Reported mouth self-examination methods for oral cancer screening: a systematic review.

C5 nerve root palsy is the most common complication following posterior cervical spinal canal expansion and reconstruction, significantly impacting patients’ quality of life. Although several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have explored the risk factors of C5 nerve root palsy, inconsistencies remain in key conclusions such as the role of age and C4-5 intervertebral foramen stenosis, and new clinical evidence published in recent years has not been integrated. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of C5 nerve root palsy after posterior cervical spinal canal expansion and reconstruction, providing a more precise and generalizable basis for clinical screening of high-risk patients and formulation of preventive interventions. Case-control trials on C5 nerve root palsy following posterior cervical spinal canal expansion and reconstruction were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang databases. The search period spanned from each database’s inception to November 2025. Search strategies were tailored to each database’s characteristics. We extracted the basic characteristics of included studies, the incidence of C5 nerve root palsy symptoms, and associated risk factors. Included studies underwent risk of bias assessment and quality evaluation. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 18.0 to assess the incidence and risk factors of C5 nerve root palsy symptoms. (1) Seventeen studies were included, involving a total sample size of 2,995 cases. The incidence of axial symptoms was 14% (95%CI: 0.10, 0.17), with 15 studies meeting higher quality standards; (2) Meta-analysis results indicated that advanced age (OR = 2.71, 95%CI: 1.53 ~ 3.88)、male gender (OR = 0.36, 95%CI: 0.03 ~ 0.68)、narrowing of the C4-5 intervertebral foramen width (OR=-0.61, 95%CI: -0.84 ~ 0.38)、changes in cervical curvature (OR = 2.88, 95%CI: 1.90 ~ 3.86)、increased spinal cord retraction distance (OR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.57 ~ 0.87) and high signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI at the C4-5 spinal cord segment (OR = 0.93, 95%CI: 0.16 ~ 1.69) were identified as independent risk factors for C5 nerve root paralysis symptoms. Advanced age, male gender, narrowing of the C4-5 intervertebral foramen width, changes in cervical curvature, increased spinal cord retraction distance, and high signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI at the C4-5 spinal cord segment are independent risk factors for C5 nerve root palsy symptoms. Patients with these high-risk factors require close follow-up and timely intervention to reduce the incidence of C5 nerve root palsy symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a significant porcine pathogen as it impairs reproduction and is a part of the porcine respiratory disease complex in pigs. PRRSV transmits through direct-contact but may also be transmitted over longer distances. Far-ultraviolet C (Far-UVC) radiation inactivates airborne microbes, including viruses, without causing harm to humans or animals. In this pilot study, several experiments were performed to establish an experimental model for airborne PRRSV-1 infection in pigs, and to assess the ability of Far-UVC radiation to reduce PRRSV-1 infections in pigs. In total, 48 pigs were exposed to varying doses of mesh-nebulized PRRSV-1 in different experimental setups. PRRSV-1 viremia was evaluated, and environmental contamination as well as air samples were assessed to investigate the presence of PRRSV-1 RNA. In the final setup of three replicate case-control trials, none of the case-pigs became infected with PRRSV-1, whereas two, one and zero of the controls were infected. These results indicate that Far-UVC exposure can reduce infection of airborne PRRSV-1 in an experimental inoculation model. The infection model does not consistently infect pigs - even with the highest dose of PRRSV-1, but mimics natural settings well, and therefore studies with similar setups are needed to confirm the ability of Far-UVC to reduce infection risk. This experimental setup, albeit it is not perfect, can also be used to investigate the potential effect on Far-UVC to prevent infection of other airborne viruses.

Granulomatous cheilitis (GC) is a rare, idiopathic, inflammatory disorder which usually affects young adults. It is characterized by persistent, cosmetically disturbing and persistent idiopathic lip swelling. Multiple treatment modalities have been suggested. In spite of the treatment used, recurrence of the disease is very common. We reported an intractable and recurrent case of GC characterized by a large swelling of upper lip. The diagnosis is confirmed with a combination of history, clinical examination, radiographical and histopathological evaluation. This patient was treated with modified treatment protocol with a combination of intralesional steroids, prednisolone, systemic metronidazole, and doxycycline and maintenance drug therapy with approximately no signs of relapse at twelve months’ follow-up. In conclusion, the mentioned therapeutic protocol proved a success in the treatment this an intractable case of GC with a long follow up period with no relapse. More clinical trials and case control trials are needed for enhancing our understanding of this disease for evaluating the efficacy of the various treatments and establishing a universally accepted protocol for management of GC.

Sinus headaches often cause severe discomfort and significantly reduce quality of life (QOL). Sinus headache is associated with posterior chain tightness. Myofascial release (MFR) is primarily said to provide benefits like reduced pain, enhanced range of motion and flexibility, and improved QOL. Along with medical management, physiotherapy management acts as a promising complementary therapy. Previous studies, including manual therapy and electrotherapeutic modalities, have been successful in treating sinusitis. To determine the effect of MFR on treating sinus headaches, particularly its novel application with the manual drainage technique for posterior chain muscles in sinus headache, has not been explored. Methods: The present case report explores the effect of the release of posterior chain muscles with the manual drainage technique in a 40-year-old female with chronic sinus headache. The patient showed major improvements in headache intensity, frequency, and enhanced QOL. These findings suggest that posterior chain MFR with the manual drainage technique can effectively manage sinus headaches. Further research is needed to validate the findings of this case study, including clinical and controlled trials.

Safety and Effectiveness of Open and Endovascular Repair for Inflammatory Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Endometriosis is a common chronic gynecological condition that affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age worldwide. This study utilized large-scale genome-wide association study data and explored the causal relationship between blood metabolites, plasma proteins, and endometriosis via Mendelian randomization and colocalization analysis methods. Clinical pathological data were collected, and hypotheses were validated through experiments such as ELISA, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. RSPO3 and FLT1 were found to be potentially associated with endometriosis within the proteome. External validation and colocalization analysis confirmed the robustness of the association with RSPO3. Blood and tissue samples were collected from clinical patients to assess the accuracy of these predictions. These results suggest that RSPO3 may be a new target for the treatment of endometriosis, providing a direction for future drug development.

Abstract Aim Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage (PTH) is a serious and life-threatening complication of tonsillectomy. Various haemostatic techniques have been used to counteract PTH and presently there are no standardised guidelines for the management of PTH. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has played a role in controlling bleeding in the settings of acute trauma, cardiothoracic surgery and postpartum haemorrhage. However, its role in PTH remains elusive. This review aims to shed light on the efficacy of TXA in reducing PTH by evaluating its effect in reducing the need for surgical intervention and blood loss in patients with PTH. Method Data was gathered by performing a literature search across six databases: OVID Medliner, EMBASE, PUBMED, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Search terms and Boolean operators were applied to the search. The search yielded 102 papers, which were filtered down to 19 papers that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Five retrospective cohort studies and five case reports showed that TXA, especially in nebulised form, reduced the need for operative intervention. In the four randomised case-control trials, preoperative administration of TXA decreased blood loss. No significant adverse effects from TXA were reported across all studies. Conclusions TXA has the potential to reduce the need for surgical intervention, and blood loss and provide a safe method of managing PTH. However, inconsistent study results and the absence of optimal dosage criteria and protocols underlie the need for more research. Clear guidelines on optimal dose, timing and route of administration should be established to enhance the management of PTH.

The prevalence of ankle pain in adults is 9-15%, with up to 45% of sports-related injuries attributed to ankle pain and injuries. If ankle pain is not controlled in a timely manner, it can lead to ankle instability, resulting in further damage, recurrence of pain, and secondary injuries. The present study aimed to assess the therapeutic potential and safety profile of bee venom acupuncture (BVA) in the management of ankle pain. Ten electronic databases were searched for articles published up to March 2025. We included clinical studies that utilized BVA for the treatment of ankle pain and studies that included pain- and function-related assessment tools. The safety of bee venom acupuncture (BVA) was assessed by extracting adverse events from the included studies and categorizing them according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). A total of 14 clinical studies were selected, of which 9 were case reports, 2 were case-controlled clinical trials (CCTs), and 3 were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The conditions causing ankle pain were mostly traumatic (42.9%), followed by inflammatory (21.4%) and neuropathic disorders (14.3%). BVA was applied at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 mg/mL, with a per-session volume ranging from 0.04 to 2.5 mL. In most studies, BVA was reported to improve both ankle pain and function simultaneously. Among the 14 studies, four participants reported adverse events following BVA treatment, all of which were classified as grade 1 or grade 2, indicating mild to moderate severity. This review suggests that BVA may be recommended for controlling ankle pain based on clinical evidence. However, the number of high-quality RCTs is limited, and half of the studies did not report side effects, indicating the need for further clinical research to verify its safety and efficacy.

BackgroundAs the fastest-growing segment of the population, adults over 65 are at the most significant risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Older adults often use anti-seizure medications (ASMs), which can negatively impact cognitive function, mood, and behavior, mimicking AD or its symptoms. Understanding the effects of ASMs across diverse older adults is crucial, given that some ethnoracial groups are at higher risk for AD or more severe symptoms compared to non-Hispanic Whites.ObjectiveTo summarize the current evidence on the association of ASMs with AD risk and AD-related symptoms and explore the inclusion of ethnoracial minority groups in these studies.MethodsData sources included PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SCOPUS for English-language studies published between 1990-2024. Selected studies were peer-reviewed, cross-sectional, longitudinal, case-control, and clinical trials on AD dementia or related symptoms and ASMs. Study quality was rated by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Research Medicine.ResultsA total of 27 studies with 1,241,796 participants were included. Data on AD risk from level IB-IIIB evidence studies showed mixed results, with some indicating an increased association with ASM use [OR = 1.05-1.16, 95% CI: 1.01-1.24]. Studies on AD-related symptoms from level IB-IV evidence also showed mixed results. Only three North American studies explicitly included race/ethnicity; most were conducted in European countries.ConclusionsASM use may be modestly associated with an increased risk of AD among the older adult population, but current data are inconclusive. The association of ASMs on AD-related symptoms varied. Future studies should emphasize reporting sociodemographic data and include diverse cohorts to enhance the applicability of findings.

BackgroundIntervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a significant cause of global disability, reducing labor productivity, increasing the burden on public health, and affecting socio-economic well-being. Currently, there is a lack of recognized clinical approaches for molecular classification and precision therapy.MethodsChondrocyte differentiation and prognosis-related genes were extracted from single-cell RNA sequencing and multi-omics data in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database through chondrocyte trajectory analysis and non-parametric tests. Subsequently, a precise IVDD risk stratification system was developed using ConsensusClusterPlus analysis. The clinical significance of molecular typing was demonstrated through case–control trials involving IVDD patients. Specific inhibitors of molecular typing were predicted using the pRRophetic package in R language and then validated in vitro.ResultsA stratified model for IVDD, considering chondrocyte differentiation and demonstrating high clinical relevance, was developed using a set of 44 chondrocyte fate genes. Extensive analyses of multi-omics data confirmed the clinical relevance of this model, indicating that cases in the High Chondrocyte Scoring Classification (HCSC) group had the most favorable prognosis, whereas those in the Low Chondrocyte Scoring Classification (LCSC) group had the worst prognosis. Additionally, clinical case–control studies provided evidence of the utility of IVDD molecular typing in translational medicine. A gene expression-based molecular typing approach was used to create a matrix identifying potential inhibitors specific to each IVDD subtype. In vitro experiments revealed that gefitinib, a drug designed for LCSC, not only had protective effects on chondrocytes but also could induce the conversion of LCSC into the HCSC subgroup. Therefore, IVDD molecular typing played a critical role in assisting clinicians with risk stratification and enabling personalized treatment decisions.ConclusionThe results of the study have provided a comprehensive and clinically relevant molecular typing for IVDD, involving a precise stratification system that offers a new opportunity for customizing personalized treatments for IVDD.

The study aim was to determine the prevalence of food addiction (FA) in individuals with type 2 diabetes and to assess the association between FA and type 2 diabetes. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Sciences, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences, ScienceDirect, Scopus and PsycINFO were searched until November 2024. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023465903). Cross-sectional studies, case-control, cohorts and clinical trials that were carried out with individuals with type 2 diabetes, regardless of age and sex, were included. The complete data extracted included the prevalence, OR and/or risk ratio of FA, the number of individuals evaluated, age, sex, weight, presence of co-morbidities, age of participants and FA symptoms. A pooled prevalence of FA of 30 % (95 % CI (18, 44) with estimated predictive interval (0; 85); I2 = 99·51; 12 studies; 15947 participants) was identified. For the associations between FA and type 2 diabetes, we found a grouped crude OR value of 2·35 (95 % CI (1·71, 2·98)). The pooled OR adjusted for age and sex was 2·60 (95 % CI (1·77, 3·42)). Finally, the OR adjusted for age, sex and BMI was 2·01 (95 % CI (1·39, 2·64)). The results of the meta-analyses showed a high prevalence of FA in individuals with type 2 diabetes and that the associations between these two conditions remained even after adjustment for age, sex and BMI, although with a high heterogeneity among individual estimates.

The complications related to voice prosthesis usage substantially affect the physical and social functioning of patients after total laryngectomy, which influences their quality of life. Leakage dysfunction is the most common, causing uncertainty and requiring unscheduled hospital visits. Our study was designed to estimate the benefit of regular versus leakage-related replacement of the voice prosthesis. Study Design. Randomized case-controlled trials. Setting. Tertiary hospital. The study included patients who underwent total laryngectomy with primary voice prosthesis insertion between 2020 and 2021 and were randomly assigned to one of two arms: regular exchange (REA) every 3 months or leakage-dependent exchange (LEA). The control treatment was continued for 12 months. The primary outcome measure was the comparison of complication rates in both arms, including periprosthetic leakage, granulation or atrophy of mucosa around the fistula, and dislocation of the prosthesis. The secondary outcome measures were the mean number of exchanges per year and patient satisfaction. Thirty-six patients continued the study according to the protocol, with 16 in REA and 20 in LEA. A total of 153 voice prostheses were replaced during the study period, including 98 in REA and 55 in LEA. Comparative analysis of REA and LEA revealed a significantly longer time between replacements in the LEA group (p = 0.023) and a significantly lower rate of complications in the REA group (p = 0.029). Periprosthetic leakage was the most common complication associated with the use of voice prostheses, occurring in 3.06% of patients in REA and 9.09% in LEA, but this difference was statistically insignificant (p = 0.137). The analysis of factors predisposing patients to leakage failure revealed that treatment schemes, concomitant diseases, dental conditions, and diet or alcohol consumption significantly affect the longevity of voice prostheses. The relative and absolute risks (RRR and ARR) of complications in the REA group were reduced by 69.39% and 13.88%, respectively. The number of replacements (NNTs) that should be performed in the REA scheme to prevent one complication over the LEA scheme is 721. The replacement of regular voice prostheses improved the overall complication rate over the scheme based on leakage demand; however, it did not yield superior benefits in terms of patient satisfaction or economic aspects. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04268459, identifier NCT04268459.

Considerable epidemiological studies have examined the correlation between polymorphic single-nucleotide variants (SNPs) in miRNA genes and colorectal carcinoma (CRC) risk, yielding inconsistent results. Herein, we sought to systematically investigate the association between miRNA-SNPs and CRC susceptibility by combined evaluation using pairwise and network meta-analysis, the FPRP analysis (false positive report probability), and the Thakkinstian's algorithm. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, WOS, and Cochrane Library databases were searched through May 2024 to find relevant association literatures. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed by the pairwise meta-analysis. Network meta-analysis and the Thakkinstian's method were applied for determining the potentially optimal genetic models; additionally, the FPRP was used to identify noteworthy associations. Totally, 39 case-control trials involving 18,028 CRC cases, and 21,816 normal participants were included in the study. Eleven SNPs within nine genes were examined for their predisposition to CRC. miR-27a (rs895819) was found to significantly increase CRC risk among overall population (OR 1.58, 95% CI: 1.32-1.89) and Asians (OR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.31-2.01), with the recessive models identified as the optimal models. Furthermore, miR-196a2 (rs11614913), miR-143/145 (rs41291957), and miR-34b/c (rs4938723) were significantly related to reduced CRC risk among Asian descendants under the optimal dominant (OR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.65-0.86), recessive (OR 0.72, 95% CI: 0.60-0.85), and recessive models (OR 0.69, 95% CI: 0.56-0.85), respectively. The results were also proposed by the network meta-analysis or the Thakkinstian's method and confirmed by the FPRP criterion. The miR-27a (rs895819) is correlated with elevated CRC risk among overall population and Asians, and the recessive model is found to be optimal for predicting CRC risk. Additionally, the miR-196a2 (rs11614913), miR-143/145 (rs41291957), and miR-34b/c (rs4938723), with the dominant, recessive, and recessive models identified as the optimal, might confer protective effects against CRC among Asians.

Background: Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is the third leading cause of acute pancreatitis responsible for up to 10% of cases. HTG pancreatitis is often more severe and complicated, with clinical presentation and diagnosis like other forms of acute pancreatitis. Management involves treating acute pancreatitis and reducing serum triglyceride (TG) levels below 500 mg/dl to prevent necrotizing pancreatitis. While plasmapheresis and other rapid reduction techniques exist, they are costly and less accessible in Africa. Insulin infusion, alone or with heparin, has shown potential in case studies for lowering TG, yet evidence is limited, with only one publication on their combined use. No studies have been published in Africa on using insulin alone for HTGP treatment. Case report: We report a case of a 30-year-old Ethiopian male smoker and alcoholic, who presented to the emergency department with severe epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting for one day. He was tachycardic, obese, and had a tender, distended abdomen. Laboratory tests revealed a serum TG level of 2205 mg/dL. An abdominal CT scan showed diffuse pancreatic swelling and minimal peripancreatic fluid. Diagnosed with HTG pancreatitis, he was treated with intravenous insulin alone and he was discharged without complications. Conclusion: Our findings, based on case-control trials and case reports, support the safety and efficacy of insulin therapy for HTG pancreatitis. In resource-limited countries like Africa, insulin is more accessible than treatments like plasmapheresis, helping to prevent complications. This report aims to enhance physicians’ understanding of insulin management and encourage further research in this area.

The combination of methimazole and propranolol is considered an effective treatment regimen for hyperthyroidism in clinical practice; however, detrimental effects on the heart rate, bone metabolism and thyroid hormone levels have been reported. Therefore, the present study aimed to systematically review the efficacy and safety differences in patients with hyperthyroidism and the effects of treatment on heart rate, bone metabolism, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels using case-control studies. Clinical case-control trials of methimazole combined with propranolol for the treatment of hyperthyroidism were selected from Chinese and English databases, and data were collected from the establishment of the database until August 2024. Two independent researchers evaluated the quality of the literature using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Meta-analysis of each effect index was performed using RevMan software (version 5.3), and the quality of the results was evaluated using the GRADE profiler system letter description method. Sixteen clinical case-control trials were included in this study. Of these, 2 trials exhibited NOS scores of 7, 6 trials exhibited NOS scores of 6, and 8 trials exhibited NOS scores of 5. These accounted for 12.5% of the high-quality literatures, and included 772 patients treated with methimazole combined with propranolol (observation group) and 771 patients treated with methimazole alone (control group). The results of the meta-analysis demonstrated that methimazole combined with propranolol improved the cure rate, the total effective rate, and heart rate, compared with the control group (P < .05). In addition, calcification, bone glutamate protein, free triiodothyronine, free tetraiodothyronine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone were significantly different between the 2 groups (P < .05). There were no significant differences in leukemia, headache, dizziness, skin pruritus, bone pain, arthralgia, or in improving parathyroid hormone or reducing gastrointestinal reactions between the 2 groups. The present study demonstrated that methimazole combined with propranolol may significantly improve the heart rate, bone metabolism and associated hormone levels in patients with hyperthyroidism, without significantly increasing the risk of adverse reactions. However, due to the impact of primary literature type, quality or research methods high-quality, multicenter, rigorously designed clinical trials are required for further verification.

Metoclopramide, a prokinetic antiemetic with activity at multiple receptor types, may be a useful treatment for renal colic pain. This review investigated whether metoclopramide is an effective analgesic in the management of adults with renal colic.Eligible studies were randomised, quasi-randomised or case-control trials of metoclopramide for the management renal colic pain. Electronic database searches were performed in November 2022. Screening was performed by two authors independently; disagreement was resolved by discussion or by adjudication by a third author. The Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool v2.0 was used to assess bias.Two studies were included, enrolling 279 patients. Heterogeneity of primary outcome measurement and comparators rendered meta-analysis inappropriate; a narrative review is presented. Both studies showed some evidence of analgesic effect. The largest study had a low risk of bias in all assessed domains, whilst the smaller study was at a high risk of bias.There is limited evidence that metoclopramide may be an effective analgesic in the management of renal colic, with the highest quality study demonstrating analgesic properties similar to an intravenous non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication.Protocol registration Prospero (CRD42022346618).

Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Infant: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne virus which globally affects around 79 million people and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Chronic infection leads to cirrhosis in a large proportion of patients and often causes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in people with cirrhosis. Of the 6 HCV genotypes (G1-G6), genotype-3 accounts for 17.9% of infections. HCV genotype-3 responds least well to directly-acting antivirals and patients with genotype-3 infection are at increased risk of HCC even if they do not have cirrhosis. To systematically review and critically appraise all risk factors for HCC secondary to HCV-G3 in all settings. Consequently, we studied possible risk factors for HCC due to HCV-G3 in the literature from 1946 to 2023. This systematic review aimed to synthesise existing and published studies of risk factors for HCC secondary to HCV genotype-3 and evaluate their strengths and limitations. We searched Web of Science, Medline, EMBASE, and CENTRAL for publications reporting risk factors for HCC due to HCV genotype-3 in all settings, 1946-2023. Four thousand one hundred and forty-four records were identified from the four databases with 260 records removed as duplicates. Three thousand eight hundred and eighty-four records were screened with 3514 excluded. Three hundred and seventy-one full-texts were assessed for eligibility with seven studies included for analysis. Of the seven studies, three studies were retrospective case-control trials, two retrospective cohort studies, one a prospective cohort study and one a cross-sectional study design. All were based in hospital settings with four in Pakistan, two in South Korea and one in the United States. The total number of participants were 9621 of which 167 developed HCC (1.7%). All seven studies found cirrhosis to be a risk factor for HCC secondary to HCV genotype-3 followed by higher age (five-studies), with two studies each showing male sex, high alpha feto-protein, directly-acting antivirals treatment and achievement of sustained virologic response as risk factors for developing HCC. Although, studies have shown that HCV genotype-3 infection is an independent risk factor for end-stage liver disease, HCC, and liver-related death, there is a lack of evidence for specific risk factors for HCC secondary to HCV genotype-3. Only cirrhosis and age have demonstrated an association; however, the number of studies is very small, and more research is required to investigate risk factors for HCC secondary to HCV genotype-3.

Introduction: In the management of displaced intraarticular calcaneus fractures, there are two options available: operative or nonoperative treatment. To establish a consensus, a number of randomized and case-controlled trials have been conducted. The aim of this analysis is to utilize the most reliable clinical evidence to provide recommendations for the optimal management of these injuries. Method: Using predetermined criteria, the authors conducted a search to identify relevant studies. After reaching a consensus among the authors, only prospective and randomized clinical trials were included. The methodological quality of the selected literature was evaluated using the Cochrane collaboration tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and the Newcastle Ottawa Score for prospective trials. The outcome measures included the Bohler angle, the SF-36, and the score on the visual analog scale. The significance level was set to.05 and the confidence intervals (CIs) were set to 95% using the RevMan, version 5.4 software. Result: Our analysis included 4 studies, in which 4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a total of 662 patients were included. The results indicated that the operative group demonstrated superior clinical outcomes in terms of VAS score, Bohler Angle, and SF-36. Nevertheless, there were no statistically significant differences between the efficacy of operative and non-operative treatments in regards to VAS score, Bohler angle, and SF-36. Conclusion: The current evidence suggests that operative treatment offers an advantage over non-operative treatment. It is important for patients to be informed that the available data supports better outcomes with operative treatment. However, in the case of older patients with low activity demands, there may not be a significant difference in outcomes between operative and non-operative treatment. Keywords: Operative, Non-operative, Intra-articular, Calcaneal, Fracture