At the beginning of the XXI century, as never before, the topic of artificial intelligence has been in the focus of scientific interest. This is due to the galloping pace of information technology and digitalization that the judiciary and law must inevitably follow. Artificial intelligence is a new challenge for court proceedings. This is because using artificial intelligence tools in court proceedings is expected to improve access to justice, increase the speed of court proceedings, and reduce the costs of conducting them. The subject of this paper’s analysis is the various applications of artificial intelligence through which the court procedure can potentially be automated. These are the following applications: an application for the search for the best evidence, an application for the summary analysis of previously made court decisions, an application for the electronic management of court proceedings, a lawyer - robot application, a judge - robot application, an application for the simultaneous resolution of several repetitive actions (lawsuits), an application for simulating court decisions with algorithms, an application for tracking a person while serving a sentence (compass system), an application for examining cases of domestic violence, sexual abuse, and others. By analyzing the applications of artificial intelligence in court proceedings, the authors of this paper want to point out the advantages and weaknesses in the use of artificial intelligence in them. Undeniably, the benefits of artificial intelligence can be used to streamline and reduce the costs of court proceedings without violating any basic human rights or information security breach.

This study examines the experiences of faculty supervisors involved in training clinical psychologists to address cases of intimate partner and family violence (IPV). The aim is to generate practice-based knowledge that contributes to strengthening training processes and promoting ethical and effective supervision practices, enabling supervisors to respond to the needs of both the student and the clinical case. This qualitative study employed experience systematization as its methodological approach. Five focus groups were conducted with professors from various universities in Bogotá, Colombia, all with experience supervising IPV cases. The inquiry focused on their pedagogical practices and the clinical competencies they identified in students. Among these competencies, the ability to interrupt violent patterns, reduce their recurrence, work within interinstitutional networks, read relational contexts, and maintain reflective and collaborative attitudes stands out. Regarding pedagogical practices, findings show that, beyond therapeutic orientation, the use of individual and group supervision formats, co-therapy, and modelling are essential strategies for supervising IPV cases. The study concludes by highlighting the importance of fostering reflexivity and expanding theoretical frameworks to enhance the understanding and intervention of these cases.

Through an analysis of 91 publicly reported legal cases of technology-facilitated sexual violence against women and children in Canadian sport, this paper examines the role that digital technologies play in sexual violence in sport and the criminal legal response to it. Drawing on feminist perspectives on law, sport, and gender-based violence and Science and Technology Studies, the paper explores how digital technologies can facilitate violence within sporting cultures commonly characterized by misogyny and toxic masculinities, and have varying impacts in a criminal legal system where digital evidence may be viewed as more credible than the victims reporting harm. Through this analysis, this paper reveals the intersections of technology, sexual violence, sport, and the law.

Abstract On grounds of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Uttar Pradesh and Delhi between 2021 and 2023, this paper analyses 20 cases of police violence, which occurred during the December 2019 protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act. I argue that majoritarian practices of policing, through legal and extra-legal mechanisms, “unmake” the victims of violence. Instead, police procedures frame victims as perpetrators. The unmaking of the victims and subsequent criminalization occur through layers of discursive, procedural, investigatory, and legal strategies employed in everyday policing. In a Kafkaesque turn in law and society, I identify the omissions, exclusions, and invocations that result in a devastating deprivation of justice.

Adolescents are a vulnerable group to sexual violence due to a lack of sexual education, media influence, and complex social dynamics that exacerbate their vulnerability to sexual violence. This vulnerability is reflected in data on sexual violence in Indonesia, with 16,781 cases of sexual violence in 2024. Sexual violence is not only perpetrated by strangers but can also be perpetrated by parents or family members. This study aims to describe and understand the process of self-acceptance in adolescent girls who are victims of familial sexual abuse. Data were collected through observation and in-depth interviews with two participants who experienced familial sexual abuse at the ages of 14 and 13. The results showed that the participants had self-acceptance, reflected in the awareness that they still have support, a greater appreciation for life, and the choice to continue living. The process of self-acceptance can occur in stages, namely through resisting, exploring, tolerating, allowing, and befriending. This process is shaped by internal and external factors that have the potential to increase self-acceptance.

Domestic Violence (DV) is a profound social issue with significant impacts on victims, who are often trapped in a cycle of repeated abuse. The police, as the frontline in law enforcement, play a crucial role in providing protection for victims and addressing DV through preventive measures. This study analyzes the preventive efforts made by the Tanjungpinang Police in combating DV, focusing on the implemented prevention policies and the challenges faced. The research method used is a normative juridical approach with case studies and interviews with police officers and related institutions. The findings show that the Tanjungpinang Police have implemented various programs such as legal awareness campaigns, security patrols, and collaboration with women and children’s protection agencies. However, significant challenges remain related to limited resources, low legal awareness in the community, and the patriarchal culture that hinders the effectiveness of preventive efforts. Recommendations include enhancing police capacity, strengthening collaboration with related institutions, and utilizing technology to facilitate DV reporting. This study contributes to the development of police policies for more effective DV prevention.

The concept of human security, first articulated by Mahbub-ul-Haq in the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report in 1994, emphasizes freedom from fear and freedom from want as cardinal principles, positioning individuals as the primary referent in security discourse. As artificial intelligence systems rapidly proliferate across Indonesia, these foundational human security concerns have manifested in distinctly gendered dimensions that demand urgent regulatory attention. This article examines the critical intersection between gender, human security, and AI governance in Indonesia's evolving regulatory landscape. Through systematic analysis of algorithmic discrimination cases affecting Indonesian women, particularly in the gig economy and online gender-based violence contexts, this research establishes the imperative for integrating gendered human security frameworks into national AI regulation. The study employs doctrinal legal research methodology combined with intersectional feminist analysis to propose a three-pillar regulatory model encompassing gender-responsive Smart Mix Approach, mandatory Human Rights Due Diligence, and gender-sensitive Regulatory Sandbox mechanisms. Findings reveal significant gender bias in AI systems, with online gender-based violence cases surging by 80.8 percent in 2024. The article argues that constitutional obligations under Indonesia's 1945 Constitution necessitate explicit gender mainstreaming in AI governance to protect women's fundamental rights from algorithmic discrimination.

Child violence cases in Jayapura City demonstrate a distinctive pattern of legal settlement characterised by the strong coexistence of customary law and the formal juvenile criminal justice system. While national legislation mandates diversion and restorative justice as primary mechanisms in handling children in conflict with the law, empirical findings reveal that most cases are resolved through indigenous customary forums known as para-para adat. This study aims to analyse the forms of settlement applied to child violence cases and to identify the constraints encountered in implementing both customary mechanisms and the formal juvenile justice system. The research employs a normative-empirical approach by combining statutory analysis with field data obtained from law enforcement institutions, legal aid organisations, and community respondents. The findings indicate that approximately ninety percent of cases between 2019 and 2024 were settled through customary mechanisms involving collective responsibility and the payment of customary fines as symbolic and material restoration. Diversion mechanisms under the formal system were rarely implemented. Although customary settlement is perceived as flexible, culturally legitimate, and socially restorative, several obstacles persist, including disagreement over compensation, inability to fulfil customary obligations, and limited awareness of restorative justice procedures. The study highlights the need to harmonise legal pluralism within child protection policies to ensure that customary practices align with the best interests of the child and national legal standards.

In this Special Feature for City: Scenes Sounds Action, we bring together a series of multimodal essays by academics, artists, and activists who are experimenting with creative methods to examine and represent violence in and to urban places, and through urban development. The contributors have taken Mayssa Jallad’s 2023 concept album, Marjaa: The Battle of the Hotels, as inspiration for this collection. Marjaa tells two parallel stories of urban violence in Lebanon: the weaponisation of architecture during the civil war, and the violence of post-war urban reconstruction. In this introductory essay, we also use Marjaa as an entry point into current debates about how to record and examine violence in and to the urban, and how to make violent acts legible, so they can inform resistance. We therefore also speak back to the notions of structural and slow violence, in relation to urban planning and development, their entanglements with direct violence, and the challenges they pose to understanding and representing violence. To frame this diverse collection, our framing essay expands on three intersecting themes: the materiality and immateriality of violence (what violence feels, sounds and looks like, and how it is enacted through urban material and immaterial entities); the temporalities and rhythms of violence (the histories and futures of violence, and the (dis)continuous, (un)expected and disruptive rhythms of violence); and the resistances and solidarities that respond to violence (including the connections that emerge between authors, authors and collaborators, and between people in violent contexts). Since writing about violence is itself a political act, we discuss these recurring themes in relation to the contemporary urbicide enacted by the Israeli regime on Palestine and Lebanon, before connecting them to the particular cases of violence across diverse geographies dealt with in the Special Feature.

This research examines the law enforcement dilemma in sexual violence cases committed by a juvenile with recidivist status exhibiting characteristics of predatory behavior. This phenomenon palpably challenges the fundamental principle of child protection, which has traditionally prioritized out-of-court settlement (diversion). Unlike general approaches that tend to be trapped in a binary choice between retributive punishment or pure release, this research aims to analyze the rationality and effectiveness of applying the double track system in Decision Number 10/Pid.Sus-Anak/2025/PN Rhl. This decision serves as a legal response to the closure of diversionary programs for offenders who repeatedly commit crimes. By employing normative legal research methods through a case approach and supported by an in-depth analysis of recent literature, this research finds that the judge imposed combined sanctions consisting of 2 years and 6 months’ imprisonment and a 6-month job-training measure. The findings indicate that the judge’s consideration was based on proving systematic elements of violence, namely targeting, isolating, and overpowering. Furthermore, the juvenile recidivism status legally nullifies the right to diversion as regulated in Law Number 11 of 2012. This research concludes that in the context of a recidivist juvenile, legal protection is not manifested through release from charges. Conversely, protection is realized through structured mandatory rehabilitation within a closed institution. The theoretical and practical implications of this research recommend that law enforcement officials more explicitly include recidivism status and the offender’s risk profile as a basis for aggravating considerations in the verdict holding. This is crucial to ensure a balance between offender rehabilitation and societal protection from potential repeated crimes.

Cases of Domestic Violence (KDRT) against women have increased significantly, both physically and psychologically. In this context, Surah An-Nisa' verse 34 provides gradual guidelines for dealing with nusyuz, including moral warnings that are often translated literally as "pukullah" (wadhribuhunna). This study aims to analyze the meaning of wadhribuhunna through a review of classical to contemporary scholars, sort out the meaning based on the rules of fiqh choosing a lighter mudharat, and apply it in modern household life with a theoretical approach of Symbolic Interaction. The results of the analysis show that the most strict mufasir groups, such as Al-Biqa'i, Wahbah al-Zuhaili, Hamka, Rashid Riḍā, and M. Quraish Shihab, emphasize symbolic and educational understanding of the word "hit", so that the risk of physical and psychological harm can be minimized. The application of this symbolic meaning is in harmony with the principle of benefit, encourages healthy communication, and strengthens household harmony. The Symbolic Interactionism approach emphasizes that the meaning of the verse is formed through social interaction, individual reflection, and negotiation of moral values, so that symbolic interpretation becomes an effective preventive strategy against domestic violence.

Domestic violence can affect anyone; however, wives remain particularly vulnerable to abuse by their husbands. Although Article 2(1)(a) of Law No. 23 of 2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence includes husbands, wives, and children within the scope of a household, not all acts of violence against wives are prosecuted under this law. Many legal practitioners still adhere strictly to Article 2 of the 1974 Marriage Law, which considers a marriage valid only if it is conducted according to religious norms and officially registered. This results in perpetrators of violence against unregistered wives being prosecuted under general assault provisions in the Criminal Code rather than under the Domestic Violence Law. This divergence leads to disparities in judicial decisions, arising from differing interpretations of applicable legal provisions, varied judicial reasoning, and the ambiguous legal status of unregistered marriages, complicating consistent legal application. Consequently, similar cases of violence in unregistered marriages can produce inconsistent or even contradictory court rulings. This study highlights several decisions in which courts have applied the Domestic Violence Law to cases involving unregistered wives, with judges determining that the requirement of being within a "household scope" was fulfilled because the parties were married according to religious or customary norms and lived together as husband and wife. This research underscores the importance of recognizing unregistered wives within the household scope, as excluding them results in the denial of essential rights and protections afforded to victims of domestic violence, including access to legal assistance, health services, shelters, and other forms of support.

Domestic Violence (DV) remains a serious human rights violation in Indonesia, particularly in rural areas with limited access to legal services and victim protection. East Nusa Tenggara Province, including Timor Tengah Utara Regency, continues to record high incidences of domestic violence influenced by patriarchal culture, low legal awareness, and the predominance of customary-based settlements that often disadvantage victims. This community service program aims to enhance legal awareness and understanding among the residents of Bitefa Village, Miomaffo Timur District, Timor Tengah Utara Regency, regarding Law Number 23 of 2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence as a preventive and responsive legal framework. The activity employed a legal counseling method through structured presentations, interactive discussions, and evaluation using pre-test and post-test instruments. The program was conducted on September 23, 2025, involving 25 participants consisting of village officials, hamlet heads, and community members. The materials delivered covered the definition of domestic violence, its various forms, legal protection mechanisms for victims, criminal sanctions for perpetrators, as well as the roles of the state and the community in preventing and addressing domestic violence. The results indicate a significant improvement in participants’ understanding of domestic violence and the legal protections available to victims after the counseling session. The discussion sessions revealed a shift in community perspectives, particularly regarding the relationship between customary law and state law in handling domestic violence cases. This program is expected to contribute to the prevention of domestic violence and to support the creation of a safe, harmonious, and gender-just household environment in Bitefa Village, in line with the National Action Plan on the Elimination of Domestic Violence

The high number of domestic violence cases in Indonesia indicates the need for a scientific approach to understand the dynamics of the spread and more systematic control efforts. In this study, model is developed into six compartments, namely ShIRSvHC. In the model, the equilibrium point and stability of the equilibrium point are sought, as well as numerical simulations using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method and the simulation results are compared with actual data for 2020-2024. Evaluation of model accuracy is done by calculating the relative error. The simulation results show that the sub population has decreased every time with a population of about 268,030 women. The I population experienced an increase at the beginning of the period and experienced a significant decrease in the following year, the R population experienced an increase at the beginning to the middle of the period and for the and H, C populations experienced an increase every time.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and performance of the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm in classifying regional security levels based on crime data. Secondary data are used with a quantitative research approach, applying KNN as the classification method and the Confusion Matrix as the evalution metric. The dataset consists of September and October data as training data and November data as testing data, with features including the number of crimes, theft cases, and violence cases. The result show that KNN achieves an accuracy of 96.15%, with a precision of 1.00 for the safe and vulnerable classes, a recall of 1.00 for the safe and alert classes, and 0.80 for the vulnerable class. This study demonstrates that KNN can effectively classify regional security levels and support decision-making based on official crime data.

Sexual violence against children frequently occurs in Semarang, affecting not only the physical but also the psychological well-being of children. In response to the high number of cases of sexual violence against children in Semarang, Polrestabes Semarang as a law enforcement agency, is obligated to provide legal protection to victims. This article aims to analyze the implementation of legal protection for child victims of sexual violence at Polrestabes Semarang and the factors that lead to secondary victimization during the legal process at Polrestabes Semarang. This study uses victimology with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques in this study were interviews, observation, and document study. Based on the research results, Polrestabes Semarang has implemented legal protection in a preventive and repressive manner. However, several obstacles are still found in its implementation, such as a lack of female investigators, limited psychologists, and cases that suddenly stop (stalled). In addition, child victims of sexual violence still experience secondary victimization during the investigation stage at Polrestabes Semarang, including repeated investigations, victim blaming by investigators, a lengthy legal process, and community stigma. Therefore, it can be concluded that Polrestabes Semarang has sought protection law for child victims of sexual violence, but in its implementation there are still obstacles found until secondary victimization practices towards the victim.

This Study Cases of violence against children increase every year, both in urban and rural areas. This is a warning to the people of Walando village to take preventive steps. This community service is carried out through educational activities aimed at the Walando village community, especially at school-age teenagers and parents. This Community Service activity program aims to improve and strengthen parental supervision efforts regarding children's social sphere in social life. The form of this community service activity is by providing outreach activities to the Walando village community by providing information, direction and understanding related to social problems that frequently and frequently occur in the community as well as the negative impacts that can be detrimental to themselves and the community itself. Besides that, this socialization activity also provides understanding regarding preventive measures and efforts. And the results obtained from this community service are that the people of Walando village are more alert in carrying out their routine lives because there are not only binding sanctions, both legal sanctions, but also customary sanctions that apply in Walando village.

This study is a case study that analyzes the handling of sexual violence in Cianjur Regency, examining the relationship between social morality, the role of law enforcement officials, and the effectiveness of criminal law policy after the enactment of Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Sexual Violence Crimes (TPKS Law). This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with an empirical juridical method through a sociological approach to law. Data was obtained through interviews with law enforcement officials, field observations, and a literature review of relevant legislation and scientific literature. The results of the study show that the handling of sexual violence cases in Cianjur Regency still faces obstacles in the form of weak social morality, strong stigma against victims, and a patriarchal culture that affects reporting and law enforcement processes. In addition, the role of law enforcement officials has not been optimal due to limited capacity, coordination between institutions, and a lack of sensitivity to the victims' perspective. This study recommends strengthening the capacity of law enforcement officials through training on gender perspectives and the implementation of the TPKS Law, continuous education on social morality at the community level, and strengthening inter-agency coordination to improve victim protection and the effectiveness of criminal law policy in Cianjur Regency.

Abstract: Domestic violence (DV) remains a serious problem in Indonesia and is a form of human rights violation with a consistently high incidence. To date, the existing legal system relies on a punitive approach, with a primary focus on punishing the perpetrator, while victim rehabilitation efforts are often neglected. This situation has prompted the need for alternatives, such as restorative justice, a more humane approach that focuses on victim recovery, promotes perpetrator awareness, and prioritizes balance in social relations. This study seeks to examine in more depth the various obstacles and opportunities that may exist in implementing restorative justice for domestic violence cases in Indonesia. The study employed qualitative methods, incorporating both normative and empirical legal approaches. Data were analyzed descriptively and analytically. The research findings reveal that the implementation of restorative justice in the context of domestic violence is still hampered by several factors, including the lack of precise regulation in the Domestic Violence Law, resistance from law enforcement officials who are still rigid with old approaches, and a patriarchal culture that often "forces" victims to reconcile without considering justice for them. Nevertheless, opportunities to develop this approach remain open through legal reform, inter-institutional collaboration, optimal victim support, and the utilization of relevant local cultural values. By prioritizing the principles of gender justice and victim protection, restorative justice has the potential to create a justice system that is not only humane but also responsive to the needs of victims, offering a hopeful outlook for the future. Keywords: Restorative justice, Domestic violence, Punitive law, Gender justice, Victim protection.

Cases of violence and sexual crimes continue to increase and have become a complicated and very important issue among the overall crimes experienced by women. Sexual violence is rampant among female students in schools. Cases of sexual violence against children are triggered by the low level of sexual education, which is considered taboo and inappropriate for children. The aim of this activity is to raise awareness and strengthen efforts to prevent and address sexual violence in teenage and school environments. This education is carried out using a socialization method. The results of this activity show an increase in knowledge related to the prevention and handling of sexual violence.