Cassava Starch Films Research Articles

Corn and cassava starch with carboxymethyl cellulose films and its mechanical and hydrophobic properties

The amylose and amylopectin content of starch influences its functional characteristics and its interaction with other materials. Thus, it is important to study the mechanical strength and hydrophilicity of starch films of different botanical origins to elucidate the influence of their constituents in the interaction with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The objective of this work was to evaluate the mechanical and physico-chemical properties of corn and cassava starch films and their blends with CMC by casting. The addition of CMC improved the tensile, increasing the strength at 206% for its blends with corn starch and 51% for its blends with cassava starch, the rupture stress at 89% and 74%, respectively, and the rupture strain at 381% and 57%, respectively. The elastic modulus presented increase of 20% for corn starch/CMC and 18% for cassava starch/CMC and the water vapor permeability at 48 and 40%, respectively. The corn starch film was more hydrophobic due to its higher amylose content, which contributed to the interaction between starch and glycerol OH groups and CMC COOH groups. This interaction was evidenced by FTIR and contact angle analysis, turning corn starch/CMC films into less hydrophilic material and reducing its water vapor permeability rate, which made this material promising for several applications, including food packaging.

Development and application starch films: PBAT with additives for evaluating the shelf life of Tommy Atkins mango in the fresh‐cut state

ABSTRACTIn this study, formulations of cassava starch and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) flexible films were developed, with glycerol, coconut nanocellulose, annatto, and citric acid in different concentrations, as well as the effectiveness of the selected materials in fresh‐cut mangoes storage was evaluated. The tensile strength of the different formulations varied from 1.90 (E4) to 6.65 MPa (E3c), and the strain varied from 206.31 (E1c) to 278.41% (E8); this variation was dependent on the percentage of the polymer matrix incorporated. Theawvalues of the formulations ranged from 0.396 (E2) to 0.569 (E3c). The Formulations E4 and E7 (with additives) presented good properties and were selected to condition mangoes. The micrographs of these films showed regions of micropores that can facilitate the diffusion of water from the packaged product to the surface, allowing decreases in moisture andaw, which is associated with higher color maintenance during fruit storage. E7 presented better barrier properties than E4 (lower values of WVP and water solubility) which may have influenced in a positive way to maintain the stability of the package in the studied period. E7 can be considered as a viable alternative for minimally processed mango storage. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 48150.

Effect of the degree of acetylation, plasticizer concentration and relative humidity on cassava starch films properties

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop films with reduced hygroscopicity and improved mechanical properties from acetylated cassava starch. For that, an acetylation procedure using acetic anhydride as the esterification reagent was performed, resulting in starch acetates with degrees of substitution (DS) of 0.6 (S0.6) and 1.1 (S1.1). Twelve films formulations were studied: native cassava starch (S), starch acetate S0.6 and S1.1, with two glycerol concentrations (0.25 g.100 g-1 (25) and 0.30 g.100 g-1 (30)). The films were conditioned at the relative humidities (RH) of 58% and 75% for 96 h before characterization. Water vapor permeability, water solubility, water sorption isotherms, microstructural analyses, and mechanical properties in different relative humidity and different glycerol concentration were performed. Starch acetate films (S1.1) resulted in lower water vapor permeability (2.35 ± 0.26 × 10-7g/m.s.Pa) and water solubility (21.2 ± 0.16 g.100 g-1) than native starch films (3.79 ± 0.26 × 10-7 g/m.s.Pa and 25.46 ± 0.12 g.100 g-1). S0.6 films showed higher tensile strength (8.42 ± 0.84 MPa) than S1.1 films (6.93 ± 0.55 MPa). The results indicated that acetylated starch can be used to produce films with improved mechanical properties, with less water solubility and permeability to water vapor, especially when starch acetate with 0.6 DS and low glycerol concentration are used. Chemical compounds used in this article: Starch, acetate (PubChem CID: 24832118); Acetic acid (PubChem CID: 176); Acetic anhydride (PubChem CID: 7918); Sulfuric acid (PubChem CID: 1118); Glycerol (PubChem CID: 753).

Improvement of Thermal Stability of Cassava Starch Films from the Incorparation of Bentonite Clay

This study considered the effect of modified and unmodified bentonite clay on the thermal properties of films based on cassava starch. The bentonite clay was modified in the presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The attainment of exfoliated or intercalated nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform by infrared radiation (FTIR). In XRD, it was verified that the cassava starch dispersed the modified clay in an exfoliated way and unmodified clay in an intercalated way. In the FTIR it was characterized that the cassava starch interacted more with the modified bentonite clay compared to unmodified. Finally, thermogravimetric curves showed the thermal property of the starch films concluding that the modified clay was the reinforcing material that contributed the most to the thermal stability of the cassava starch film, retarding its decomposition point, around 35oC , in relation to the pure starch film.

Increase of the Elastic Modulus of Cassava Starch Films with Modified Clay through Factorial Planning

In this study, was investigated the optimization of the factors that significantly influenced the mechanical property improvement of cassava starch nanocomposites through complete factorial design 23. The factors to be analyzed were cassava starch (A), glycerol (B) and modified clay (C) contents. The clay had its surface modified by anion exchange in the presence of a quaternary ammonium salt. The factorial analysis suggested a regression model capable of predicting the optimal mechanical property of the cassava starch biofilm from the maximization of the elastic modulus. The reliability of the regression model was tested by the correlation established with the experimental data through the following statistical analyzes: Pareto graph and response surface. The response surface showed the best combination of factor configurations to achieve the best response and SEM analysis in thermoplastic cassava starch biofilms in both the best and the worst elasticity conditions was performed to visualize the standard of the structure of the biopolymeric matrix in both conditions. The sequence of the degree of statistical significance on the elastic modulus in relation to the effects investigated is therefore C> B> A> BC> AC.

Eco-compatible cassava starch films for fertilizer controlled-release

As an attempt to tackle the environmental issues derived from the use of non-degradable plastic and fertilizers overuse, such as irreversible soil pollution, this work focuses on the development of a fertilizer controlled-release, bio-based and biodegradable composite films for agricultural applications. Cassava starch and bagasse composite materials containing urea as active compound and plasticizer were prepared to achieve this purpose, analyzing their properties and stability during storage. Moreover, their biodegradation rate and urea release in soil were also assessed. Films were based on cassava starch with cassava bagasse particles as reinforcing agent and urea contents ranging from 0 to 50 wt% with respect to starch content. Urea proved to be an effective plasticizer of the matrix and films became more flexible with storage time. In addition, the material biodegradation rate in soil increased with urea content. Films with 50 wt% urea content showed a total weight loss of 57% and 95% release of the active compound after 15 days. The results indicate that this approach is adequate for the design of eco-compatible starch-based composite materials for urea dosage in soil based on cassava starch and bagasse.

Chemical modification of biodegradable cassava starch films by natural mono-, di- and tri-carboxylic acids

Chemical modification of biodegradable cassava starch films by natural mono-, di- and tri-carboxylic acids

Effects of starches from different botanical sources and modification methods on physicochemical properties of starch-based edible films.

The effects of starches from different botanical sources (waxy corn, cassava, sweet potato, potato, wheat, and corn) and different commercial modified cassava starches (esterified cassava starch, cross-linked cassava starch, and oxidized cassava starch) on the physicochemical properties of starch-based films prepared by solution casting method were investigated. The mildew resistance test showed that the cassava starch (CAS) film-forming dispersion had the best mildew resistance and all the modified starch film-forming dispersions had less mildew resistance than that of the native starch film-forming dispersion. The color and transparency of the films depended on the plant sources and modification methods of the starch. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis verified the formation of hydrogen bonds between the starch and plasticizer (glycerol) and possible sites for hydrogen bonds on the starch. The atomic force microscope (AFM) results showed that the surface of all starch films was homogeneous except waxy corn starch (WCS) film, wheat starch (WS) film, and corn starch (CS) film. Mechanical properties and water vapor permeability (WVP) tests suggested that CAS film had the best comprehensive properties in native starches. For modified cassava starches, the comprehensive properties of the cross-linked CAS film were better than those of other modified CAS films.

Yerba mate extract in active starch films: Mechanical and antioxidant properties

The growing concern on environment preservation and the impact of the packaging from the non-renewable materials improve the interest at biodegradable and active packages development for food applications. The aim was to develop starch films with yerba mate extract (YME) made with water: ethanol (50:50% vol/vol) at 50°C followed by characterization. The YME was applied to the cassava starch films (control, 5, 10, 15, and 20%). The thickness, water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength, elongation as well as the Young’s Modulus, water solubility, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity (DPPH•), color and opacity and sorption isotherms of the films were characterized. The starch films decrease tensile strength, Young’s module and elongation increased as the YME concentration increased. In addition, the sorption isotherms were adjusted to the GAB model (R2 > 0.96). The moisture absorption by the samples of starch films with 5, 10, and 15%, had similar moisture absorption, higher than the control samples. Practical applications In this research, we developed a biodegradable active film with Yerba mate extract (YME), which is in good agreement with the growing concern in the preservation of the environment through minimization of the environmental impact of packaging from the non-renewable raw material. YME increased the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the starch films. This behavior is good for fatty food applications, since fat acids may undergo oxidative processes and change sensorial and nutritional characteristics; and antioxidants will slow down these reactions. The YME also promoted a plasticizing effect in the cassava starch films, decreasing tensile strength and increasing the elongation. This behavior allows the application of systems that do not need high mechanical efforts.

Structural changes of cassava starch and polylactic acid films submitted to biodegradation process.

Polylactic acid (PLA) and starch are compounds used in the manufacture of packaging to replace petroleum products as biodegradable and environmentally friendly materials. This study evaluated the structure and surface of a film manufactured by extrusion from cassava starch and PLA, which underwent a biodegradation process under compost conditions following the guidelines of ISO 4855-2:2007. Samples were taken every week for one month to perform Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) tests to identify functional groups on film, and High-Resolution Optical Microscopy (HROM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) tests, from these techniques Structural changes in the film were evidenced. The addition of PLA increases the carbonyl index. The introduction of anhydrous malic acid (MA) in PLA/TPS mixtures may lead to an increase in the carbonyl index, The TPS/PLA composite film was framed in the three phases of biodegradation: disintegration, fragmentation, and mineralization. In week 4 a reduction in film size was observed with a thinning of the film with fractures that produced fragmentation and disintegration.

Particle Size Distribution Effect on Cassava Starch and Cassava Bagasse Biocomposites

Regarding the growing interest in the development of biodegradable films from renewable sources, this work is focused on the utilization of cassava roots bagasse as a natural filler of cassava starch films. Homogenous films could be obtained by casting molding from gelatinized cassava starch suspensions, plasticized with glycerol and containing 1.5% w/w bagasse. In order to study the particle size effect on films properties, three different fibrous residue fractions (particles sized between 500–250, 250–53, and particles <53 μm) were used and compared to films reinforced with bagasse particles sized under 500 μm. Chemical composition and particle size distribution of cassava bagasse helped to explain the starch films morphology and mechanical and barrier properties modifications. SEM micrographs evidenced that the filler was structurally incorporated in the matrix, reinforcing cassava–starch matrices regardless of bagasse particle size. The filler increased the UV-barrier capacity and opacity of the mater...

Optimization of Physical, Optical and Barrier Properties of Films Made from Cassava Starch and Rosemary Oil

In this study, films from cassava starch and rosemary oil were prepared by using the casting method. Glycerol was used as plasticizer and tween 80 as surfactant. The influence of Cassava starch (Cs), Rosemary oil (Ro), Surfactant (Sf) concentrations and Thickness of film (Tf) on the mechanical, optical, and barrier properties of cassava starch films was studied applying the Response Surface Methodology. The response variables were optimized by using second order polynomial models with satisfactory fit and coefficient of determination (R2) values (> 81%). The optimized conditions with the goal of maximizing mechanical properties and minimizing barrier and optical properties and desirability function (0.9796) were Cs = 3 g/100 g solution, Ro = 4 g/100 g Cs, Sf = 69 g/100 g Ro and Tf = 0.05 ± 0.001 mm. The films produced under these conditions displayed high mechanical strength (16.7 MPa), young´s modulus (2911.4 MPa), low elongation at break (0.2%), low water vapor transmission (0.8 × 10−14 g/Pa s m), low solubility (33.24%), and low opacity (16%). These results provided good mechanical, barrier, and optical properties, compared to films based on other starch resources.

Evaluation of the Biodegradation for Oil Absorbed Cassava Starch Film Filled with Kenaf Core Fiber

Cassava starch (CS) films filled with different loading of kenaf core fiber (KCF) were prepared and tested. Two tests were carried out; oil absorption test and biodegradtion test. The oil absorption test were carried out with different loadings of KCF (0%, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6%. 0.8% and 1.0%). The results showed an increase of oil intake as the kenaf loading increased. The biodegradation test was conducted via soil burial method. Two sets of film samples were tested; film samples with and without immersion of oil. Each set of the film samples recpectively compares between CS films with and without KCF loadings. The results of the biodegradation tests showed that CS films with KCF had lower amount of weight loss compared to CS without KCF. Furthermore, the result of biodegradation tests for film samples immersed in oil were lower compared to film samples with oil immersion.

Study of Cassava Starch Filled with Different Loading of Kenaf Core Fiber

Cassava starch (CS) films filled with different loading of kenaf core fiber (KCF) were prepared and tested. Three testing were carried out; tensile test, water absorption test, and oil absorption test. The tensile test showed an increase in stiffness of the modulus as the loading of KCF increased. Additionally, the increase of KCF loading also increased the amount of water and oil absorbed by the films.

Morphological, barrier, and mechanical properties of cassava starch films reinforced with cellulose and starch nanoparticles

ABSTRACTA comparative performance study of cellulose and starch nanoparticles on plasticized starch reinforcement has been presented. Starch nanoparticles were obtained by ultrasound and acid hydrolysis, and cellulose nanoparticles were extracted by acid hydrolysis from microcrystalline cellulose and sisal fibers. The nanoparticles were characterized according to the zeta potential, the particle‐size distribution, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. The influence of the addition of these nanoparticles to starch films on the morphology, water vapor permeability (WVP), and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites films were investigated. The cellulose nanoparticles exhibited higher electrical stability than those originating from starch. Acid hydrolysis produced starch nanoparticles with higher crystallinity than ultrasound. All the nanoparticles significantly reduced the WVP. The cellulose nanoparticles significantly increased the tensile strength of the starch films; however, they reduced the flexibility of the nanocomposites. The results of this work support the application of starch and cellulose nanostructures for the development of reinforced biodegradable materials. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47001.

Synergistic effect of the sequential intercalation of three types of surfactants in the exfoliation degree of bentonite clay in films of cassava

A method of obtaining exfoliated nanocomposite films based on biopolymers has been reported. The method is based on the incorporation of modified bentonite clay by mixing surfactants into a biodegradable matrix. The biopolymer used was cassava starch, which has a high hydrophilicity, which makes it less desirable than synthetic polymers, when used as a film matrix for coating. The improvement of this was proposed with the formation of a nanocomposite matrix by the high exfoliation of the modified bentonite clay used as reinforcement material. The degree of exfoliation of the sequential modification in bentonite with three surfactants throughout the cassava starch film was investigated by XRD, FTIR, AFM, SEM, OM and contact angle. The physicochemical properties of the nanocomposite films were analyzed for water vapor permeability, ductility, opacity, thermal stability and water solubility. Finally, the clay modified in the presence of the three surfactants was the reinforcement material that contributed the most to the physical/chemical properties of the control starch film, among which it reduced 90.6% of the water vapor permeability, as well as 77.43% of the maximum dissolution.

Evaluation of blueberry residue incorporated cassava starch film as pH indicator in different simulants and foodstuffs

Cassava starch, glycerol, blueberry residue (obtained from juice processing) and distillated water were used to develop biodegradable and intelligent films as an alternative to synthetic plastic non-biodegradable films from fossil sources. The color difference of this indicator was evaluated after its application in buffer solutions (pH = 4, 5, 6 and 7), simulants (saline, sucrose and protein solutions) and foodstuffs (orange juice, corn oil and chicken pieces). Color parameters were measured using the CIELAB color space. For all samples immersed in different buffer solutions, color changes were visually perceptible to the human eye since the color difference, ΔE*ab value, was higher than 5. In addition, it was possible to establish a correlation between the color of the samples after submersion in buffer solutions with different pH values, simulants as well as food product. The films containing blueberry residue powder with a lower particle size (FC100) displayed color changing properties and mechanical characteristics more uniform and homogeneous than the films containing blueberry residue powder with a higher particle size (FCG). The results showed the potential use of the developed biodegradable packaging containing agro-industrial residue as a pH indicator.

Development of antimicrobial films based on cassava starch, chitosan and gallic acid using subcritical water technology

Development of bioactive food packaging is increasing due to the high demand for environmentally friendly products and the need to extend food shelf-life. The new antimicrobial/antioxidant bioactive films were produced using subcritical water (SCW) technology by adding chitosan and gallic acid into cassava starch. A fractional factorial design with five parameters, including temperature, pressure, gallic acid/starch ratio, glycerol/starch ratio and chitosan/starch ratio, were investigated. Films were characterized by mechanical, physico-chemical, optical and functional properties. Maximum elongation value of 100% was obtained, and the addition of chitosan decreased the film water vapor permeability, mainly due to the formation of ester bonds, hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between starch, chitosan, and gallic acid. Antimicrobial activity of films on spoilage microorganisms of pre-inoculated ham showed prolonged ham shelf-life up to 25 days compared to the control (7 days). Findings show that SCW is a promising technology to produce bioactive cassava starch films.

Reinforced cassava starch based edible film incorporated with essential oil and sodium bentonite nanoclay as food packaging material.

Biodegradable packaging in food materials is a green technology based novel approach to replace the synthetic and conventional packaging systems. This study is aimed to formulate the biodegradable cassava starch based films incorporated with cinnamon essential oil and sodium bentonite clay nanoparticles. The films were characterized for their application as a packaging material for meatballs. The cassava starch films incorporated with sodium bentonite and cinnamon oil showed significant antibacterial potential against all test bacteria; Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial effect of films increased significantly when the concentration of cinnamon oil was increased. The cassava starch film incorporated with 0.75% (w/w) sodium bentonite, 2% (w/w) glycerol and 2.5% (w/w) cinnamon oil was selected based on physical, mechanical and antibacterial potential to evaluate shelf life of meatballs. The meatballs stored at ambient temperature in cassava starch film incorporated with cinnamon oil and nanoclay, significantly inhibited the microbial growth till 96h below the FDA limits (106CFU/g) in foods compared to control films that exceeded above the limit within 48h. Hence cassava starch based film incorporated with essential oils and clay nanoparticles can be an alternate approach as a packaging material for food industries to prolong the shelf life of products.

Prediction of Carbohydrate-Protein Interaction in Cassava Starch-Casein Blended Edible Films

The aim of this research was to study protein-carbohydrate interaction in edible films. Edible films were made from a blend of cassava starch and casein. Tensile Strength (TS), percentage elongation (%E) and Solubility (S) wereobserved to study their inter-relationships. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy was used to monitor the molecular interactions. Interaction of carbohydrate and protein was studied at pH of 4, 7 and 9 and various casein percentages (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%, respectively). Increasingthe casein ratio decreased %E and S butimproved TS. Improving the %E decreased the TS and S when pH was increased (p<0.05). FTIR spectra of the samples at 100% cassava showed there werechangesin intensity at 3400-3600 cm-1 with the changesin pH and the lowest occured at pH 7. FTIR spectra of 100% casein films showed that intensitywas increasedby increasing the pH and the lowest intensity was at pH 4.The FTIR spectra of films from a blend of cassava starch-casein showed an absorbtion band similar to cassava starch films in the range 1200-1000 cm-1 and similar to casein films in the range 1700-1500 cm-1. Highest interaction between cassava starch and casein molecules occurred at pH 9 in all cases. At 3600-2800 cm-1 it was the 60% casein films. In the region 1700-1500 cm-1 it was the 80% caseinfilms and in the range 1200-1000 cm-1 was the 20% casein films.Presumable optimum interaction of carbohydrate-protein occurred at pH 9.