In Canada, the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related head and neck cancer (HNC) is increasing. The role of multiple oral HPV infections in HNC etiology remains unclear, and evidence of HPV vaccination's effectiveness in reducing HNC incidence is limited. We investigated oral HPV co-infection patterns, estimated the association between multiple oral HPV infections and HNC risk, and the effect of eliminating vaccine-targeted HPV genotypes on HNC incidence. We used data from a case-control study with 460 incident HNC cases and 458 frequency-matched controls recruited from four Montreal hospitals. In-person interviews gathered life course exposure data, and exfoliated mouth and cancer site cells were analyzed for α-HPV genotypes using PCR. We assessed co-infecting α-HPV genotypes' independence using a Poisson model and estimated the association between multiple oral α-HPV infections and HNC risk using logistic regression. We also emulated a target trial, using targeted maximum likelihood estimation to evaluate the potential treatment effect of HPV vaccination on HNC. Among HPV-positive individuals (164 cases, 61 controls), 34.76% of cases and 31.15% of controls had multiple oral α-HPV infections. The observed distribution differed from expected under a mutually independent model of infection. Multiple α-HPV infections increased HNC risk [OR = 4.66; 95%CI: 2.59, 8.76]. In the entire population [average treatment effect = -0.007, 95%CI; -0.008, -0.005] and among individuals without vaccine-targeted HPV genotypes [average treatment effect on the treated = -0.04, 95%CI; -0.05, -0.03], HNC risk decreased. In conclusion, multiple oral α-HPV infections are common and increase HNC risk. Conversely, HPV vaccination holds promise in reducing HNC incidence.

Retraction Note: Fetal echocardiographic parameters in pregnancies complicated by diabetes: a case control study

Amino acids (AA) are crucial for fetal growth, but their associations are not fully understood. We examined the associations of plasma AAs in early pregnancy with fetal growth trajectories across pregnancy. 321 women from a GDM nested case-control study from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Fetal Growth Studies were enrolled at 10-14 gestational weeks. Ultrasound schedules were randomly assigned to estimate weekly fetal growth. Plasma concentrations of aromatic AAs, branched-chain AAs, and AAs involved in one-carbon metabolism were measured using blood samples collected at enrollment. We modeled fetal growth trajectories across AA tertiles with cubic splines using linear mixed models, accounting for major confounders; global differences were tested using log-likelihood ratio tests. Then, we performed weekly comparisons of fetal growth parameters between AA tertiles to evaluate the trajectory of fetal growth parameters. In global tests, AAs were associated with fetal growth trajectories. In weekly comparisons, for instance, women with the highest tertile of methionine had lower estimated fetal weight (EFW) and biparietal diameter (BPD) in mid-pregnancy (EFW at week 27: 992.65 vs. 1050.72g, p-value = 0.04, overall linear p-trend = 0.03; BPD at week 22: 51.90 vs. 54.06mm, p-value < 0.0001, overall linear p-trend = 0.007), compared to the lowest tertile. The highest tertile of tyrosine was associated with lower BPD in mid-to-late pregnancy (BPD at week 20: 46.38 vs. 48.26mm, p-value = 0.005, at week 31: 77.08 vs. 79.52mm, p-value = 0.005, overall linear p-trend = 0.02). Overall, plasma AAs were inversely related to subsequent fetal growth trajectories, with differences observed by AAs and gestational age. NCT00912132.

Accurate detection of tuberculosis (TB) treatment failure and recurrence can improve disease control, but current sputum-based monitoring tools pose significant limitations. This study aimed to identify sputum-independent biomarkers for detecting and predicting TB treatment failure and recurrence. Within the Pan-African TB Sequel study, we conducted a matched case-control study with 40 participants who had recurrent TB or treatment failure and 37 successfully treated controls matched by sex, age, and HIV status. Cases were classified as (a) non-converters with persistently positive sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) results during treatment, (b) reverters at the end of treatment (EOT), or (c) recurrence after EOT. Peripheral blood was collected at baseline, months 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12, and at suspected recurrence. MTB-specific T-cell activation markers (CD38, CD27, HLA-DR, Ki67) and transcriptomic signatures (Sweeney3, Risk6, MAMS6) were assessed and compared to the reference standard MTB culture and smear results. Here, we show that both MTB-specific T-cell activation and transcriptomic signatures detected non-conversion and TB recurrence at month 9 or 12 after treatment initiation. CD38 expression demonstrates 100% sensitive (95% CI: 56.6-100%) and 78% specific (95% CI: 56.5-99.4%) for detecting TB recurrence, with an AUC of 0.98 (95% CI: 91-100%). Among transcriptomic signatures, MAMS6, RISK6, and Sweeney3 achieve 75% sensitivity (95% CI: 50-100%) and 87-93% specificity (95% CI: MAMS6 0-100%, RISK6 0-93%, Sweeney3 0-100%), with comparable AUCs (0.78-0.83). Neither marker detected TB reversion at EOT. These sputum-independent biomarkers effectively identify TB disease, non-conversion and recurrence TB after EOT, whereas their utility in detecting TB reversion during treatment remains limited.

Background: The carcinogenic potential of cadmium has been suggested, but its association with endometrial cancer risk remains uncertain. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether cadmium exposure is associated with the risk of endometrial cancer. Methods: A thorough search of seven databases was conducted to identify observational studies published up to September 2025. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) tool were utilized to evaluate the quality of observational studies. The I2 statistic was calculated to assess heterogeneity among studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a random-effects model. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, and an assessment of publication bias were performed. Results: Eight studies involving 196,456 participants were included. Study quality assessment indicated that all included studies were of moderate or high quality. Overall, cadmium exposure was associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.07–1.50, I2 = 64.1%). Stronger associations were observed in case–control studies, European populations, and studies using blood or urinary cadmium biomarkers. The association remained significant in high-quality and adjusted analyses. Conclusions: The findings of this meta-analysis suggest a possible association between cadmium exposure and endometrial cancer risk. However, given the observational nature of the included studies, causality cannot be established. Further large-scale, well-designed prospective studies with standardized exposure assessment are needed to clarify this relationship.

Oral findings and oral health-related quality of life in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: a case-control study.

Association of serum Interleukin-6 with dysregulated lipid metabolism and nutritional status in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a case-control study.

Evaluation of Serum Levels of IL-17 and IL-22 in Leprosy: A Case-Control Study

Background: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common and potentially serious complication in elderly patients with hip fractures, as it may progress to pulmonary embolism. Despite advances in perioperative care, preoperative DVT remains an important clinical concern; therefore, in this study, we aimed to identify risk factors associated with preoperative DVT in elderly patients with hip fractures. Methods: A retrospective case–control study was conducted in patients aged &gt; 60 years with hip fractures who had undergone preoperative Doppler ultrasonography between January 2015 and August 2024, while patients with prior or chronic DVT or incomplete medical records were excluded. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected, and uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of preoperative DVT. Results: Of 669 eligible patients, 454 were included, and 23 (5.1%) were diagnosed with preoperative DVT. The mean age of the whole cohort was 79.5 years, and 70.7% were female. Univariate analysis revealed that thirteen predictors with p &lt; 0.1 were associated with preoperative DVT, while through multivariate analysis, we identified four independent predictors: female sex (p = 0.02), active smoking (p = 0.01), Wells’ score ≥ 2 (p = 0.01), and elevated platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (p = 0.05). The model demonstrated good discriminative performance, with an AUC of 0.81. Conclusions: Preoperative DVT remains clinically significant in elderly patients with hip fractures. Female sex, active smoking, higher Wells’ score, and elevated PLR are independent predictors of this condition, so incorporating these factors into preoperative assessment may improve risk stratification and optimize Doppler ultrasonography use.

The Relationship Between Varicocele and Lower Extremity Chronic Venous Insufficiency: A Population-Based Case-Control Study

This hospital-based study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary omega-3 (DHA, EPA) and omega-6 (linoleic acid) fatty acid intake and sleep quality in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), addressing gaps in research on habitual (non-supplemental) intake patterns and their associations with sleep disturbances in this high-risk population. A case-control study included 193 hospitalized participants, divided into with sleep impairment (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI ≥5) and without sleep impairment (PSQI <5) groups. Dietary intake was assessed via a validated 14-item food frequency questionnaire incorporating local food profiles. Sleep quality was measured using the PSQI. Logistic regression models evaluated associations between fatty acid intake thresholds and sleep impairment risk. Sleep-impaired individuals exhibited significantly lower marine ω-3 intake: DHA (284.5 vs 884.8 mg/d, P <.001) and EPA (134.7 vs 405.2 mg/d, P <.001). Adjusted models revealed consistent associations: DHA intake <583.1 mg/d increased sleep impairment risk by 2.81-fold (95% CI:1.61-4.92, P = .006), while EPA <269.3 mg/d conferred 1.99-fold higher risk (95% CI:1.05-3.75, P = .012). Total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (OR = 1.62, P = .182) and linoleic acid intake (OR = 1.79, P = .842) showed no significant associations. Insufficient marine ω-3 intake, particularly DHA and EPA, is a modifiable risk factor for sleep impairment in older adults with diabetes.

Background Mentalizing deficits have been observed across various psychiatric disorders, but there is currently no systematic review or meta-analysis about the differences of mentalizing performance in patients with somatic symptom disorder (SSD) compared to non-clinical or clinical controls. The aim of the present paper is to fill this gap. Method A systematic search of databases, including Embase, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PsycInfo, Psyndex, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science, OpenGrey and Open Doar was conducted up to June 2025. Results Altogether 3,796 records were identified and screened according to the PRISMA guidelines. Ten cross-sectional case-controls studies in patients with SSD and controls (12 publications, N = 314) were found eligible for our review, out of which nine studies were included in our meta-analysis. High risk of bias and modest methodological quality was found in the majority of the studies using the AHRQ method. SSD patients demonstrated significant impairments in mentalizing in general as well as in mentalizing about cognitive and affective states ( p = 0.001) compared to non-clinical controls. A homogeneous effect of undermentalizing ( p = 0.007) was observed compared to non-clinical controls, though no significant mentalizing differences were found between the observed patient group and patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Conclusion Patients with SSD exhibit reduced mentalizing performance compared to non-clinical controls, but no mentalizing deficit could be shown compared to those with MDD or PTSD, likely due to the limited number and methodological heterogeneity of relevant studies. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=462714

Background: Diabetic neuropathy is considered the most common prevalent microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, manifested by progressive nerve destruction resulting from metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms. The role of IL-39 as a novel pro-inflammatory mediator in diabetic neuropathy has not been clarified yet. Objective: To assess serum levels of IL-39 and evaluate its clinical diagnostic performance in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Methods: This case-control study recruited patients with diabetic neuropathy and healthy controls. Metabolic, glycemic, lipid, and insulin resistance parameters were assessed. Diagnostic accuracy assessed by serum levels of IL-39 measuring and ROC curve analysis was conducted. Results: High IL-39 levels of significance were recorded in diabetic neuropathy patients compared with healthy controls (P &lt; 0.001). The result of ROC curve analysis shows high diagnostic accuracy, indicating strong discriminatory ability

Objective Conventional biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) only have a ~70% sensitivity, making early diagnosis difficult. With its high concentration in synovial fluid, the 14-3-3η protein is a promising new biomarker for the early identification of RA in Chinese people. Methods In this case-control study, 90 disease controls, 110 healthy controls, 72 established RA patients, and 56 early RA patients were enrolled. The 14-3-3η protein’s diagnostic performance was evaluated utilizing ROC curve analysis in comparison to anti-CCP antibodies, RF, CRP, IgM, and ESR. To control for confounding variables, multivariable logistic regression models that were adjusted for sex and age were used. Results 14-3-3η showed exceptional diagnostic performance, with AUC ≥0.85 for both early and developed RA. In early RA, anti-CCP demonstrated better specificity (96.4%) and a positive likelihood ratio (21.2%), while 14-3-3η had the highest sensitivity (88.1%) and the lowest negative likelihood ratio (0.14). There were no significant associations between 14-3-3η and traditional markers (P&amp;gt;0.05) according to Spearman correlation analysis. Conclusions 14-3-3η protein serves as an independent and highly sensitive biomarker for early RA diagnosis, particularly valuable for ruling out disease. These biomarkers, combined with the high specificity of anti-CCP, provide supplementary diagnostic benefits for complete early RA assessment.

Oxidative stress is a key driver of sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF), a molecular defect increasingly identified in men with idiopathic infertility, even when standard semen parameters appear normal. Dietary carbohydrate quality and glycemic properties may modulate oxidative stress, but their relationship with sperm DNA integrity remains underexplored. To examine the association between dietary glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), carbohydrate quality index (CQI), and low-carbohydrate diet score (LCDS) with the odds of elevated sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) in men with unexplained infertility. In this case-control study, 300 Iranian men aged 18-50 years (150 with DFI > 30% and 150 with DFI < 20%) were recruited from a fertility clinic. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire. GI, GL, CQI, and LCDS were calculated. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, BMI, physical activity, energy intake, fat intake, income, smoking, and infertility history were used to assess associations. Men with higher CQI and LCDS had significantly lower odds of high sperm DNA fragmentation. Specifically, higher tertiles of CQI (Adjusted OR for highest vs. lowest tertile: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.20-0.89; P = 0.023) and LCDS (Adjusted OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.10-0.39; P < 0.001) were inversely associated with DFI. No significant associations were observed for GI and GL after multivariable adjustments. Higher dietary carbohydrate quality and adherence to a lower carbohydrate dietary pattern showed an inverse association with sperm DNA damage in men with unexplained infertility. These findings suggest a potential link between carbohydrate-related dietary patterns and sperm genomic integrity, but causal relationships cannot be inferred from this observational study.

The effect of continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) with regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) on bone mineral disease of acute kidney injury-disease (AKI-D) has not been well studied. We designed a case-control study to evaluate osteopenia and mineral balance markers in prolonged CKRT with RCA. Cases were patients with AKI-D on CKRT with RCA; controls were patients immobilized ≥ 28days, matched with propensity scoring. Data collected at day 0, 14, and 28. Two blinded radiologists independently evaluated for osteopenia/fractures. Osteopenia in cases was higher at day 14 (20/53 cases vs. 10/49 controls, p 0.05), and day 28 (21/53 cases vs. 11/49 controls, p 0.06). Younger age, CKRT, gastrointestinal/liver comorbidity increased the odds of osteopenia in cases and controls. Citrate rate adjusted for blood flow had higher odds of day 28 osteopenia. New fractures were higher in cases (13/53) than controls (3/49) (p 0.01). Younger age and osteopenia at baseline, day 14, and 28 had higher odds of fractures in cases. There was moderate agreement among radiologists for osteopenia (Kappa 0.62). This is an important comparative study in children with AKI-D on prolonged CKRT and bone complications. Increased fractures and osteopenia were noted in children undergoing prolonged CKRT compared to immobilization alone. Increased risk of fractures was associated with the presence/persistence of osteopenia and younger age. Further research is needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms and optimize management strategies for osteopenia and fractures in patients receiving prolonged CKRT.

Introduction: Prematurity remains a leading cause of long-term neurodevelopmental disability, with cerebral palsy (CP) being one of the most severe motor outcomes. Cranial ultrasound (cUS) is a primary, non-invasive neuroimaging tool in the neonatal intensive care unit for detecting brain injuries prevalent in preterm infants, such as intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Establishing the strength and consistency of the relationship between specific cUS findings and subsequent CP risk is critical for prognosis, early intervention, and guiding clinical management (Romero-Guzman &amp; López-Muñoz, 2017; O’Shea, 2016). Methods: This systematic review synthesized evidence from 80 studies, including cohort studies, case-control studies, and meta-analyses. The population comprised premature infants (&lt;37 weeks gestation). Studies were included if they involved cUS examination, assessed CP diagnosis with clear criteria, and included follow-up to at least 12 months corrected age. Data extraction focused on premature population characteristics, specific cUS abnormalities, CP assessment methods, quantitative ultrasound-CP associations, and confounding factors (Linsell et al., 2016). Results: The analysis revealed a strong, hierarchical association between cUS abnormalities and CP risk. Cystic PVL showed the strongest association (Odds Ratio [OR] up to 70.9), followed by non-cystic PVL (Relative Risk [RR] 9.27), and severe IVH (Grade III-IV; OR 3.1-3.4). A normal cUS had a high predictive value (99%) for a normal or mildly abnormal MRI. Key risk factors like chorioamnionitis, lower gestational age, and postnatal dexamethasone exposure were significantly linked to both cUS abnormalities and CP. Intervention studies indicated that early treatment for post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD) and antenatal corticosteroids improved neurodevelopmental outcomes (Gotardo et al., 2019; Hirtz et al., 2015; Cizmeci et al., 2020). Discussion: The heterogeneity in effect estimates across studies is attributable to population differences (e.g., extremely preterm vs. late preterm), timing and technique of cUS assessment, variations in CP outcome definitions, and methodological quality. The evidence confirms that cUS is a valuable prognostic tool, particularly for severe white matter injury and hemorrhage. However, its predictive accuracy is context-dependent, being highest in the most vulnerable infants. The mediating role of cUS-detectable injury in treatment effects (e.g., magnesium sulfate) underscores its importance in understanding pathways to CP (Guillot et al., 2020; Villamor-Martínez et al., 2019). Conclusion: Specific cUS findings, especially cystic PVL and high-grade IVH, are significant predictors of CP risk in preterm infants. Serial cUS screening, particularly at ~1 week and term-equivalent age, is recommended for high-risk infants. Prognostic counseling should consider both the strong reassurance offered by a normal scan and the nuanced interpretation of abnormal findings, acknowledging other contributing risk factors. Future research should prioritize standardized imaging protocols, longitudinal designs with long-term follow-up, and the integration of cUS with advanced imaging modalities for improved prediction.

Background: Pulmonary inflammation is a widely recognized characteristic of active tuberculosis (TB). Although standard TB treatment is effective, a substantial proportion of mycobacteriologically cured TB patients experience persistent pulmonary inflammation, which can lead to long-term lung impairment, post-tuberculosis lung disease (PTLD) and potentially TB recurrence. Methods: We conducted a case–control study to compare host serum biomarker profiles in individuals with minimal (TLG &lt; 50 SUVbw*mL, n = 37) versus extensive (TLG ≥ 50 SUVbw*mL, n = 34) persistent lung inflammation following completion of standard drug-sensitive TB treatment. Lung inflammation was measured by 18F-FDG PET/CT scan using total lung glycolysis (TLG) as a surrogate marker. All participants had negative sputum cultures at four months of TB treatment, and blood samples were collected at treatment completion (month six). A Luminex® multiplex assay performed on the Bio-Plex® 200 platform was used to analyze 48 host serum biomarkers involved in cytokine/chemokine signaling. Results: Following multiple t-test analysis, fifteen biomarkers were significantly elevated (p &lt; 0.05) in participants with extensive persistent lung inflammation compared to those with minimal inflammation. Among these, 14 demonstrated potential as discriminatory markers, with area under the curve (AUC) values ranging from 0.707 to 0.806, sensitivities ranging from 47.06% to 73.53%, and specificities ranging from 70.27% to 83.78%. Notably, 13 of these 16 candidate biomarkers significantly correlated with TLG values, further supporting their potential clinical utility. Conclusion: We report associations between serum inflammatory mediators and persistent pulmonary inflammation following mycobacterial clearance in TB patients, highlighting their potential as diagnostic biomarkers that could potentially meet the target product profile (TPP) criteria.

Emissary veins (EVs) are common incidental radiological findings, and enlarged EVs have been associated with the development of pulsatile tinnitus (PT). The purpose of this study is to further investigate the prevalence and characteristics of EVs in patients with and without PT. We conducted a case-control study of consecutive patients with PT and age- and sex-matched controls who received imaging (primarily CTA, CTV, and MRI) between February 2018 and February 2022. Radiological evaluation was performed by two neuroradiologists and EVs measurements were performed at the point of maximal diameter. For statistical analyses, Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare vein diameters, and Fisher's exact test was used to compare vein frequencies. Condylar and mastoid emissary veins of any diameter were less frequently observed in patients with PT than controls (66% vs. 78%; p < 0.01). The median diameter of mastoid emissary veins (MEVs) was significantly greater in the PT cohort (1 [IQR 1-2] mm vs. 1 [1-1] mm; p < 0.01) but there was no difference in median condylar emissary vein (CEV) diameter (3 [2-4] mm vs. 2 [2-3.5] mm; p = 0.64). Dilated CEVs (≥ 5mm, 11% vs. 4%; p = 0.02) and MEVs (≥ 2mm, 30% vs. 13%; p < 0.01) were more common in patients with PT. In both the PT and control cohorts, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of dilated EVs in patients with and without significant internal jugular stenosis (IJVS), transverse sinus stenosis (TSS). Additionally, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of dilated EVs in patients with and without idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in the PT cohort. Dilated CEVs and MEVs were more common in patients with PT compared to controls, while the overall prevalence of CEVs/MEVs was lower in the control cohort.There was no association between the prevalence of dilated EVs and the presence of significant IJVS or TSS in patients with PT or controls.

Aim: to determine iron metabolism parameters in the blood of pregnant women with different preeclampsia (РЕ) phenotypes. Materials and Methods. A single-center prospective comparative case-control study was conducted that assessed clinical, anamnestic, laboratory, and instrumental data of 95 pregnant women, divided into two groups: the main group (70 pregnant women with diagnosed early- and late-onset PE) and control group (25 women of similar age without significant extragenital and gynecological pathology, without PE) with a favorable outcome of pregnancy and childbirth. The analysis was conducted in main group depending on PE manifestation. It was found that in main group 19/70 (27.1 %) pregnant women were with early PE; 16/19 (84.2 %) of them had severe PE with fetal growth restriction (FGR), the remaining 3/19 (15.8 %) women had moderate PE without FGR. Late PE manifestation was observed in 51/70 (72.9 %) pregnant women; 6/51 (11.8 %) had severe PE with FGR, 45/51 (88.2 %) had moderate PE. In late-onset PE, one FGR case was identified at 35 +5 weeks of gestation. In main group, 23 (32.9 %) observations with PE and FGR were found. Iron metabolism parameters (hemoglobin level and erythrocyte characteristics, serum iron content, transferrin, ferritin, latent iron-binding capacity of blood serum, haptoglobin, soluble transferrin receptors and hepcidin 25) were studied thoroughly in patients with early- and late-onset PE. Results. The ambiguity and divergence of iron metabolism parameters in developing early- and late-onset PE were demonstrated. Among women with subsequent manifestation of both early- and late-onset PE at the onset of the second trimester of pregnancy, 8/70 (11.4 %) patients received iron therapy. Our results indicate not detected iron deficiency, but rather a completely different value for iron metabolism markers in PE pathogenesis. In particular, in early-onset PE, the ferritin level was 3.46 times higher than that of in the second trimester of uncomplicated pregnancy, whereas in late-onset PE, it was 5.78 times higher than in the third trimester in control group. In early-onset PE, the level of transferrin receptors was 1.78 mg/L vs. 0.75 mg/L in women with uncomplicated pregnancy at the same time, which is 2.37 times higher. In late-onset PE, the level of receptors was 1.93 mg/L, which is 1.72 times higher than in the third trimester of uncomplicated pregnancy. The haptoglobin level in early-onset PE was 102.4 mg/dL vs. 65.5 mg/L in the second trimester of uncomplicated pregnancy, which is 1.56 times higher. In late-onset pregnancy, the haptoglobin level was 134.5 mg/dL vs. 46.3 mg/dL in the third trimester of uncomplicated pregnancy, which is 2.9 times higher. The difference in iron metabolism parameters in pregnant women with FGR vs. uncomplicated pregnancy peaked, with level of soluble transferrin receptors, which amounted to 2.09 mg/L and was 26.7 % higher than in PE without FGR most informative. Conclusion. PЕ is associated with iron imbalance, characterized by maternal iron overload and relative fetal iron deficiency due to placental dysfunction. It cautions to widely use iron supplements and emphasizes the need for a personalized treatment approach. Thus, our findings contribute to our understanding multifaceted PE pathogenesis and revisiting both its diagnostic and prognostic markers, which may aid in risk stratification for early-onset and late-onset PE.