Center

BackgroundSurgical treatment of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS) in neonates is challenging because of the broad variations of right ventricular (RV) malformations. In this retrospective study, we summarized our 8-y experience in surgical management for neonatal PA/IVS patients. MethodsThirty-four neonates with PA/IVS between July 1, 2006 and June 30, 2014, were reviewed. Patients were categorized into three groups: mild, moderate, and severe RV hypoplasia according to RV morphology and development. Patients were on regular follow-up for at least 5 y. Overall survival, complications, reinterventions, risk factors for mortality, and health status were evaluated. Results21 patients (61.8%) were treated with biventricular repair, eight patients (23.5%) with Fontan procedure, and one patient (2.9%) with bidirectional Glenn procedure. There were four postprocedural mortalities and one late death. The 5-y survival rates after final surgical repair for mild, moderate, and severe RV hypoplasia groups were 100%, 100%, and 88.9%, respectively. The reintervention rates were 0% (0/4), 21.4% (3/14), and 55.6% (5/9) for the subgroups, respectively. At the latest follow-up, most patients had a status characterized as New York Heart Association class I (88.9%, 24/27). ConclusionsSurgical management for PA/IVS in neonates should be individualized. Favorable early and long-term outcomes can be achieved in neonatal PA/IVS patients by individualized surgical strategies, regardless of the degree of RV hypoplasia. In spite of potential RV catch-up development, the degree of RV hypoplasia is a factor of paramount importance to assess PA/IVS in neonates.

Prozorovsky A. “Catch-up” Development and Modernizing Authoritarianism in South Korea

In this article, the author, relying on the methodology of modernization theory and the concept of social development of D. North, J. Wallis and B. Weingast, analyzed the experience of "catching up" development of South Korea. Emphasis is placed on the role of the national political leader and the phenomenon of modernizing authoritarianism. The prerequisites for the formation and features of the “Korean model”, as well as the evolution of its institutions, which provided forced economic development and the formation of rents for elites, are studied. It is noted that by promoting modernization, authoritarianism, with the success of development, blurs the foundations of its own existence and creates prerequisites for political liberalization. At the same time, the existing system of relations between the state power and the elites allows avoiding political upheavals during the regime change and continuing the catch-up development and movement towards the open access order

Corporate Governance, Business Group Governance and Economic Development Traps

Every firm in a developed economy relies on the mere existence of countless other firms to keep prices competitive up and down all supply chains. Without this network externality, no firm forms; and without many firms, no network forms; locking in a low-income trap. Business group governance supersedes corporate governance in most developing economies and in the rapid catch-up development phases of most high-income economies by hierarchically coordinating firms in multiple industries, internalizing this network externality. High-income economies grow via creative destruction - creative firms imposing a negative externality upon firms they destroy or disrupt, but a larger positive innovation-related externality upon the whole economy. Business groups avoid creative self-destruction, innovation by one group firm that disrupts another. Corporate governance supersedes business group governance in high-income economies to facilitate productivity growth. If business group governance does not retreat, productivity growth is impaired and a middle-income trap can result. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

Russia in the World System of Labor Productivity

The article deals with the disposition of countries in the world system of labour productivity and the place of the Russian Federation in the current country hierarchy. It is noted that Russia is a typical representative of the semi-periphery (in the terminology of Wallerstein). Calculations show that in the period 1995–2005 the increase in labour productivity in Russia was 15% due to the factor of extensive growth in hours worked, i. e. due to the growth of labour exploitation. This process was reversed in the period 2006–2018 and ended in 2019 with the official proclamation by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev of the workweek reform in the direction of its reduction to four days. It opens an era of the socially oriented doctrine of productivity growth. However, the main problem of Russia is the slowed of technological progress and the slowdown in productivity growth. The analysis showed that the implementation of the target standards for labour productivity, indicated in the official regulations, will reduce the backlog of Russia from the core countries. Forecast calculations show that even under the most favourable circumstances, the country can become a full participant in the world market of advanced technologies only by 2038. Thus, we substantiated the thesis about the impossibility of rapid results in the implementation of Russia’s catch-up development strategy due to the extremely low level of its current technological base, which involves a strategy of step-by-step reforms of the process of technological re-equipment of the Russian economy.

THE EFFICIENT USE OF HUMAN RESOURCES IN RUSSIA IN CONDITIONS OF CATCHING-UP DEVELOPMENT

The relationship of labor productivity with other macroeconomic indicators has been analyzed: the level of wages in current prices and taking into account the Paasche deflator index; dynamics of the gross domestic product; the dynamics of the share of food in the consumer basket; the indicators of changes in clean investments, that is a key factor in economic growth in the national economy. On the basis of empirical data, the trends of productivity growth in comparison with the growth of other macroeconomic indicators algebraically and graphically have been shown. It has been concluded, that the development of human resources is necessary, since low productivity is a brake on the economic growth of the country in the conditions of catching-up development.

Thesis for the XII RISA Convent 'The Critique of Womenomics'

Japan implemented a model of catch-up development in the second half of the twentieth century, the success of which led to the economic “miracle”. In the 21st century these economies occupy confident positions on the world arena, leading global markets of goods, services, capital, highly qualified labor, knowledge, etc. Rapid economic modernization has led to the emergence of a unique institutional system based on a combination of traditional and modern institutions. The preservation of traditional institutions is facilitated by the rapid nature of modernization (Norton D., 1991). The patriarchal family is the main unit of society, which is aimed at the socio-economic policy of the state, which thus cements the gender specificity of the distribution of responsibilities between spouses (Stepanova, 2014, Rebrey 2019). In general, the development of gender studies and, as a consequence, gender awareness, as well as the level of gender inequality as a whole, vary in the studied economies, which makes them an excellent platform for conducting gender studies, namely testing the methodology for measuring gender inequality in developed economies. The author’s methodology is based on a neo-institutional approach, within which I introduce the concept of axial institutions - these are institutions that play a fundamental role in the formation and maintenance of moral and ethical standards and public views, as well as individual value systems and worldviews. Axial institutions include the institution of the family, education, the production of knowledge, the most influential and conservative institutions that are resistant to external influences. To achieve effectiveness, gender policy must be aimed at three axial institutions at the same time, otherwise their common desire for conservatism will resist external influences, which often leads to the opposite results: instead of improving the position of women, ineffective gender policies lead to a doubling of the burden: unpaid paid work is added to domestic work and parenting. The double burden of a woman leads to low productivity in the case of low-paying jobs and to the glass ceiling in the case of high-paying jobs. Ineffective gender policies also lead to female and child poverty, and can also undermine the foundations of marriage, making it too disadvantageous for women. On a macroeconomic scale, gender inequality leads to a decrease in economic growth, a decrease in the quality and diversity of the workforce, etc.

“Non-Catch-up Development” of Africa. Economist’s observations on forecasts, statistical manipulations, demographic romanticism and rejuvenation of elites

The article analyzes the long-run reliability and sustainability of the basic arguments referred to in assessing the upward development of Africa in the 21st century. The author argues that the ongoing changes in the global economy and the nature of the current transformation of the world order put in doubt that the “catch-up development” of the continent will advance exactly as foreseen by the basic African development strategies and as it is customary to present them in scientific literature. He supports his assessment by showing that some of the initial statistical estimates and projections of existing trends may have been based on a not completely correct statistical basis. Much attention is paid to a more realistic approach to the role of the “demographic dividend” in the future. The article systematizes and classifies the fundamental reasons why such miscalculations occurred and what needs to be taken into account in order to obtain to more estimates and more realistic scenarios of future development. The author insists that the “demographic dividend” does not inevitably arise by itself. For the favorable effects of the demographic dividend to occur, it is necessary to create high-quality, more productive jobs. Only in this case can the expected positive social and economic shifts follow, including the growth of the African middle class. For the first time, the economic problems of catch-up development are linked to the process of “rejuvenation of the elites” that is developing and being stimulated by a number of external players. For these purposes, external state and non-state actors may use sanctions and other restrictive measures. The author provides a classification and description of three types of behavioral patterns of African youth in politics. In African conditions understanding of those issues is crucial since young people constitute the majority of the population in a huge number of countries on the continent.

ПРОБЛЕМА СОЦИАЛЬНОГО НЕРАВЕНСТВА В КОНТЕКСТЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ В РОССИИ "ОБЩЕСТВА РАВНЫХ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ"


 
 
 Global trends show the importance of social inequality for the prospects for social growth. The danger to Russian society of the process of social polarization has been revealed.The lack of attention on the part of the authorities to the problem of social inequality and the formation of an "equal opportunity society" in Russia has been determined. The importance of developing human capital to address catch-up development and the formation of an "equal opportunity" society has been substantiated