Monopolization Cases Research Articles

Comments on: Rewriting History: the Early Sherman Act Monopolization Cases and Riding the Wave: Exclusionary Practices in Markets for Microprocessors Used In IBM–Compatible Personal Computers

Comments on: Rewriting History: the Early Sherman Act Monopolization Cases and Riding the Wave: Exclusionary Practices in Markets for Microprocessors Used In IBM–Compatible Personal Computers

Rewriting History: the Early Sherman Act Monopolization Cases

This paper reviews two early precedent–setting US antitrust decisions and asks a series of counter–factual questions. What if the Standard Oil Company had not been broken into 34 pieces? What if the United States Steel Corporation had been fragmented? It traces the qualitative evolution of the Standard Oil fragments, following the 1911 divestiture decision, and the corresponding history of United States Steel. It then undertakes quantitative analyses of the survivors' market share trends and the comparative productivity growth, average plant sizes, price — cost margins, and net exports for petroleum refining, blast furnaces and steel from 1899 through 1939. At first, the post–divestiture performance did not differ much between the two subject industries. However, by the 1930s, competition intensified in petroleum refining and the decline of the Standard Oil fragments' market shares came to a halt. In the steel industry, however, competition continued to be mild. A lethargic United States Steel held a pric...

Topology, entropy, and Witten index of dilaton black holes.

We have found that for extreme dilaton black holes an inner boundary must be introduced in addition to the outer boundary to give an integer value to the Euler number. The resulting manifolds have (if one identifies imaginary time) topology $S^1 \times R \times S^2 $ and Euler number $\chi = 0$ in contrast to the non-extreme case with $\chi=2$. The entropy of extreme $U(1)$ dilaton black holes is already known to be zero. We include a review of some recent ideas due to Hawking on the Reissner-Nordstr\"om case. By regarding all extreme black holes as having an inner boundary, we conclude that the entropy of {\sl all} extreme black holes, including $[U(1)]^2$ black holes, vanishes. We discuss the relevance of this to the vanishing of quantum corrections and the idea that the functional integral for extreme holes gives a Witten Index. We have studied also the topology of ``moduli space'' of multi black holes. The quantum mechanics on black hole moduli spaces is expected to be supersymmetric despite the fact that they are not HyperK\"ahler since the corresponding geometry has torsion unlike the BPS monopole case. Finally, we describe the possibility of extreme black hole fission for states with an energy gap. The energy released, as a proportion of the initial rest mass, during the decay of an electro-magnetic black hole is 300 times greater than that released by the fission of an ${}^{235} U$ nucleus.

The geodesic approximation for the Yang-Mills-Higgs equations

In this paper we consider the dynamics of the monopole solutions of Yang-Mills-Higgs theory on Minkowski space. The monopoles are solutions of the Yang-Mills-Higgs equations on three dimensional Euclidean space. It is of interest to understand how they evolve in time when considered as solutions of the Yang-Mills-Higgs equations on Minkowski space-i.e. the time dependent equations. It was suggested by Manton that in certain situations the monopole dynamics could be understood in terms of geodesics with respect to a certain, metric on the space of guage equivalence classes of monopoles-the moduli space. The metric is defined by taking theL 2 inner product of tangent vectors to this space. In this paper we will prove that Manton's approximation is indeed valid in the right circumstances, which correspond to the slow motion of monopoles. The metric on the moduli space of monopoles was analysed in a book by Atiyah and Hitchin, so together with the results of this paper a detailed and rigorous understanding of the low energy dynamics of monopoles in Yang-Mills-Higgs theory is obtained. The strategy of the proof is to develop asymptotic expansions using appropriate gauge conditions, and then to use energy estimates to prove their validity. For the case of monopoles to be considered here there is a technical obstacle to be overcome-when the equations are linearised about the monopole the continuous spectrum extends all the way to the origin. This is overcome by using a norm introduced by Taubes in a discussion of index, theory for the Yang-Mills-Higgs functional.

Can monopoles alone reproduce the string tension also in SU(2) lattice QCD?

We study if monopoles alone can reproduce the string tension in SU (2) QCD. The situations in SU (2) QCD are not so simple as those in compact QED. We follow the procedure in the t'Hooft-Polyakov monopole case and separate the monopole contributions from abelian Wilson loops in the maximally abelian gauge. Preliminary data show that they seem reproduce the string tension.

Another Look at Alcoa: Raising Rivals' Costs Does Not Improve the View

THE government monopolization case some fifty years ago against the Aluminum Company of America is well known to antitrust aficionados. Judge Learned Hand declared that Alcoa, by expanding so as to maintain an overwhelming share of the U.S. market for virgin aluminum, had committed the offense of monopolization. For many years now, Judge Hand's standard of antitrust liability has stood condemned. The consensus has been that Alcoa committed no economic wrong. Recently, however, the case has been prominently cited to illustrate a different approach to analyzing supposedly predatory practices-raising rivals' costs (RRC). Proponents of this approach argue that much of antitrust analysis, in fact all of the analysis of exclusion, should be redefined to focus explicitly on whether a firm's transactions raise the costs of its competitors and, thereby, cause prices to rise. While they do not endorse Judge Hand's reasoning, they do believe that the facts of Alcoa demonstrate an array of practices, including the naked purchase of exclusionary rights. We believe that RRC methodology is seriously flawed as a useful approach to antitrust problem solving. Regardless of how Alcoa is analyzed, however, the facts of the case do not indicate an antitrust violation, assuming that the antitrust laws promote efficiency. We intend to demonstrate that Alcoa deserves its infamy.

Identifying Cartel Policing under Uncertainty: The U. S. Steel Industry, 1933-1939

Identifying Cartel Policing under Uncertainty: The U. S. Steel Industry, 1933-1939

Topological field theory and two-dimensional abelian-Higgs instantons

We derive a topological field theory which describes the two-dimensional abelian-Higgs instanton (vortex) moduli space. In contrast to the three-dimensional monopole case here one explicitly breaks the gauge symmetry. Also a comparison is made with other supersymmetric models.

Proton decay catalyzed by superconducting cosmic strings

Topological defects which form in a grand unification phase transition can catalyze proton decay. For monopoles the catalysis cross section is amplified to a value many orders of magnitude larger than the geometrical cross section. For non-superconducting cosmic strings there is no amplification of the cross section section since there are no long range forces. Here we establish that - despite the presence of long range electromagnetic fields - the cross section for uncharged superconducting cosmic strings is the geometrical cross section. Hence, in contrast to the case of monopoles, there are no important new consequences for or constraints from cosmology.

On a generalised Fourier transform of instantons over flat tori

Recently P. Braam pointed out that Nahm's adaption of the ADHM procedure to the case of monopoles equally well applies to instantons over flat tori, relating them to instantons over the first Brillouin zone. We show that this construction has an inverse. Hence the Nahm transform actually is a duality transform.

The problem of ‘‘global color’’ in gauge theories

The problem of ‘‘global color’’ (which arose recently in monopole theory) is generalized to arbitrary gauge theories: a subgroup K of the ‘‘unbroken’’ gauge group G is implementable iff the gauge bundle reduces to the centralizer of K in G. Equivalent implementations correspond to equivalent reductions. Such an action is an internal symmetry for a given configuration iff the Yang–Mills field reduces also. The case of monopoles is worked out in detail.

The problem of existence for the fermion-dyon self-consistent coupling system in aSU 2 gauge model

A scalar coupling model ofSU2 Higgs and fermion is considered. It is shown that 1) the Julia-Zee dyon's ansatz is not complete. But, if we treat the Julia-Zee dyon as external potential, the closed equations of the radial wave functions of the fermion are obtained. 2) The asymptotic solutions of the fermion's radial wave functions at infinity and near the origin are solved. 3) The necessary condition of the fermion's bound state is qualitatively discussed, which shows that for the dyon case in which the scalar coupling approaches zero, the existence of the fermion's bound states is possible, but for the monopole case in which the scalar coupling approaches zero the fermion's bound states do not exist.

Monopole-fermion and dyon-fermion bound states: (I). General properties and numerical results

General properties of monopole-fermion and dyon-fermion bound states are investigated, for the case of Dirac monopoles and their dyon analogues. The attractive forces that lead to bound states are due to the interaction of a fermion anomalous magnetic moment with the monopole magnetic field and the additional Coulomb interaction in the dyon case. Detailed numerical results are presented.

Sonic search for monopoles, gravitational waves and newtorites

Hopes for the detection of gravitational waves and of very massive magnetic monopoles rely on cosmological sources - the big bang itself in the monopole's case. Some gravitational wave antennas are “acoustic” resonant detectors, that have reached a sensitivity not far from the “quantum limit”. We investigate in detail the response of these sensitive detectors to the passage of “relic” monopoles. We compute signal to noise ratios for a variety of target materials, and we find them to be favourable for the very cold, high quality resonators that are presently contemplated. A monopole traversing a metal produces a “thermo-acoustic” pulse, whose amplitude is linear in the monopole's velocity, β. If the metal is superconducting, there is a novel additional “magneto-acoustic” source, whose amplitude is β-independent. Monopole detectors that rely on ionization have a sensitivity threshold in β, and may conceivably be blind to relic monopoles. The response of superconducting loop detectors is β-independent, but their collection areas are limited by the requirement of a sophisticated magnetic shielding. Neither of the above limitations would be shared by an acoustic monopole detector. We sketch a “sonic antenna” that would respond directionally to coventional cosmic rays, gravitational radiation, monopoles, and even to more exotic signals, like newtorites (elementary or composite “meteorites” that interact with ordinary matter only gravitationally).

All-multipolarity electric sum rule

An electric sum rule for photonnuclear and electron-scattering transitions, valid for all multipolarities greater than the monopole (L = 0) case, is derived. This sum rule, which includes both current and magnetization-induced transitions, is developed in the long-wavelength limit for isovector ΔT = 1 transitions. It is used to analyze nuclear charge–matter distributions for high multipolarity transitions in light nuclei.

Active sound intensity precision in a progressive and nonprogressive field

The work is mainly dedicated towards the precision of the measurement of active sound intensity. The object is to describe the basis used to understand what is happening when measuring the sound power via the active part of sound intensity whatever the field is. The effects of acoustic center variation, of the phase mismatch, of the proximity of the source, of finite approximations, and of angle of incidence of the incoming wave are all combined in a general formulation, valid for the progressive field. The nonprogressive field is studied by calculating the estimated active sound intensity due to two monopoles. The case of coherent and incoherent monopoles are examined. A general formulation of the resulting amplitude and phase is developed and emphasis is put on a systematic parametric study of the theoretical phase gradient. The parameters are mainly the sound power ratio between the two sources, distance ratio, propagation difference, angle of incidence, and frequency. A formulation which allows us to calculate the precision between the estimated active sound intensity and the exact one is proposed. A criteria for evaluating the degree of nonprogressivity of the field will be discussed. [Work supported by the “Institut de Recherche en Santé et Sécurité du Travail.”]

Energy loss by slow magnetic monopoles traversing a metal

A simple calculation of the stopping power of a metal is given for the case of magnetic monopoles whose velocity v is small compared with the Fermi velocity. The principal result is that the dominant contribution to the stopping power is the formation of low-energy electron-hole pairs. The stopping power is found to be proportional to v and for Al with v = 10/sup -3/c, -dE/dx = 0.3 GeV/cm.

Monopolization and Price Fixing—Good Cases Making Bad Law; Australian-United States Parallels and a Suggested Solution

The Australian Industries Preservation Act 1906 (Cth) was modelled closely on the United States Sherman Act. Early United States criminal monopolization cases were not very successful, and the statutory language was read down by a judiciary oriented toward common law contract analysis. The same thing is happening in current Australian cases. One of the finest monopolization opinions ever written is that of Mr Justice Isaacs in the 1911 Coal Vend case. It should be resurrected and used as the foundation for the development of Australian restrictive trade practices law.

Giant monopole resonances in the scattering of waves from gas-filled spherical cavities and bubbles

Continuing our previous work on viscoelastic scattering of p waves from fluid-filled spherical cavities in sound-absorbing materials, we now perform the theoretical analysis needed for the complete study of the monopole mode of vibration. Our approach is based on the Breit–Wigner formulation of nuclear scattering theory, and from it we show how the scattering amplitudes consist of two parts, the smooth background of the evacuated cavity and the resonance contribution of the filler fluid. We present a complete analytical study of the giant fundamental resonance and its overtones in the monopole case. The results are then particularized to the Rayleigh region and also to the case of evacuated cavities in lossless rubber and to gas bubbles in water, recovering and extending previous results available in the literature. Studying the sound pressure level at the center of air-filled cavities in lossy materials, we quantitatively determine how absorption shifts the resonance peaks and broadens their width. Using our theory we find that the width of the resonance peaks depends linearly on the resonance frequencies, and we show how this important result can be used to determine the shear absorption parameter of viscoelastic materials. We also find that the giant monopole resonance for air-filled cavities in rubber contains a contribution from the shear waves in the cavity wall and another from the resonance oscillations of the air-filling in a 15:1 ratio, for this particular material combination. We display numerous plots, some obtained from the analytic monopole formulas developed here, and some numerically obtained by computer for dipoles and quadrupoles. Finally, we show graphs of the summed scattering amplitudes fpp and fps accounting for the first twenty multipole contributions, and the dominance of the monopole term emerges again from this result. We have assumed ’’weak’’ absorption to simplify the analytical treatment, but any viscosity level can be handled by computer using this method.

Giant monopole resonances in the scattering of viscoelastic waves from gas‐filled spherical cavities in solids, and of acoustic waves from bubbles in liquids

Our previous resonance formalism for the scattering of p‐waves by fluid‐filled cavities in solids [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, S40(A) (1978) and J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 1690 (1978)] is extended by performing the theoretical analysis needed for the complete study of the monopole mode of vibration. We develop a complete analysis of the giant fundamental resonance and its overtones in the monopole case. We particularize our results to the Rayleigh region, and to the cases of evacuated cavities in robber and to gas bubbles in water, recovering and extending some results available in the literature. We have quantitatively studied how absorption shifts the resonance peaks and broadens their width. The width of the resonance peaks is found to be linearly dependent on the resonance frequencies and this important result is used to determine the shear absorption parameter of rubbers. The giant monopole resonance for air‐filled cavities in rubber is shown to contain a contribution from the shear waves in the cavity‐wall...