Fast growing tree species with multipurpose benefits such as plywood, pulpwood, timber and fuel wood are suitable for undertaking plantation or agroforestry model with focus to provide wood for industrial needs. Thus, in the recent scenario the fast-growing species has attracted greater attraction by farmers, foresters and plantation growers. Hence, the plantations of fast growing, short rotation woody trees like Casuarina equisetifolia, Melia dubia, Eucalyptus globulus, Leucaena leucocephala is gaining more importance across the south Gujarat region. The fundamental hypothesis of the present experiment was to estimate growth parameters like, Height, Girth and Crown spread of species after five years to find out performance of these four tree species. Maximum tree height found in Eucalyptus globulus (13.84 m), maximum tree girth found in Leucaena leucocephala (44.22 cm), maximum tree Crown spread (E-W) found in Eucalyptus globulus and Leucaena leucocephala (1.97 m) while maximum tree Crown spread (N-S) found in Eucalyptus globulus (1.96 m).

The vegetation composition and structure influence the dynamic of coastal ecosystem at Cemara beach, Kualo Bengkulu. Vegetation play a key role in protecting the environment from natural disasters such as tsunamis, coastal erosion, wave, habitat destruction, and water degradation. Therefore, understanding it is crucial for providing data on coastal vegetation and the impacts of disturbances. This study aims to present baseline data on vegetation composition and structure and carbon stocks. This supporting sustainable coastal forest management as a coastal mitigation effort. The method used purposive sampling with quadratic-transec plot to analyzed vegetation, carbon stocks, and environmental factors. The measurement results are as follows: light intensity in shaded areas was 941 cd, in exposed areas 1465 cd, soil pH 6.8, temperature 36.3°C, wind strength 2.3 knots, and air humidity 58 Rh. Sampling was carried out by counting vegetation in the strata of stakes, poles, and trees. while carbon stocks were calculated in poles and trees. The study obtained 12 types of plants in details: the sapling was dominated by Terminalia catappa (IVI: 61%), the poles were dominated by Pandanus utilis (IVI: 181.96) and the trees were dominated by Casuarina equisetifolia (IVI: 251.89).

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of different spacings adopted for Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) trees along with various secondary host species on its growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) intercropped under this Sandalwood based agroforestry system. A field investigation was carried out in one-year-old Sandalwood plantations during kharif season of 2021 - 2022 year covering Marathwada agro-climatic zone of Maharashtra in Jalna district. Observations on growth (Height, Collar diameter, Crown length and Crown diameter) of Sandalwood planted in split plot design at three different spacing (i.e.4×4m, 5×5m and 6×6m) were recorded with various secondary host species including Sesbania grandiflora (T1), Phyllanthus emblica (T2), Mangifera indica (T3), Casuarina equisetifolia (T4), Terminalia arjuna (T5), Tectona grandis (T6), Millettia (Pongamia) pinnata (T7), and Cassia siamea (T8) while in agri crop yield attributes like plant height, dry matter accumulation, no. of cobs per plant, cob length and grain yield were recorded. Preliminary results indicates that maximum growth of Sandalwood exhibited a height of 1.69 m with crown length of 1.41m, maximum collar diameter of 2.79 cm with highest crown diameter of 1.68m planted at wider spacing i.e.S3 (6×6m) with intermediate host of Sesbania grandiflora (T1) while in case of maize the number of Cobs /plant was 2.20, Cob Length (24.96 cm), and grain yield (6509.43 kg ha-1) was recorded maximum under the tree spacing of S3 (6×6m) as compared to that of 5×5m and 4×4m spacings. Also,Sesbania grandiflora (T1) consistently led to the maximum maize grain yield among other host species planted with sandalwood. The study concludes that wider spacing (6×6m) of Sandalwood with combination Sesbania grandiflora as a secondary host optimizes the growth of Sandalwood with maize crop. This combination proves most compatible and efficient to enhance overall productivity under the Sandalwood based agroforestry systems.

Mine spoils are characterized by poor nutrient content and limited microbial activity, posing significant challenges for revegetation. Initial analysis of mine spoil samples from the experimental site revealed low organic carbon (0.12%), available nitrogen (82 kg/ha), and sparse microbial populations. To identify plant species suitable for rehabilitation of such degraded lands, three pot culture experiments were conducted at the Horticultural Research Station, Yercaud. A total of 5 grass species, 7 creepers, 39 medicinal plants, and 21 tree species were screened using 4 kg of mine spoil per pot, replicated four times. Biometric parameters such as shoot and root lengths were recorded. Among grasses and creepers, Cynodon dactylon, Vetiveria zizanioides, and Ipomoea sp. performed well. Medicinal plants like Adathoda vasica, Ocimum sp., and Gloriosa superba exhibited promising growth. Tree species including Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus tereticornis, and Casuarina equisetifolia showed good adaptability. These findings provide potential candidates for mine spoil revegetation and ecological restoration.

Ethiopia's rapid expansion of urbanization, industrialization, modernization, and population growth has led to an insistently increase in the demand for wood for construction, furniture, and other end products. This study aimed to investigate the effect of tree height and the diameter tree section (sapwood and heartwood) on the density and mechanical properties of Casuarina equisetifolia timber. For this study, ten sample of C. equisetifolia trees were selected and harvested from Bishoftu, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The collected sample logs were sawn into 3-cm-thick lumber, and sample specimens were prepared for density and mechanical properties testing. Sample specimens of heart and sapwood sections were prepared from the bottom, middle, and top portions of the tree for testing density, static bending (MOE and MOR), compression strength parallel to the grain, impact bending strength, and hardness strengths in tangential and radial directions according to ISO standards. The results revealed that tree height had significantly affected density and hardness strengths in tangential and radial directions. On the other hand, the diameter section (heart and sapwood) significantly affected the density, impact bending, and hardness strength in the radial direction. On the contrary, tree height and tree diameter section didn’t show a significant effect on MOE, MOR, and compression strength parallel to the grain. Due to the high density of Casuarina equisetifolia wood, it is very hard to convert into lumber, and the lumber is also difficult to machine. Based on the basic properties studied, Casuarina equisetifolia wood could be used for wood flooring, chipwood, particleboard, furniture, and other products such as tool handles.

The taxonomic features of the Casuarinaceae family were carefully examined to determine which characters were most trustworthy for taxonomic delimitation. Morphological characteristics that represented habit, leaf teeth, article, phyllichnia, male spike, female cone, samara, and seed were used in our evaluation. Fieldwork revealed that seven taxa were present, among which four species belonged to the genus Casuarina L., 1759. On the other hand, herbarium studies identified the previous record of three species belonging to the genus Allocasuarina L.A.S. Johnson, 1982, nevertheless could not be found in the field. Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq., 1848 and Casuarina equisetifolia L., 1759 were represented in Egypt by the subspecies cunninghamiana and the subspecies incana (Benth.) L.A.S. Johnson, 1982 respectively. For each taxon, a thorough description of the family, genus, and species was given, along with images and synonyms. Moreover, a constructed identification key to the taxa of Casuarinaceae is included. This investigation demonstrated the significance of morphological characteristics for taxonomic assessment among the Casuarinaceae taxa surveyed in Egypt. The numerical analysis supported the separation of the two genera, Allocasuarina and Casuarina.

Comparative performance of convolutional neural networks for detecting and mapping a young Casuarina equisetifolia L. forest from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery

Assessment of the gold nanoparticles biosynthesized using Casuarina equisetifolia bark extract against the ethion induced Hepato- and neurotoxicity in rats.

Used cooking oil is a byproduct of repeated frying processes that undergoes quality degradation due to continuous oxidation and heating, resulting in harmful compounds such as free fatty acids, peroxides, and polymers. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of purifying used cooking oil using a combination of two adsorbents: activated carbon derived from Casuarina equisetifolia (beach she-oak) flowers activated with NaOH, and bleaching earth. Activated carbon was synthesized through calcination at varying durations of 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes to determine the optimal condition. The oil quality was evaluated by measuring acid number, saponification value, density, moisture content, and functional group analysis using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicate that activated carbon calcined for 60 minutes produced the best outcomes, reducing the acid number from 14.92 to 5.07 mg KOH/g, increasing the saponification value to 43.33 mg KOH/g, achieving a density of 0.8693 g/mL in accordance with national standards (SNI), and reducing moisture content to 0.4330%. FTIR analysis showed decreased intensity in carbonyl groups and the disappearance of hydroxyl groups, indicating effective removal of polarized and oxidized compounds. These findings demonstrate that the combination of activated carbon from Casuarina equisetifolia flowers and bleaching earth is an effective and environmentally friendly purification method, supporting the sustainable use of biomass waste as adsorbent material.

Mining reject dumps are prone to erosion and instability, creating a need for effective rehabilitation solutions. This study explores the application of jute geotextiles for slope stabilization and floral biodiversity restoration over a 12-year period at an iron ore mine in Maharashtra, India. Through selecting and applying biodegradable jute geotextiles on dump slopes, we assessed the growth and survival of 21 plant species, including Acacia auriculiformis, Casuarina equisetifolia, and various fruit-bearing trees. A total of 17 biodiversity indicators, such as species richness, Shannon diversity, Simpson dominance indices, etc, were used to evaluate ecological balance, revealing a moderate increase in biodiversity and ecosystem resilience over time. The study highlights the benefits of native species in enhancing soil quality and resilience. Key soil parameters, including pH, moisture, and organic carbon, were monitored to study their effects on geotextile biodegradation and plant growth. Our findings indicate that jute geotextiles offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic materials, degrading within 1–2 years while promoting vegetation, making them ideal for short to medium-term projects. Predictive models developed in this study provide valuable insights for future reclamation projects, reinforcing the environmental benefits of biodegradable materials in mine rehabilitation efforts.

Recently, developing low-cost biosorbents for dye-loaded wastewater remediation has become an important area of research. This study examined the potential of Casuarina Equisetifolia pines (CEP) as a green biosorbent for the sorption of an anionic textile dye Bemacid red (BR) from an aqueous solution. The effect of various factors including the initial dye concentration, solution pH, contact time, particle size, agitation speed, ionic strength, biosorbent dosage, and temperature was investigated. The biosorbent was characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA, and pHpzc. The experimental results show that the sorption was pH-dependent with a high sorption capacity of BR removal in the acidic range. It has been observed that the removal of BR increases with time until equilibrium is reached after 30 min. The removal is fast and efficient; it yielded around 90% removal efficiency in an acidic medium. The BR sorption efficiency increased with an increase in CEN dosage, initial dye concentration, and ionic strength, but decreased with increasing in temperature, biosorbent particle size, and agitation speed. Experimental sorption data were modeled by different theoretical equilibrium isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and D-R. The sorption process fitted well to the Langmuir model, with a maximum monolayer sorption capacity of 27.62 ± 1.3 mg/g. Thermodynamic studies showed that the sorption system was spontaneous and exothermic, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model revealed excellent linearity and highlighted the method’s robustness. Accordingly; the CEP is a very efficient and low-cost biosorbent and a promising alternative for eliminating dyes from industrial wastewater.

Cemara Beach in Banyuwangi Regency has a unique mangrove ecosystem with a river flow that limits the tidal area with the land behind it. This study aims to determine the structure and composition of mangroves in Cemara Beach and its zoning. The method used is a vegetation survey with a transect plot. Data were analyzed using ecological indices and zoning illustrated from the results of vegetation surveys and observations. The results show that the Casuarina equisetifolia species has the highest important value index (IVI) in tree-level vegetation with an IVI value of 128.29%, while the highest IVI at the sapling level is owned by the Rhizophora mucronata species of 86.72% and the Acanthus ilicifolius species of 64.41% at the seedling level. The species diversity index (H') and dominance index (D) of mangroves in Cemara Beach are classified as moderate with average values ​​of 1.21 and 0.35. Then the species evenness index (E) of mangroves in Cemara Beach is included in the high category with an average E value approaching one at 0.78, while the species richness index (R) is classified as very low with an average value of 0.93. The zoning formed in mangrove vegetation in Cemara Beach is in sequence from sea to land, namely Casuarina equisetifolia, Rhizophora mucronata, Acanthus ilicifolius, Avicennia alba, Sonneratia alba, and Excoecaria agallocha. These findings suggest the need for targeted conservation and rehabilitation strategies that consider the natural zonation and dominance patterns of mangrove species to maintain the ecological balance of Cemara Beach.

Agroforestry, the integration of trees into agricultural landscapes, is a sustainable practice that enhances biodiversity, improves soil health, and contributes to climate change mitigation. In Kisii County, agroforestry is particularly important due to the region’s reliance on agriculture and the challenges posed by climate change. This study focuses on simulating and analyzing the impact of common agroforestry tree species in Kisii County, including Grevillea robusta, Sesbania sesban, Casuarina equisetifolia, and Markhamia lutea. Using R programming, this study simulates data on tree density, crop yield, livestock density, soil health, biodiversity index, and carbon sequestration. Linear regression models revealed that tree density had a significant negative effect on crop yield (p < 0.001) but positive effects on soil health and carbon sequestration (p < 0.01). The findings suggest trade-offs between tree density and crop productivity that need careful management. This study provides data-driven insights for optimizing agroforestry practices in Kisii County to balance agricultural productivity with environmental benefits.

Casuarina wilt is a destructive soil-borne disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC). Recent large-scale outbreaks of Casuarina wilt in the coastal regions of Guangdong Province, China, suggest that the originally resistant Casuarina clones become susceptible to RSSC infection. This study aimed to investigate the microbial diversity of environmental microorganisms and its potential in biocontrol of this devastating disease. The results unveiled the dominant and common microbial species in Casuarina equisetifolia tree tissues, the rhizosphere soils and seawater in the vicinity of Casuarina equisetifolia forest belt. We also found a range of bacterial species with potent antimicrobial activities against Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum. Both the Casuarina endophyte A1-5, identified as Bacillus velezensis, and a combination biocontrol agent named CEP consisting of three mutually compatible soil isolates belonging to Citrobacter farmeri, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Pseudomonas mosselii, respectively, could effectively control the R. pseudosolanacearum infections on Casuarina and tomato. The active substance of strain A1-5 that inhibits the growth of R. pseudosolanacearum was purified and identified as surfactin C. The findings unveiled the microbial diversity and their specific distributions in the Guangdong coastal Casuarina equisetifolia forest areas, and present useful clues and resources for developing new strategies to prevent and control the Casuarina bacterial wilt. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

In this research, Casuarina equisetifolia fruit-based-activated carbon (CAC) was employed to investigate the simultaneous removal of crystal violet (CV), Naphthol Black Blue (NBB), and methyl orange (MO) in one mixture from aqueous solutions. The efficacy of adsorbent removal was studied concerning adsorption characteristics such as pH, dose of CAC, initial dye concentration, and adsorption time. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and UV-visible analysis all showed that the dye mixture stuck to the CAC surface at the same time. Results revealed the best simultaneous adsorption efficiencies for the investigated dyes were attained in the pH range of 3–10, with a CAC dose of 0.08 g. The optimal initial concentration for the dye mixture was found to be 40 mg·L −1 . The optimal contact time for CV, NBB, and MO was 45 min. Kinetic studies revealed a pseudo-second-order adsorption mechanism for the dye mixture. The Freundlich isotherm model best described the equilibrium data. The maximum adsorption capacities were CV (239.23 mg·g −1 ), NBB (134.95 mg·g −1 ), and MO (45.93 mg·g −1 ). Thermodynamic analysis suggests these adsorption processes to be endothermic and spontaneous. The findings of high adsorption capacities highlight the practical applicability of this approach in addressing complex dye pollution challenges.

Backgrounds and aims: The “Los Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge” is a representative sample of the wetlands of the South American Pacific arid coast; however, its exotic flora remains unknown and may threaten the ecosystem. This work aims to identify the presence and distribution of exotic shrub-arboreal species in the wetland, to analyze their relationship with native plant communities, and record their most frequent pests. M&M: A forest census was carried out according to the plant communities (Gramadal, Totoral, and Juncal), followed by an order and similarity analysis, and the identification of the phytophagous insects or pests registered in these exotic species. Results and discussions: Eleven exotic shrub-arboreal species were recorded, with a total of 481 individuals. The most abundant was Eucalyptus globulus (190 individuals), followed by Casuarina equisetifolia (74), Prosopis sp, (70), Washingtonia robusta (58), Phoenix dactylifera (41), Tamarix aphylla (21), Schinus terebinthifolius (15), Myoporum acuminatum (7), Acacia aroma (2), Thuja sp. (2), and Araucaria excelsa (1). The gramadal community presented the highest number of species and individuals of exotic flora (9 species/413 individuals), followed by the juncal (6 /60) and the totoral (2 /8). The three communities showed a low similarity (<50%) of exotic flora. Thirteen species of phytophagous insects were recognized, with Icerya purchasi and Aleurodicus juleikae the most frequent. Conclusions: This study enhances knowledge of exotic shrub-arboreal species in Los Pantanos de Villa Ramsar wetland, providing solid information to guide the development of management strategies for exotic species in this ecosystem type.

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is critical to the renewal barrier of she-oak (Casuarina equisetifolia), an important tree species used for coastal protection. However, the response of she-oak to P deficiency remains unclear. In this study, we compared the phenotypes of two she-oak cultivars, the P deficiency-sensitive 'Chihu219' and the insensitive 'Chihu397', and found that P deficiency significantly increased root growth, P concentration and phosphorus absorption efficiency (PAE) in Chihu219, but not in Chihu397. We also analyzed the transcriptome and metabolome of these cultivars under different P conditions and showed that trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) levels were highly suppressed by P deficiency in Chihu219, but not in Chihu397. Furthermore, exogenous tZR suppressed both root P concentration and PAE while promoting P-use efficiency. We also identified CeIPT5 (isopentenyltransferase 5) as a key regulatory gene of tZR biosynthesis and found that its expression was more highly induced by P deficiency in Chihu219 than in Chihu397. We also showed that overexpression of CeIPT5 in insensitive she-oak lines reduced tZR concentration and increased root P concentration compared with the vector control. Taken together, P deficiency can greatly reduce tZR accumulation in P deficiency-insensitive she-oak at least by activating the tZR accumulation regulatory gene, CeIPT5, thereby promoting root elongation and P concentration. This study not only provides a genetic basis for enhancing PAE in woody plants but also establishes a theoretical basis for optimizing root structure and improving nutrient utilization efficiency, thereby promoting sustainable forestry development.

Plant nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations and ratios serve as critical indicators of nutrient constraints in coastal ecosystems. However, the response of leaf–soil N-P-K stoichiometry in tropical coastal shelterbelt forests to seasonal rainfall variations remains poorly understood. This study measured total N, P, and K contents in leaves and soils of three typical tropical coastal shelterbelt forests in Wenchang, China—Casuarina equisetifolia L., Cocos nucifera L., and Pinus elliottii × caribaea—during August 2022 (wet season) and February 2023 (dry season). Key findings are as follows: (1) All three forests exhibited low N-P-K contents in both leaves and soils, with significant stand-specific variations. Soil N:P ratios were consistently below 14, indicating chronic N limitation for plant growth. (2) Wet seasons significantly altered leaf–soil N-P-K contents and stoichiometric ratios. (3) Leaf and soil stoichiometric traits exhibited strong correlations, but these relationships diverged under seasonal transitions. (4) Shifts from wet to dry seasons increased the sensitivity of N-P-K stoichiometric homeostasis, reflecting weakened nutrient buffering capacity. This study reveals stand-specific nutrient cycling patterns in tropical coastal shelterbelts, with seasonal rainfall modulating soil–leaf nutrient coupling and stoichiometric stability. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing nutrient management and species configuration in tropical coastal ecosystems under climate variability.

This study evaluates vegetation biodiversity and ecological conditions at the Bondowoso Biosite of Kebun Kopi, Ijen Geopark, to support sustainable Arabica coffee production. Three agroforestry plots (KR1-3) and a plantation plot (PN) were analyzed for species composition. In KR1, Acacia auriculiformis (IVI=110) and Trema orientalis (IVI=190) are prominent. KR2 is dominated by A. auriculiformis (IVI=160) and Ricinus communis (IVI=80), while Casuarina equisetifolia is significant in KR3. The PN plot shows a more even IVI distribution between Falcataria mollucana and Grevillea robusta. Tukey's test reveals significant differences between KR1 and PN, and KR2 and PN plots (p-adj=0.001). The highest existence values are Anisoptera marginata (66.67%) in KR1, T. orientalis (53.33%) in KR2, C. equisetifolia (46.67%) in KR3, and Toona sureni (26.67%) in PN. Results indicate significant variations in species diversity, evenness, and dominance across plots, influenced by ecological, geographical, and anthropogenic factors. Higher Shannon-Wiener and Evenness indices in KR1 and KR2 suggest diverse species compositions are vital for ecosystem health, while KR3's dominance of few species highlights the need for biodiversity conservation. This research recommends regenerative Arabica coffee farming practices and sustainable conservation strategies at the Bondowoso Biosite of Kebun Kopi.

Herein, Casuarina equisetifolia-derived activated carbon was developed by pyrolysis at a low temperature (773 K). The derived adsorbent was characterized as an extremely porous and amorphous carbon with a surface area of 1007 m2/g. The point of zero charge (pHPZC) of activated carbon was obtained as 3.89. The reported carbon was used for the remediation of phenolic pollutants [phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP)]. To begin with, the optimization of parameters demonstrated that a pH of 2 and a temperature of 293 K had significant impacts on the adsorption of both pollutants. The isotherm studies revealed that the Freundlich (R 2 = 0.9956) and Langmuir (R 2 = 0.9866) models better fitted the adsorption of phenol and 2,4-DCP, respectively. The study also reported an exceptionally elevated monolayer adsorption efficiency of 364.62 and 382.03 mg/g for phenol and 2,4-DCP, respectively. This significantly greater adsorption would aid in the elimination of phenolic pollutants, especially in coal processing industries, which are major contributors to phenolic discharge. Furthermore, kinetic studies revealed that the chemisorption mechanism dominated with R 2 > 0.999 for all concentrations ranging between 25 and 200 mg/L. In addition, the thermodynamic behavior of phenol and 2,4-DCP revealed exothermic (ΔH < -26.70 kJ/mol) and feasible type of adsorption. The value of isosteric heat of adsorption corroborated physisorption dominating the entire process with ΔH x < 25 kJ/mol. The adsorption mechanism aspect of phenol/2,4-DCP suggests that the removal of pollutants followed a combination of physical and chemical adsorption, accompanied by pore diffusion and electrostatic attraction coupled with π-π interaction and hydrogen bonding. The Casuarina equisetifolia activated carbon (CEAC) performed significantly well for four cycles of adsorption-desorption. The broader significance of these findings would yield sustainable production of Casuarina equisetifolia-derived carbon, which is an easily available carbon-rich source, additionally offering a cost-effective alternative solution/replacement for the remediation of phenol and chlorinated phenols from synthetic wastewater.