Casual Structure Research Articles

Flat holography and celestial shockwaves

In this paper we systematically develop the flat/CFT holographic dictionary, building on AdS/CFT holography. After analysing the behaviour of scalar field modes on hyperbolic slices of Minkowski and performing the holographic renormalisation for the associated onshell action, we obtain a holography dictionary between the bulk theory and the corresponding dual theory on the celestial sphere. We propose that a single scalar field in the bulk is dual to two series of operators on the celestial sphere; the scaling dimension of these operators takes values on the principal series. The real time features of the bulk theory, such as the dynamical and the casual structure, are encoded in the construction of correlation functions on the boundary via the coefficients of the bulk modes. Moreover, we will see that the two series of operators can be interpreted as ingoing and outgoing waves in the bulk. We illustrate our dictionary with the example of a single shock wave. Our results lay foundations for further computation within the flat/celestial CFT correspondence.

Causal structure of spacetime and Scott topology

In this paper we establish the spacetime manifold as a partially ordered set via the casual structure. We show that these partially ordered sets are naturally continuous as a suitable way below relation can be established via the chronological order. We further consider those classes of spacetimes on which a lattice structure can be endowed by physically defining the joins and meets. By considering the physical properties of null geodesics on the spacetime manifold we show that these lattices are necessarily distributive. These lattices are then continuous as a result of the equivalence between the way below relation and chronology. This enables us to define the Scott topology on the spacetime manifold and describe it on an equal footing as any other continuous lattice. We further show that the Scott topology is a proper subset of Alexandroff topology, which must be the manifold topology for the strongly causal spacetimes, (and hence a coarser topology than Alexandroff). In the process we find some interesting results on the sobriety of these manifolds. We prove that they are necessarily not sober under the Scott topology but regain their sobriety under Alexandroff topology. We also define a dual Scott topology on these manifolds by endowing them with bicontinuous poset structure and show that the join of the Scott topology with the dual is the Alexandroff topology. We also discuss the previous works done in this topic and how the present work generalises those results to some extent.

New black hole solutions in three-dimensional f(R) gravity

We construct two new classes of analytical solutions in three-dimensional spacetime in the framework of f(R) gravity whose field equations did not have cosmological constant. These solutions cannot coincide with Einstein’s general relativity due to the non-allowable vanishing of the dimensional parameter that characterizes the higher-order curvature. The first class of this solutions represents a non-rotating black hole (BH) while the second class corresponds to a rotating BH solution. The Ricci scalar of these BH solutions have non-trivial values and are described by the gravitational mass M, two angular momenta J and J1, and an effective cosmological constant Λeff that mainly comes from the contribution of the higher-order curvature terms. Interestingly enough, we observe that in contrast to Bañados–Teitelboim–Zanelli (BTZ) solution, which has only causal singularities and its scalar invariants are constant everywhere, the scalar invariants of our solutions indicate strong singularities for spacetime. This implies that the higher order derivative terms that come from f(R) gravity changes the casual structure of the spacetime. Indeed, the scalar invariants of the solutions behave as O1rn where n>0. The behavior of the invariants as r→0 become strong as compared with the behavior of black holes that reproduce from GR. Furthermore, we construct the forms, rotating/non-rotating, of the f(R) function showing that they behave as polynomial functions. Finally, we show that the obtained solutions are stable because of the positivity of their heat capacity, and also from the condition of Ostrogradski which states that the second derivative of f(R) should have a positive value.

Unpacking the Bottom-Up Emergence Underlying Collective Phenomena: A Mixed Method Approach

As one of fundamental process underlying collective phenomenon, bottom-up emergence or process involves both convergent and divergent forms through which different lower-level characteristics (e.g., cognition, affect, behaviors) of a group create meaningful higher- level properties. Until now, qualitative method has provided valuable insights for theory building. However, since the bottom-up process entails a complex casual structure, it is very challenging for qualitative method to unravel the multiple conjunctural causation, especially when it comes to understanding how related but diverse lower-level characteristics contribute to collective property (divergent forms). This paper therefore introduces approaches to work with qualitative method: Casual mapping technique to elicit the cognitive representation of interlinked concepts embedded in the expertise of participants around a domain and social network analysis to identify the casual structure through which bottom-up emergence unfolds. With the case of collective turnover, we illustrate how this mixed method can address these issues and provide an alternative way for researchers to interpret the reciprocal complexity of convergent and divergent forms and the structure role of constructs underlying the process, which in turn help both theorists and practitioners to manage collective phenomenon in organization.

Effects of self-compassion on The Four Immeasurables and happiness of volunteers in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region

ABSTRACT This research aimed to study the effects of self-compassion on the four immeasurables and happiness among volunteers in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. A total of 441 participants in public and private sector organisations took part in this research by volunteer sampling. The research instruments comprised the Self-Compassion Survey, the Four Immeasurables Survey, and the Happiness Survey. A casual structure was used as the statistical treatment. The research results revealed that the influence model of self-compassion affected the four immeasurables (Buddhist virtues) and the happiness of volunteers. Of these, self-compassion had the highest effect on the happiness of volunteers, with a .58 path coefficient. Additionally, self-compassion, together with the four immeasurables, could predict the happiness variance at 78%, and that the higher the self-compassion level that individuals had, the more physical, psychological and spiritual well-being volunteers also experienced.

Topological black holes in mimetic gravity

In this paper, we construct some new classes of topological black hole solutions in the context of mimetic gravity and investigate their properties. We study the uncharged and charged black holes, separately. We find the following novel results: (i) In the absence of a potential for the mimetic field, black hole solutions can address the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies and alleviate the dark matter problem without invoking particle dark matter. Thus, mimetic gravity can provide a theoretical background for understanding flat galactic rotation curves through modifying Schwarzschild space–time. (ii) We also investigate the casual structure and physical properties of the solutions. We observe that in the absence of a potential, our solutions are not asymptotically flat, while in the presence of a negative constant potential for the mimetic field, the solutions are asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS). (iii) Finally, we explore the motion of massless and massive particles and give a list of the types of orbits. We study the differences of geodesic motion in the Einstein gravity and in mimetic gravity. In contrast to the Einstein gravity, massive particles always move on bound orbits and cannot escape the black hole in mimetic gravity. Furthermore, we find stable bound orbits for massless particles.

Time-dependent Andreev reflection

We extend the basic theory of Andreev reflection (AR) in a normal metal/superconductor junction to the situation with an arbitrary time-dependent bias voltage $V(t)$ across the junction. The central element of the theory is the fact that the Fourier transform of the AR amplitude has a casual structure. As an example, the theory is used to describe the current response to short pulses of the bias voltage, which create coherent superposition of quasiparticle states with different energies. The current oscillates in time, with the gap frequency $\Delta/\hbar$, and also as a function of the pulse area $\int V(t)dt$, with the period of the single-electron flux quantum $e/h$.

Mimetic black strings

We present two new classes of black string solutions in the context of mimetic gravity. The horizon topology of these solutions can be either a flat T2 torus with topology S1× S1, or a standard cylindrical model with topology R × S1. The first class describes uncharged rotating black string which its asymptotic behavior is a quotient of anti-de Sitter (AdS) space, while the second class represents asymptotically AdS charged rotating black string. We study the casual structure and physical properties of these spacetimes and calculate, the entropy, electric charge, mass and angular momentum per unit length of rotating black strings.

Spherically symmetric black holes with electric and magnetic charge in extended gravity: physical properties, causal structure, and stability analysis in Einstein\u2019s and Jordan\u2019s frames

Novel static black hole solutions with electric and magnetic charges are derived for the class of modified gravities: f({{{mathcal {R}}}})={{{mathcal {R}}}}+2beta sqrt{{{mathcal {R}}}}, with or without a cosmological constant. The new black holes behave asymptotically as flat or (A)dS space-times with a dynamical value of the Ricci scalar given by R=frac{1}{r^2} and R=frac{8r^2Lambda +1}{r^2}, respectively. They are characterized by three parameters, namely their mass and electric and magnetic charges, and constitute black hole solutions different from those in Einstein’s general relativity. Their singularities are studied by obtaining the Kretschmann scalar and Ricci tensor, which shows a dependence on the parameter beta that is not permitted to be zero. A conformal transformation is used to display the black holes in Einstein’s frame and check if its physical behavior is changed w.r.t. the Jordan one. To this end, thermodynamical quantities, as the entropy, Hawking temperature, quasi-local energy, and the Gibbs free energy are calculated to investigate the thermal stability of the solutions. Also, the casual structure of the new black holes is studied, and a stability analysis is performed in both frames using the odd perturbations technique and the study of the geodesic deviation. It is concluded that, generically, there is coincidence of the physical properties of the novel black holes in both frames, although this turns not to be the case for the Hawking temperature.

Resilience-Oriented Design of Distribution Systems

Climatic hazards, such as hurricanes and ice storms, pose a top threat to power distribution systems. This paper proposes a resilience-enhancing strategy to make distribution systems more resilient to climatic hazards. The proposed strategy consists of three resilience-oriented design (ROD) measures, namely line hardening, installing backup distributed generators (DGs), and adding automatic switches. The main challenges of this problem are modeling the spatio-temporal correlation among ROD decisions and uncertainties, capturing the entire failure-recovery-cost process, and solving the resultant large-scale mixed-integer stochastic problem efficiently. To deal with these challenges, we propose a hybrid stochastic process with deterministic casual structure to model the spatio-temporal correlations of uncertainties. A new two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear program is formulated to capture the impacts of ROD decisions and uncertainties on system's responses to climatic hazards. The objective is to minimize the ROD investment cost in the first stage and the expected costs of loss of load, DG operation, and damage repairs in the second stage. A dual decomposition algorithm with branch-and-bound is developed to solve the proposed model with binary variables in both stages. Case studies on the IEEE 123-bus test feeder show the proposed approach can improve the system resilience at minimum costs.

A COPULA-BASED APPROACH TO INVESTIGATE VERTICAL SHOCK PRICE TRANSMISSION IN THE ITALIAN HOG MARKET

It is a stylized fact that the Italian farmers do not benefit of casual structure along value chain. Conversely, retailers could advantage of any positive shock price changes occurred in the wholesale supply chain. We investigate the presence of shock price vertical contagion in the Italian hog market, describing the dependence structure along the supply chain and assessing the degree of extreme value dependence. The approach followed is non linear and copula-based, applied on weekly data of hog price changes referred to Italian farm, wholesale and retail branch chain, over the period 1994-2015. In particular, the objective of the analysis consists in to obtain a measure of the relationship between extreme events of returns, estimating the tail dependence coefficients of copula functions involved in the analysis. The empirical findings highlight the asymmetry of price transmission along the hog Italian supply chain, more relevant for wholesale–retail pair.

Emergent locality in systems with power-law interactions

Locality imposes stringent constraints on the spreading of information in nonrelativistic quantum systems, which is reminiscent of a "light-cone," a casual structure arising in their relativistic counterparts. Long-range interactions can potentially soften such constraints, allowing almost instantaneous long jumps of particles, thus defying causality. Since interactions decaying as a power-law with distance, $r^{-\alpha}$, are ubiquitous in nature, it is pertinent to understand what is the fate of causality and information spreading in such systems. Using a numerically exact technique we address these questions by studying the out-of-time-order correlation function of a representative generic system in one-dimension. We show that while the interactions are long-range, their effect on information spreading is asymptotically negligible as long as $\alpha>1$. In this range we find a complex compound behavior, where after a short transient a fully local behavior emerges, yielding asymptotic "light-cones" virtually indistinguishable from "light-cones" in corresponding local models. The long-range nature of the interaction is only expressed in the power-law leaking of information from the "light-cone," with the same exponent as the exponent of the interaction, $\alpha$. Our results directly imply that all previously obtained rigorous bounds on information spreading in long-range interacting systems are not tight, and thus could be improved.

Neuropsychological features personalities with deviant behavior

In article presents the casual structure of deviant behavior, created on the basis of complex and systematic neuropsychological research. Neuropsychological research is proposed to be carried out together with Eye tracking and EEG, to eliminate the subjectivity element in interpreting diagnostic results. Three components of the symptom-complex of the mental stage of deviation are formed. It is shown that the primary symptom complex is represented by minimal disruption of the functioning in anterior part of brain: the orbitofrontal cortex part prefrontal cortex; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; anterior cingulate cortex; ventromedial prefrontal cortex. It is established that the secondary symptom complex is due to the finding of an individual under the influence naive realism, the dominance of heuristic thinking and the inability to use expert thinking in everyday life; by a subzero communicative competence; disadaptation from inability in time to see the alternative ways of decision of problem. It is shown that the tertiary symptom complex - it, actually, an addiction – by a pathological homeostasis. It is set that a choice of form of addictive behavior is not a stochastic process, and depends on a social origin, valued-normative standards, material possibilities and the information environment. It was found that the normal functional state of the hippocampus is hedonistic motivation, and with weakened - attracted motivation.

Streaming feature-based causal structure learning algorithm with symmetrical uncertainty

Most existing causal structure learning algorithms must have access to the entire feature set of a dataset during the learning process. However, in many real-world applications, rather than having access to an entire feature set before learning begins, features are generated in an online manner. Learning and analyzing these dynamic features online is in high demand for effective decision-making. In this paper, by modeling these dynamic features as streaming features, we propose the CSSU algorithm, a streaming feature-based casual structure learning algorithm with symmetrical uncertainty. Specifically, the CSSU algorithm performs online updates of the candidate neighbor nodes of each feature seen so far using proposed definitions of the dependence relationship and pseudo-dependence relationship and adopts a constrained greedy search to obtain the final causal structure when no new features are available. The CSSU algorithm obtains candidate neighbors with symmetrical uncertainty to avoid subset searchs to execute the conditional independence (CI) test, which significantly reduces the time complexity. Using seven benchmark Bayesian networks, the experimental results show that the CSSU algorithm improves on other state-of-the-art causal structure leaning algorithms with regard to learning accuracy and time efficiency.

Spatialities of Hunger: Post-National Spaces, Assemblages and Fragmenting Liabilities

This contribution addresses the casual structure and spatialities of food insecurity. Drawing from scholarly debates on periphery, I illustrate the limited explanatory range of state-centered periphery-approaches in order to comprehend the recent constellations of conflict and hunger. I argue that increasingly dynamic and post-national spaces of food insecurity emerge. Due to complex power geometries, these spaces are driven by realigning and territorially-stretched arrangements of action (e.g. global producer-consumer relations), by technologically enhanced new temporal configurations (e.g. speculation and high frequency trade in food), by the performances of metrics (e.g. models of food price and value-constructions shaping food security), and by the reflexive effects of knowledge production. In order to comprehend these dynamics, concepts capable of capturing new assemblages are required.

A Study On Association Rule Mining

Now a days, Association Rule Mining become a major Role in Data mining. It attracts more attention because of its wide applicability. Association Mining aims to extract interesting correlations, frequent patterns, associations or casual structure among sets of items. This paper aims at giving a theoretical study on some of the existing algorithms. The concepts behind association rules are provided at the beginning followed by an overview to some of the previous research works done on this area. The merits and demerits are discussed and concluded with inference.

Phase transition and thermodynamic geometry of topological dilaton black holes in gravitating logarithmic nonlinear electrodynamics

Considering the Lagrangian of the logarithmic nonlinear electrodynamics in the presence of a scalar dilaton field, we obtain a new class of topological black hole solutions of Einstein-dilaton gravity with two Liouville-type dilaton potentials. Black hole horizons and cosmological horizons, in these spacetimes, can be a two-dimensional positive, zero, or negative constant curvature surface. We find that the behavior of the electric field crucially depends on the dilaton coupling constant $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. For small $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, the electric field diverges near the origin, although its divergency is weaker than the linear Maxwell field. However, with increasing $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, the behavior of the electric field, near the origin, approaches to that of the Maxwell field. We also study casual structure, asymptotic behavior, and physical properties of the solutions. We find that, depending on the model parameters, the topological dilaton black holes may have one or two horizons, and even in some cases we encounter a naked singularity without horizon. We compute the conserved and thermodynamic quantities of the spacetime and investigate that these quantities satisfy the first law of thermodynamics. We also probe thermal stability in the canonical and grand canonical ensembles and disclose the effects of the dilaton field as well as nonlinear parameter on the thermal stability of the solutions. Finally, we investigate thermodynamical geometry of the obtained solutions by introducing a new metric and studying the phase transition points due to the divergency of the Ricci scalar. We find that the dilaton field affects the phase transition points of the system.

A study on the relationship between emotional intelligence, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior

Article history: Received December 2, 2013 Accepted 8 May 2014 Available online May 19 2014 This paper presents a casual structure model between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior by using organizational commitment as mediator variable. The study is accomplished among 324 employees of united bus company in city of Tehran, Iran. Using structural equation modeling, the study has confirmed that emotional intelligence influenced on organizational citizenship behavior and commitment. The study also confirms that organizational commitment influenced on organizational citizenship behavior. Finally, the study has confirmed that there were significant relationships between emotional intelligence and its dimensions with organizational citizenship behavior and organizational commitment of employees. © 2014 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aged Population Disability Processes Analysis In The Republic Of Kazakhstan

Background:We have analyzed the aged population disability processes to establish specifics and regularities of the causal structure of disability among the working and non-working aged population.Methods:In total, 1208 examination reports of the Medical & SocialExpert Commission have been subjected to excerption in Almaty. Results:Persons having the second disability status prevail in the working aged contingent – 4,4%, which is much higher than the ratios for the first and second disability statuses (0,4%and 0,6%, respectively). Among the non-working population, persons having the second disability status largely prevail too - 8,1% (3,1%and 1,1%, respectively). The casual structure of disability among the non-working disabled persons includes as follows: blood circulatory system diseases (40%), malignant neoplasms (27,2%), and diseases of the eye and its appendages (10,2%). They are followed by endocrine diseases, nutritional and metabolic disturbances (7,6%), bodily injuries (3%),and urogenital system diseases with musculoskeletal system ones - 2,3% each.The data collection for the working aged populationcontingent has found out blood circulatory system diseases (47%) and malignant neoplasms (34,4%). Alongside with that, the distinctive feature among the said aged populationcohort is a substantial predominance of bodily injuries (7,4%), endocrine diseases, nutritional and metabolic disturbances (2,3%), and only 1,4% is accounted for diseases of the eye and its appendages.

Risk based engineering for design, material selection and maintenance of power plants

Risk based engineering (RBE) provides a measure of decision making through risk assessment of design, manufacturing, operation and maintenance. The application study of RBE to fossil power plants is presented here especially focusing on steam turbines. Typical damage modes and mechanisms are presented, and failure scenarios are expressed in terms of event trees. The comprehensive risk assessment approach is expressed in terms of the conventional risk matrix method for prioritizing the important events and the probabilistic approach for more quantitative evaluation. To make more rational decision making, a ‘Bayesian’ network approach is introduced as an effective tool of casual structure determination in the probabilistic risk assessment framework. The Bayesian network approach for determining the casual structure of risk scenario is shown to be a potential tool for constructing the risk scenario automatically in the data-driven manner even in the case of insufficient available data. Finally a material selection and design map is presented for the creep-fatigue damage condition of turbine components using a two-parameter probability distribution function to make a reliable initial design of high temperature structures.