Cases Of Violence Research Articles

STRATEGY FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAW ON THE PROTECTION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN OVERCOMING SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN CIREBON

Abstract. Background. This research was conducted to study the implementation of laws and regulations in handling cases of sexual violence involving children in Cirebon City. Aims. The primary focus of this research is on the work efficiency of the Women and Children Service Unit (PPA) within the Cirebon City Police, as well as Law Number 35 of 2014 and Law Number 12 of 2022, which were implemented. Methods. The research method chosen is qualitative with an empirical juridical approach, which involves data collection through interviews, observations, and document analysis. Result. The research revealed that the Cirebon City Police PPA unit has generally operated in accordance with standard procedures but is still faced with a number of problems, including the limited number of personnel, the low level of legal understanding in the community, and the impact of psychological trauma on victims, which is often a barrier in the investigation process. Conclusion. In addition, the synergy between related institutions, such as the Social Service and child protection institutions, is considered to be unoptimal. Implementation. Therefore, efforts are needed to increase the capacity of law enforcement officials, provide legal education to the public, and strengthen coordination between institutions to increase the effectiveness of legal protection for child victims of sexual violence.

Gender-Based Violence Cases Recorded at One-Stop Crisis Management Center (OCMC) of a Provincial Hospital of Nepal, a Descriptive Study

The term “violence” denotes an act of physical force that causes or is intended to cause harm. Gender-based violence is a worldwide problem and has been affecting 1 (35.00%) in three women in their lifetime. Following cases fall under GBV in Nepal: rape, sexual abuse, physical abuse, forced marriage and child marriage. This is a hospital-based prospective study conducted for a period of 6 months (from January 1st 2023 till the end of June 2023). It was collected from the records, which is secondary data, of all the gender-based violence cases being presented to the One-Stop Crisis Management Center (OCMC) of the provincial hospital of Bagmati Province. The level of violence was identified by the medico-legally trained medical officers and nursing personnel (allocated as the OCMC head) of the hospital. The data collected were grouped as under physical violence, domestic violence, sexual violence, child marriage, mental abuse and other violence. The data was analyzed using SPSS-16. Out of the total cases (156) which arrived to the OCMC, maximum cases (39.10%) were in the age group of 15-30 years. Majority of the cases (94.87%) were females. The gender-based violence cases were predominantly observed on janajatis (58.97%). Sexual violence accounted for 45.51% of the total number of cases. Majority of the perpetrators of violence (17.94%) was accounted by relatives. The highest number of gender based violence cases (32.69%) returned to respective organizations. The OCMC of the provincial hospital provides a one-door system for the effective management of the cases. Strict plans and policies need to be made by the government to reduce the burden of violence in females. More centers need to be established throughout the country so that there is more coverage of the cases.

The COVID-19 pandemic and domestic violence: A case of African Christian women in Gwanda district, Zimbabwe

Countries, including Zimbabwe, have been battling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by enacting measures such as national quarantines, border closures, online work and school closures to reduce the speed of transmission. These lockdown policies tend to increase the occurrence of domestic violence because of isolation, coupled with economic and psychological stress. Cultural and patriarchal systems have also fuelled violence against women. The present study sought to assess the nature of domestic violence caused by the COVID-19 pandemic among African Christian women in the Gwanda district. The study adopted a qualitative methodological approach, utilising a case study research design. The African Christian women participants were purposively selected. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were the research instruments used to collect data. The findings revealed intensified physical and sexual violence against African Christian women in Gwanda district since the outbreak of COVID-19. There was an increase in calls reporting domestic violence cases using helplines. Sexual harassment and other forms of violence against women continued to occur in homes, on streets, in public spaces and online. Survivors faced limited information and challenges in accessing support services. The study concluded that all types of violence against women intensified during COVID- 19 pandemic lockdowns. Policy changes and strategies are needed to reduce domestic violence among African Christian women during the turbulent times.Contribution: This article aligns with the theme of African women, pandemics and religion. Understanding the types of domestic violence can assist policy makers in addressing this issue in the society.

The Social Right to Education and Cases of Gender-Based Violence in Higher Education Institutions in Brazil

Education is enshrined in the 1988 Federal Constitution in Brazil as a social right for everyone, and the State’s duty, and the family’s. The universalization of public education and the guarantee of quality education for all are the responsibility of the State. Therefore, the state must pursue the universalization of public education and guarantee quality education for everyone. On the other hand, power relations in society generate cases of violence permeated by discrimination and prejudice that, when targeting women, highlight a gender issue problem. Thus, considering that power relations generate violence that can be constantly observed in educational institutions, which damages a guarantee of quality education for possible victims, the main objective is to demonstrate the correlation of genderbased violence at universities. Also, the aim is to provide a guarantee of a social right to education, resorting to bibliographical research of books and articles on the subject, including methodology and implementation. This study also uses critical analysis as a method, following a qualitative approach. The main result of this research is to expand knowledge of forms of aggression and policies available for institutions to confront violence against women. Furthermore, actions in this sense are part of a university’s social function.

Reconstruction of Absolute Competence of Religious Courts in Criminal Cases of Domestic Violence in Indonesia

The authority of the religious courts in Indonesia in cases of domestic violence is limited to the civil sphere as grounds for divorce. Conversely, the District Court is responsible for resolving cases with criminal elements. This legal fragmentation prevents victims from obtaining comprehensive justice due to the lengthy and complex legal process. This research highlights the legal gap by analyzing the need for reconstruction of the absolute authority of the religious court to handle the criminal aspects of domestic violence cases. This research is a normative legal statutory and conceptual approach. Analysis of legal materials is done by qualitative methods. The results of this research are legal reconstruction offered in the form of expansion of the absolute competence of the religious court in handling the criminal aspects of domestic violence with the authority to provide protection orders to victims during the judicial process and impose criminal sanctions on perpetrators of domestic violence. The success of this reconstruction, based on the analysis of Soerjono Soekanto's theory of legal effectiveness, depends on harmonizing regulations, increasing law enforcement's competence, providing adequate facilities, increasing public legal literacy, and cultural transformation that supports justice and equality. This legal reconstruction contributes to the efficient resolution of domestic violence cases in line with the principles of judicial power, namely the achievement of simple, fast, and low-cost justice.

Tracking Interpersonal Violence: A 13-Year Review of Cases in a Referral Hospital (2009–2022)

Interpersonal violence involves intentional physical harm or force with psychological effects, influenced by interpersonal and societal factors. Health systems play a vital role in detecting and addressing such violence, requiring improved training and surveillance. Our hospital established a registry of suspected violence cases reported by healthcare professionals to enhance understanding, prevention strategies, and recognition of violence types and risk factors. Since 2009, all admitted patients suspected of experiencing violence were included, regardless of age or gender. Data from 2009 to 2022 covered demographics, violence details, medical interventions, and legal actions. Among 1284 patients, 83.4% were seen in the emergency department, with women comprising 80.8%, and with a mean age of 33.19 years. Reports of violence rose from 1.9% in 2009 to 16.9% in 2022. Risk factors included pregnancy [5.6%], age below 18 or over 80 [18.9%], disability [10.2%], and psychiatric conditions [11.3%]. Perpetrators were known in 56.8% of cases, mainly intimate partners [25.2%], with 29.4% of victims living with the aggressor. Doctors were primary reporters, and injury reports were issued in 65.5% of cases. Violence types included physical [44.5%], sexual [22.4%], psychological [13.3%], and economic [12.5%], with 36.3% of cases involving multiple types. Routine hospital screening and trained staff can improve victim support and enable injury prevention programs.

Digital transformation of youth violence in Indonesia: new responsibilities and social negotiations in the digital age

Digital transformation has significantly changed how Indonesian society addresses youth violence. However, current frameworks fail to address the unique dynamics in collectivist digital environments. This perspective article examines the role of digital platforms as arenas for social negotiation and systemic change in Indonesia, introducing the Collective Resonance Communication Model (CRCM) to clarify information flows in collectivist cultures. By analyzing three notable cases of youth violence, we evaluate the influence of Indonesian cultural values on digital discourse and institutional accountability. Our findings indicate that collectivist digital spaces demonstrate greater cross-group interaction (15–25%) compared to individualistic environments, thus challenging previously accepted theories about digital echo chambers. The CRCM model outlines five essential components that illustrate how cultural values shape digital communication patterns and foster social change. By integrating cultural dimensions with digital dynamics, we propose a framework for understanding how collectivist societies utilize digital platforms to address youth violence while maintaining social harmony. These insights inform policy recommendations for culturally informed digital interventions.

Law Enforcement of Symbolic Violence against Women in the Context of the Domestic Violence Eradication Law

Background, The notion of domestic violence, frequently rationalized by the general populace, predominantly manifests as physical aggression. However, the inclination to prioritize physical and interpersonal dimensions of violence obscures the recognition of non-physical forms, leading to the conclusion that violence is inherently subjective. Several cases of symbolic violence often appear in society, one of which is about expressing a wife's feelings of sadness and disappointment for accepting her husband's betrayal in a marriage relationship that has been lived for years even though it does not physically hurt, but this violence can occur because of masculine dominance. This dominant position of men contributes to symbolic violence as a result of patriarchal culture. Aim, This research aims to identify the factors contributing to symbolic violence against women within households that persist in a patriarchal culture and to examine law enforcement related to symbolic violence against women in the context of the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence. Methods, This research employs a normative juridical approach, focusing on the implementation of laws against symbolic violence towards women as examined through the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence. Data gathering methods included in this study include literature analysis, interviews, and observations. Results, Numerous victims of domestic violence remain hesitant or afraid to report the abuse they have endured. This is affected by multiple factors, including the stigma associated with domestic violence, economic reliance on the abuser, and the inadequate response of law enforcement officials. Conclusions, By combining effective prevention and intervention approaches, this effort is believed to not only reduce cases of symbolic violence but also improve family relationships, create a more harmonious society, and support the comprehensive elimination of domestic violence. Implication, The findings of this study indicate that law enforcement on the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence in Cirebon necessitates more enhancement and oversight, particularly with symbolic violence against women inside the domestic context.

Cyberfeminism: An Analysis of Michel Foucault’s Thought in Gender Issues in The New Media Era

The many cases of violence against women and children, as evidenced by the results of data surveys on violence in various countries, encourage feminists to move to empower women. Advances in information and communication technology have brought feminists into a new media era, which can be called cyberspace. Social media as one of the most widely used platforms in cyberspace by people from various parts of the world, has become a new public space to empower women from various kinds of subordination to them, which is embodied in cyberfeminism. Indonesia as a country with a majority Muslim population has presented Muslim feminist figures such as R.A Kartini, Qasim Amin, Hussein Muhammad, and others. However, in reality, there are still many gender-related cases that are happening today. The public view of the women's empowerment movement is still interpreted as resistance to men, even for most religious people consider it contrary to religious ideology. This study uses the performativity theory to analyze gender issues in the new media era and Husein Muhammad's gender thinking as a counter to religious ideology. Therefore, the research brings together cyberfeminism, gender issues, and religion in a theoretical study that can be implemented pragmatically.

644 Burn Violence Against Women: The Tip of the Iceberg from a Country’s Nation-wide Burn Centers

Abstract Introduction Violence against women is pervasive. An estimated one in four women aged over 15 years old in this country have experienced physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner. Recent high-profile cases of homicidal burn violence perpetrated against women have shocked the nation. Since 2012, the Counting Dead Women project has tallied 30 women whose deaths involved fire-related violence. Currently however, there is a paucity of evidence about the frequency and burden of burn violence against women in this population. The aim of this study was to describe and compare the frequency, sociodemographic characteristics, injuries, and outcomes of women admitted to nation-wide burn centres with burns caused from suspected violence with women with unintentional burns. Methods Data were extracted from the country’s bi-national burn registry for women (≥ 18 years) admitted to nation-wide burn centres, between 2009 and 2022, with burns caused by suspected violence or unintentional burns. Statistical analyses were not performed due to substantial differences in comparator group sizes that would have greatly reduced the statistical power, reliability, and validity of results. Socio-demographic profiles, injury characteristics, and in-hospital outcomes were described and compared. Results Between 2009 and 2022, 157 women (2.5%) were admitted with burn injuries from suspected violence, and 6105 women (97.5%) were admitted with unintentional injuries. Women with burns from suspected violence were younger (median 36 vs 43 years) than women with unintentional burns, greater proportions sustained fire-related burns (38.1% vs 25.3%) with gasoline fuelling the flames (80.0% vs 38.0%), their injuries were more severe (median 2.0 vs 5.0 %TBSA), more likely to involve their head (42.3% vs 16.4%), and a greater proportion of them died (4.5% versus 1.5%). The perpetrators of burn violence were most often women’s current or ex-partners. Conclusions Our study contributes to an emerging and disturbing body of international literature demonstrating the confronting nature and consequences of burn violence perpetrated against women. Our findings are likely an underestimation of the true number of women with burns caused from violence admitted to burn centres, as women do not always disclose violence. Applicability of Research to Practice Whilst the wider problem of ending violence against women currently appears intractable, there is a valuable opportunity available now for burn centers to better protect women, by building capacity and skills within burn teams to be able to better identify women at risk and respond to women who disclose violence. Funding for the Study NIL

The Role of Socioeconomic Conditions in the Severity of Violence Against Women: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Aim: Violence against women is a widespread public health issue that leads to severe physical, psychological, and economic consequences. Socioeconomic conditions are known to significantly influence the prevalence and severity of such violence. This study aims to examine the impact of socioeconomic factors on the severity of violence experienced by women presenting to the emergency department. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 60 cases of violence against women presenting to the emergency department between April 2022 and April 2023. Data were collected using the "Domestic Violence Against Women Registration Form" and analyzed to assess the relationship between socioeconomic factors (education, employment status, smoking, and alcohol use) and the severity of violence. Results: The median age of the victims was 31.5 years, and most were married (93.3%), had children (70%), had primary education (65%), and were unemployed (76.7%). Women who smoked (35%) or consumed alcohol (5%) experienced significantly more severe violence. Similarly, women with primary education experienced more severe violence than those with secondary or higher education. Most cases occurred at home (90%) and were perpetrated by spouses (88.3%). Children witnessed violence in 63.3% of cases, and 16.7% were directly subjected to it. A history of previous violence was reported in 75% of cases. Conclusion: Socioeconomic factors, such as low education and unemployment, are closely linked to the severity of violence against women. Smoking consumption, duration of violence and a history of perpetrating violence were associated with increased severity of violence. These findings highlight the need for targeted social and legal interventions to address the vulnerabilities of women exposed to violence. Keywords: domestic violence, gender-based violence, intimate partner violence, physical violence

The Application of Restorative Justice in Domestic and Child Violence Cases in Indonesia and Finland

Introduction: Restorative justice (RJ) is an alternative approach to criminal justice that focuses on victim recovery, offender rehabilitation and community reintegration. In the context of domestic and child violence, this approach offers the potential for more inclusive and sustainable solutions than traditional retributive approaches. However, there is debate about the effectiveness of RJ in cases of violence that have profound psychological and physical impacts on victims. The issue is whether RJ can provide adequate justice without compromising legal protections for victims. This research offers novelty by examining the application of RJ in cases of domestic and child violence in Indonesia and Fnland, where RJ laws and policies are still developing.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of the study was to identify the challenges and opportunities for the application of RJ in such cases and evaluate the extent to which this approach is able to create restorative justice for victims and perpetrators in Indonesia and Finland.Methods of the Research: The research used qualitative methods with case studies of several domestic and child violence cases resolved through RJ in different regions.Results / Main Findings / Novelty/Originality of the Research: Findings suggest that RJ can be effective in facilitating victim recovery, but its implementation requires strong support structures, including professional counsellors and clear legal protections in Indonesia and Finland. The conclusions of this study confirm that RJ has great potential in resolving domestic violence cases, but its implementation must be done carefully to ensure justice and protection for victims. Consequently, this research encourages policymakers to design a more comprehensive and inclusive RJ framework for domestic violence.

The prevention and handling of sexual violence in religious education units

ABSTRACT Sexual violence is an iceberg phenomenon in Indonesia. Sexual violence is a form of violent acts and treatment that degrades human dignity, which contradicts the values of divinity and humanity, disturbs public security and order, and violates Human Rights. The cases of sexual violence that have been revealed so far do not reflect the actual problem. Data collected by KPAI (Indonesian Child Protection Commission) indicates that sexual violence also occurs in educational environments, including in religious education units under the Ministry of Religious Affairs, such as Madrasahs, Pesantren, and other forms of religious education units. Educational institutions are required to prevent sexual violence through socialization, learning, strengthening governance, cultural reinforcement, and other activities as needed. Meanwhile, the handling of sexual violence is carried out through reporting, protection, assistance, enforcement, and victim recovery activities. Specifically, for the handling of sexual violence, effective, efficient, measurable, and transparent actions are required to ensure protection for the reporter, the reported individual, and the educational institution. In relation to this, it is necessary to establish Guidelines for the Handling of Sexual Violence in Educational Units within the Ministry of Religious Affairs. This research focuses on government policies, particularly those of the Ministry responsible for religious affairs, in efforts to prevent and address sexual violence in religious education units under the Ministry's supervision. The aim of this research is to understand and analyze the Ministry of Religious Affairs' policies in preventing and addressing sexual violence in religious education units and its implementation. This research uses normative and empirical juridical methods with techniques such as literature review, collecting primary and secondary materials, and direct investigation at the Ministry of Religious Affairs. The target of this research will be published in a legal scientific journal and serve as a study material for the Ministry of Religious Affairs in formulating policies for the prevention and handling of sexual violence in religious education units. Keywords: sexual violence; religious education units

Sexual violence in the Nanjing massacre: Emotional narratives and cultural trauma

The sociology of emotions is an interesting analytical instrument to retrospectively understand social phenomena and a sociological look at violence always thematized the centrality of emotions. The Nanjing Massacre is one of the largest violence cases in human history. Besides arson, looting and massacre, the sexual violence committed by the Japanese army against innocent women stirred up people’s anger and pain, and formed traumatic memories. This paper attempts to analyze the ways in which documentary materials, fictional works and short videos about the sexual violence during the Nanjing Massacre have participated in the construction of cultural trauma from the perspective of sociology of emotions. In this way, the connections between violence against women and emotions in a historical case of collective violence are analyzed. On one hand, through testimonies and news reports, we find that the victims of sexual violence often refuse to recall their experiences due to traditional views on chastity, and the Chinese people tend to empathize with their shame treating them as hollow symbols of national suffering. On the other hand, through films and short videos, we discover that collective memory as an emotional experience is also restructured and expressed under the influence of capital and globalization.

Restorative Justice from a Feminist Jurisprudence Perspective in Domestic Violence Cases

Restorative Justice from a Feminist Jurisprudence Perspective in Domestic Violence Cases

The Arrangement Unus Testis Nullus Testis in Sexual Violence Crime Cases: Crucial or Over-Regulation?

The principle unus testis nullus testis is a fundamental evidentiary rule in Indonesian criminal procedure, requiring at least two valid pieces of evidence to convict a defendant. This principle aligns with the negative legal system approach, emphasizing judicial certainty in criminal trials. However, its strict application in cases of sexual violence presents challenges, as these crimes often occur in closed settings where the victim is the sole witness. Recognizing this, Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes introduces a provision that allows a victim's testimony, supported by at least one other piece of evidence, to be sufficient for conviction. This study examines the normative conflict between Article 25(1) of Law No. 12 of 2022 and Article 185(2) KUHAP, which traditionally enforces the unus testis nullus testis principle. By employing a normative juridical approach, this research analyzes the necessity and implications of this special provision, comparing its application with Dutch legal practice, where courts allow supporting evidence beyond direct witness testimony (steunbewijs). The findings suggest that while special considerations for sexual violence cases are justified, Article 25(1) of Law No. 12 of 2022 may constitute over-regulation, as its substance is already accommodated within the existing evidentiary framework of the KUHAP. This research highlights the need for harmonization between special provisions on sexual violence cases and general evidentiary rules to ensure legal certainty while upholding justice for victims. Future legislative reforms should focus on integrating these provisions systematically to prevent redundancy and inconsistencies within Indonesia’s criminal justice system.

Effectiveness of Law Enforcement of Article 23 of Law No. 12 of 2022 on the Prohibition of the Implementation of Restorative Justice in Cases of Sexual Violence

This study analyzes the effectiveness of law enforcement against the prohibition on the application of restorative justice in cases of sexual violence as specified in Article 23 of Law No. 12 of 2022. This law prohibits the resolution of sexual violence cases through out-of-court channels for adult perpetrators, but practice in the field shows that the restorative justice mechanism is still often applied by law enforcement officers using the Chief of Police Regulation No. 8 of 2021 as the legal basis. The study was conducted at the Malang City Police and the Malang City Social Service P3AP2KB, which revealed obstacles such as social pressure, lack of public education, and the reluctance of victims to continue cases to the legal route. The results of the study show that the application of Article 23 has not been fully effective in protecting victims' rights and preventing re-victimization. This study recommends harmonization of regulations between Law No. 12 of 2022 concerning Criminal Acts and Perpol no. 8 of 2021, increasing public education, and strengthening legal and psychological assistance for victims.

International experience in combating domestic violence

The problem of domestic violence is a global social phenomenon that requires a comprehensive approach to overcome. In Ukraine, in recent years, legislation and mechanisms for supporting victims of violence have been actively improved, but the problem remains relevant, and the country continues to look for effective ways to combat this phenomenon. The article examines international practices in combating domestic violence, in particular in Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. In Italy, an important role is played by a large-scale system of crisis centers that provide psychological, legal and social support to victims. The Netherlands uses an integrated approach to preventing violence, combining legislative initiatives, the work of social services, law enforcement agencies and public organizations. One of the important initiatives is the participation of aggressors in specialized correctional programs that help change their behavior and ensure their reintegration into society. Spain is known for its system of specialized courts that deal with cases of gender-based violence, which allows for the prompt and professional consideration of such cases. An important feature is the presence of multidisciplinary courts, which employ specialists from different fields, which ensures a comprehensive approach to each case. Sweden, in turn, is distinguished by the strictest laws against violence, including the criminalization of economic violence, as well as special attention to children who have witnessed violence and provides them with psychological support. The article proposes adapting these international practices to Ukrainian realities, in particular through the implementation of educational programs in schools, the creation of sensory rooms for children, and strengthening legislative initiatives to ensure adequate support for victims. A study of international experience reveals the importance of a comprehensive approach, which includes not only legislative initiatives, but also the active participation of public organizations, educational institutions, and social services in solving this problem. By adopting best practices, Ukraine can significantly increase the effectiveness of the fight against domestic violence by providing comprehensive assistance to victims, working with aggressors, and creating a safe environment for all citizens.

Reconciling Safety and Safeguarding in Health and Social Care: Implications for Just Culture.

Facilitating a just response to staff involved in patient safety events is complex, with varying perceptions of safe behaviour and practice across settings. This viewpoint paper explores the challenges of developing a just culture, particularly in safeguarding situations involving peer-to-peer harm. It argues that established just culture principles, such as balancing staff and organisational accountability and using After Action Review (AAR) debriefs, need to be tailored to these contexts. In particular, organisational accountability is paramount in safeguarding situations, especially where individuals do not have the capacity to understand or intend their behaviours. Furthermore, AARs are inappropriate incident responses for serious aggression, violence, and abuse cases. To counter this, a consistent AAR practice can be valuable for preventative learning when applied to the service user care journey and comprehensive incident learning responses. The incorporation of social workers, service users, and families can help promote learning and the prevention of events. Finally, this paper emphasises the need for consistency in core safety principles across settings and the need to tailor just cultural principles to particular contexts. Future research on the role of AAR in diverse settings is recommended.

Economic impact of sexual crime against women in India

Sexual violence against women is a reality but is rarely discussed. Almost 50 percent ofthe world’s population are women, which is considered one of the most vulnerablegroups of society, the society predominantly residing mostly in the hands of men.Sexual violence or crime affects more than 50% of women across the globe and has asignificant impact on the world’s economy. This research paper is centrally focused onthe adverse effects on economic growth and development due to the increasingnumber of sexual violence cases against women in the context of India. Based on NCBreports, this research paper studies sexual crime cases against women that happen inIndia daily and which parts of the country are most affected. Moreover, the researchpaper delves into the economic repercussions