Traditional Cartography Research Articles

From the margins of Geographical Information Systems: Limitations, challenges, and proposals

Some of the most exciting progress to address central limitations in GIS is currently originating from the margins of cartographic traditions. This article explores the potential of a proactive engagement with mapping technologies from peripheral positions, such as humanist, feminist, decolonial, queer, and black perspectives, to overcome what we identify as five intrinsic challenges of GIS: the representation of place; emotions; scales; time and change; and relational approaches. The proposals deal with specific concerns that do not fit in existing GISystems and suggest how a creative engagement with mapping technologies further expands our understanding of what GIS could be.

Topic Particles, Agreement, and Movement in an Arabic Dialect

The dialect of North Hail, a variety of Najdi Arabic, has a set of sentence-initial particles marking topics of various kinds that correspond to those argued by Frascarelli and Hinterhölzl (2007) to be characteristic of Italian and German: Shift-Topic, Contrastive Topic, and Familiar Topic. In their work, as in much other work in the cartographic tradition, a hierarchy of abstract topic heads is postulated in the C-domain, which host the topical phrases as specifiers. In North Hail Arabic, the topic heads are overt, realized as particles. Some of the topic heads mark topics by attraction to the C-domain; other particles mark topics by ϕ-feature agreement. The particles in the C-domain agree in ϕ-features with a TP-internal DP, subject or object. Analyzed in terms of Agree (Chomsky 2001, 2008), arguments and adverbials are assigned particular topic values either by agreement or by movement. The particles thus provide evidence that topicality can be a syntactic feature, inherent in lexical items (the particles) and assigned to constituents by operations familiar from standard syntactic relations like subject agreement and case. The theory articulated observes the Inclusiveness Condition, known to be a problem for the cartographic theory of topic and focus.

Machines as mapmakers and map users: key questions to ponder upon?

Abstract. This article explores the convergence of cartography and robotic mapping, addressing key challenges and opportunities that arise as machines increasingly serve as both mapmakers and map users. The author investigates three critical questions: (1) how to best represent geographical data and maps for machines, (2) what dynamic information about our environment should be made readily available to machines, and (3) which ethical, religious, and cultural norms should be considered for autonomous entities. By addressing these questions, the author aims to facilitate the development of geospatial data representation, management, and analysis for autonomous systems, while ensuring harmonious coexistence with humans. In the scope of this paper, author tries to propose an approach to bridge the gap between traditional cartography and the emerging needs of machines as user and makers by building common ground through cross-disciplinary collaboration, joint research groups, and the development of common standards and frameworks. In this proposal, particularly by using design thinking approach, an event-mapping principle, as an approach that represents spatial information as events, is highlighted as a promising common framework for integrating static and dynamic spatial information. Since, event-based mapping and models can improve the representation of geographical data for machines, enabling them to better understand the environment and make informed decisions in complex and dynamic contexts. This convergence will ultimately transform the way we think about maps and geographical information systems in the age of machines.

A METHODOLOGY FOR CAVE FLOOR BASEMAP SYNTHESIS FROM POINT CLOUD DATA: A CASE STUDY OF SLAM-BASED LIDAR AT LAS CUEVAS, BELIZE

Abstract. Creating cave maps is an essential part of cave research. Traditional cartographic efforts are extremely time consuming and subjective, motivating the development of new techniques using terrestrial lidar scanners and mobile lidar systems. However, processing the large point clouds from these scanners to produce detailed, yet manageable “maps” remains a challenge. In this work, we present a methodology for synthesizing a basemap representing the cave floor from large scale point clouds, based on a case study of a SLAM-based lidar data acquisition from a cave system in the archaeological site of Las Cuevas, Belize. In 4 days of fieldwork, the 335 m length of the cave system was scanned, resulting in a point cloud of 4.1 billion points, with 1.6 billion points classified as part of the cave floor. This point cloud was processed to produce a basemap that can be used in GIS, where natural and anthropogenic features are clearly visible and can be traced to create accurate 2D maps similar to traditional cartography.

Mapping the Amazon: Literary Geography After the Rubber Boom by Amanda M. Smith

Reviewed by: Mapping the Amazon: Literary Geography After the Rubber Boom by Amanda M. Smith Charlotte Rogers KEYWORDS Amazonia, Cartography, Maps, Environmental Humanities, Literature, Literary Criticism, Latin America amanda m. smith. Mapping the Amazon: Literary Geography After the Rubber Boom. Liverpool UP, 2021, 248 pp. The drama of getting lost in the jungle has long been a driving force of fiction about the South American wilderness. While "losing oneself" is often glossed as a psychological and even existential crisis in literary studies, Amanda M. Smith's Mapping the Amazon: Literary Geography After the Rubber Boom approaches the phenomenon from a more prosaically literal yet equally enriching perspective. Mapping the Amazon examines five canonical novels set in the tropical forests of South America by José Eustasio Rivera, Rómulo Gallegos, Mario Vargas Llosa, César Calvo, and Márcio Souza. Smith proposes that each author creates a literary geography that signals the insufficiency of traditional cartography to represent Amazonia while simultaneously presenting an imagined landscape that has real consequences for the region's ecologies, peoples, and cultures. This important contribution to Amazonian literary studies deftly builds a theoretical bridge between geocriticism and the environmental humanities. Smith incisively identifies a tension central to her corpus of texts, namely the gulf between what Gallegos called the "geografía muerta" of cartography and the [End Page 115] "geografía viva" of the forest (68). One episode from Rivera's La vorágine perfectly crystallizes this dichotomy: the coyly named character Clemente Silva gets lost attempting to navigate the forest according to existing maps of Amazonia, only to later save himself through an attentiveness to the Canaguche palm, whose orientation indicates the direction of the sun. Smith neatly traces the cartographic impulse to the extractive industries that have cyclically ravaged the region, while conversely illustrating how Silva's successful multispecies wayfinding draws on Indigenous lore. This contrast informs the entire volume, as Smith guides her reader through the ways in which each author grapples with the histories of extractivism and its effects on Indigenous cultures, at times denouncing industrial depredations and at others unexpectedly reinforcing them. Smith's lively syntheses of geocriticism and discourses of extractivism in the introduction will be highly useful to budding scholars—in fact, I have already passed Mapping the Amazon along to several of my PhD students at the University of Virginia. The book sidesteps the broader history of mapping the Amazon in previous centuries to make room for a deep dive into the rubber boom and its afterlives, including impressive archival research and fieldwork undertaken in Colombia and Peru. Smith's definition of extractivism begins with a tight focus on rubber and other physical materials in Gallegos and Rivera, and it expands over the course of the volume to include literary and spiritual extractivism in the works of Vargas Llosa, Calvo, and Souza. Chapter 1, "Reading Maps with La vorágine," interprets the demise of Rivera's famous protagonist Arturo Cova as a cautionary tale of the perils of "cartographic delusion," which Smith defines as "the blind overreliance on maps that are necessarily incomplete," in contrast to Clemente Silva's ability to survive by respecting Indigenous and more-than-human perspectives (44). The twin highlights of chapter 2 are Smith's insights on how debates about education in Venezuela inform Gallegos's Canaima and her pathbreaking reading of the much-analyzed "Tormenta" scene as an interspecies shamanic experience for the main character, Marcos Vargas. Smith's discussion of the Canaima National Park in Venezuela puts her in a fruitful dialogue with the work of Victoria Saramago while also featuring the unjust repercussions of "writing over Carib meanings" in the literary canon and South American societies today. Chapter 3 accuses Mario Vargas Llosa of "openly flaunt[ing] his instrumentalization of Amazonian cultural geography to write and sell books" (102). In line with many leftist diatribes against the Peruvian Nobel laureate, Smith excoriates Vargas Llosa for his involvement with the Summer Institute of Linguistics and his selective mapping of Amazonia in La casa verde, La historia de secreta de una novela, and other works. Chapter 4 is perhaps the most radical in the book for its study of the ayahuasca boom...

Marginal Geography: Pedagogical Design in Medieval Commentaries on Classical Poems

This article explores the nature and significance of geographical diagrams in medieval commentaries on classical Roman poems. It situates these diagrams within larger conversations about cartographic traditions and the pedagogical contexts for which these diagrams were originally designed. Modern scholars have only begun to address these geographical diagrams in histories of cartography, but not in textual studies. In surveying a range of ninth- to fifteenth-century manuscripts especially of Lucan's poetry, the article uncovers the sources of geographical diagrams that recur in cartography, encyclopedias, and other pedagogical tools, illustrating how medieval academics developed paratexts to shape an extensive program of geographical explication. Geographical diagrams and other textual annotations accompanying classical poems established a distinct pedagogical strand of cartography that served medieval students’ training in Latin composition and understanding of the ancient world.

Аспургиане: 500 стадиев между Фанагорией и Горгиппией

In the ancient literary and cartographic tradition, the mention of the Aspourgians goes back to the information of Strabo (XI. 2, 11; XII. 3, 29), who considered them one of the Meotian tribes, who lived “near” (περὶ) Sindica “in the space of 500 stadia between Phanagoria and Gorgippia. This mention of Aspourgians is connected solely with the fact that in 8 BC. they captured and killed the Roman henchman on the Bosporan throne – Polemo I. In addition, the ethnonym "Aspourgians" appears in Bosporan epigraphic documents of the 3rd century AD, where the nomenclature of the official who controlled the administrative-territorial region is noted – ὁ ἐπὶ τῶν Ἀσπουργιανῶν (CIRB 36, 1246=1248). In historiography, there are many conflicting points of view on the origin, character and historical role of the Aspourgians. However, the prevailing opinion is that the name "Aspourgians" is associated with the name of King Aspourgos (they supported him against Polemo), although Aspourgos is not mentioned in Strabo, and various researchers start his reign attributed to 8 BC. before 14 AD (now confirmed by a new epigraphic monument terminus ante quem – 6/7 AD). At the same time, recognizing the Aspourgians as "barbarians", most scientists consider them not a separate tribe (or its faction), but military settlers (katoikoi) endowed with land in the service of the Bosporan kings, who defended the eastern borders of the state. The author of this article, relying on modern ideas about the paleogeography of the region, an analysis of the administrative-territorial division of the Asian Bosporus and archaeological evidence (both settlements and necropolises), tried to clarify the ideas about the habitat of aspourgians, the chronology of events associated with their appearance in the Bosporus. This made it possible to abandon a number of outdated views and remove some imaginary contradictions between different points of view on the origin and place of the Aspourgians in Bosporan history. Strabo’s “Ἀσπουργιανοί” should be understood as representatives of the Meoto-Sarmatian world settled by the Bosporan kings in the region of the modern region of Anapa-Novorossiysk in order to defend the southeastern borders of the state. These military settlers supported the legitimate heir to the Bosporan throne, Aspurgos, in his struggle against Polemo I, after which they received the name “aspourgianoi”. The compact area of inhabitancy of the “supporters of Aspurg” constituted a special administrative district of the Asian Bosporos, which was ruled by “governors of the <area> aspourgianoi” (οἱ ἐπὶ τῶν Ἀσπουργιανῶν).

MAPS AND IMAGERY: A HYBRID MODEL FOR ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CAVE SITES

Mapping is one of the most fundamental and important enterprises for cave archaeologists not only for research, but integral to cave management and heritage preservation. Using traditional cartography techniques is often a tedious and long-term project involving numerous field seasons and thousands of measurements. Capturing 3D spaces using these 2D techniques is clunky and often unsatisfying when recording features or chambers that align and overlap vertically. Due to the complexity of the spaces, accuracy is often sacrificed in the interest of time and traditionally cave features are "sketched" even in the best-case scenarios when measurements are collected from stations or physical baselines. New technologies allow archaeologists to rapidly collect 3-dimensional spatial data at an unprecedented level of accuracy. Employing a case study from Belize, we illustrate a methodological advancement in map-making using LiDAR imagery.

The Cartography of Kallihirua?: Reassessing Indigenous Mapmaking and Arctic Encounters

This article examines a cartographic encounter that took place in 1850 between Kallihirua, a member of Inughuit community of Northern Greenland, and members of the British Admiralty. Drawing on recent literatures that critically assess histories of indigenous mapping, the article explores the troubling circumstances that surrounded this encounter and analyses two maps which were produced as a result. Informed by ongoing debates pertaining to the decolonization of geographical knowledge, the article also reflects critically upon the extent to which historical indigenous cosmologies were commensurate with non-indigenous cartographic traditions and thus reassesses the motivations that lay behind the production and circulation of these maps. The article thus concludes by arguing that while Kallihirua certainly did contribute various types of geographical knowledge during this encounter, to label him as the sole author of these maps would be a problematic act of “cartographic ventriloquism.”

Sclavonien op de kaert: Slavonia through the eyes of Dutch cartographers of the first half of the eighteenth century

This study seeks to find out in what ways the Dutch cartographers of the first half of the eighteenth century depicted the region of Slavonia. Although it is generally known that the Low Countries represented the centre of cartography especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, little attention has been paid to the Dutch cartographic tradition of the eighteenth century in relation to the Croatian lands. Since the Dutch had less practical knowledge about the Southeastern European bordering region of Slavonia, this research reveals how their cartographers adhered to their original cartographic tradition and how they dealt with the deficiency of direct verifiable information, especially regarding significant cartographic changes of the time. This transdisciplinary analysis thus compares selected Dutch and Habsburg maps, the latter being based on more accurate information and even military engineers’ surveys of Slavonia. The further comparison with the French mapping mode, being similarly “distant” and/or politically less interested in Slavonia like the Dutch, aims to offer a wider picture.

ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ НОВОЙ ФУНКЦИИ КАРТОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ, ПРЕДСТАВЛЕННЫХ В МОБИЛЬНЫХ УСТРОЙСТВАХ

The article is devoted to the issue of identifying new features of map images in mobile devices. It examines the features of the perception of cartographic images and geospatial information. The analy-sis and generalization of various types of perception by the main modality and by the form of exist-ence of matter from the point of view of the information perceived by the user is carried out. The classification of perception properties is considered and the application of perception properties in tra-ditional cartography and mobile maps is correlated. Mobile devices make it possible to implement car-tographic applications taking into account various types and properties of perception for the purpose of transmitting geospatial information. In this regard, we can speek about the expansion of the func-tion of cartographic images, as figurative and iconic models of reality, on mobile devices, the carto-graphic image in mobile devices, acquires a new function associated with the map sign, this is the map management function.

"Ground Truth in the Loam:" Literary Mapping as Emancipation

In the late 19th century, Ida B. Wells, a black woman from the South, urged international powers to put American racism on the map (Alderman & Inwood, 2021). She used quantitative data to display lynching sites in her famous essay, “Lynching and the Excuse for It,” written in response to Janny Addams article urging readers to give lynchers the benefit of the doubt. Ida B. Wells’ work may be the most notable example of counter - mapping, a cartographic practice that challenges institutional power by leveraging social data for activism. Countermapping is a discipline emerging from critical cartography in which individuals subvert traditional cartography by producing maps that provide alternative perspectives. Inspired by antiracist counter - mapping practices, this paper expands the notion of a map to reimagine not only the phenomena that should be mapped, but the cartographic form itself. Expanding the idea of what constitutes a map is in and of itself emancipatory, say some critical cartographic scholars (Alderman, 2021). I examine the novels, Under the Feet of Jesus by Helena Maria Viramontes and Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison, to understand how authors configure and reconfigure space to confront injustices such as racism and exploitation.

The effect of the Cold War era on maps for public use in the Eastern Bloc countries: Tourist maps

Abstract. Cartography of the Cold War era was very characteristic in the Eastern Bloc countries. The abnormal secrecy instructions forced by military cartographic authorities (following the Soviet advisors) influenced the making of all kinds of large- and medium-scale cartographic products for public use. Most of these maps were somehow distorted, although it was not easy to implement the technology of distortions developed by cartographers in the analogue map production era in the early 1960s. Tourist maps are expected to be created using topographic maps, but the access to classified topographic maps (both civilian and military) was limited for civilian users (even for civilian national mapping agencies, at least in the early years of the Cold War era). The tourist maps of this era were quite different from country to country in the Eastern Bloc, partly due to their cartographic traditions and to the relationships between the military and civilian cartography even influenced by the users’ demands.

Courtier and Seeing-Man: Differences in Europeans’ Roles in East Asian and Central American Societies as Reflected through Maps

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the maps of East Asia and Central America drawn by Europeans between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, and illustrates the distinctions in the roles of Europeans in these two civilizations through the investigation of cartographic differences. In the initial stage of Europeans’ entry into East Asia and Central America, the local maps have both the characteristics and techniques of the outsiders and the insiders, reflecting the distinct scene of the encounter of civilizations. In the process of localization, the map system of East Asia deconstructed European cartography, the original purpose of early Europeans entering China was digested by Chinese society, and their role changed from missionary to royal courtier. European cartography deconstructed and colonized the traditional cartography of Central America, which corresponds to the history that Europeans gradually became the rulers of indigenous people in real life.

FEATURES OF GENERALIZATION OF LINEAR HYDROGRAPHIC OBJECTS USING GIS TECHNOLOGIES

To regulate the land relations of water fund lands, high-quality cartographic and geodetic materials are needed, which would make it possible to reproduce the real situation with sufficient completeness and detail. Studies of the structure of the river network are of great economic importance for solving the problems of rational use and protection of water resources. There are 63,119 rivers and streams (linear objects of hydrography) on the territory of Ukraine. The riverbeds are the most dynamic geographical objects, they are constantly shifting. In 30-50 years, the river can move a distance equal to the width of the channel or more. One of the ways to assess the level of aging of maps is directly related to changes in the quantitative characteristics of the contours of the area. Due to the unsatisfactory level of provision of cartographic materials, non-compliance with the deadlines for creating and updating topographic maps on the territory of Ukraine, aging and inconsistency with the current state of about 70% of topographic maps of all scales for more than 15 years. Often cartographic materials are heterogeneous in age not only for individual regions, but even the territory of one district. Web-mapping as an innovative direction of traditional cartography requires not only a single method of creation, but also the visualization of objects of the cartographic basis when changing the scale. Generalization based on valid scientific principles allows to obtain a new cartographic image. GIS-technologies as a possible tool for generalization - the main approach among cartographers and users of GIS-tools in the process of automation of traditional generalization. Finding out the peculiarities of generalization with the involvement of GIS technologies suggests that this process is not fully automated.

Lost Maps of the Caliphs: Drawing the World in Eleventh-Century Cairo by Yossef Rapoport and Emilie Savage-Smith

Reviewed by: Lost Maps of the Caliphs: Drawing the World in Eleventh-Century Cairo by Yossef Rapoport and Emilie Savage-Smith Pinar Emiralioğlu Lost Maps of the Caliphs: Drawing the World in Eleventh-Century Cairo. By yossef rapoport and emilie savage-smith. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019. iii + 349 pp. ISBN 978-0-226-54088-7. $55.00 (hardcover). In this outstanding study on an illustrated copy of the Book of Curiosities from eleventh-century Cairo, Rapoport and Savage-Smith open a window into the global vision, cartographic, and geographic knowledge as well as political and economic aspirations of the Muslim world. With an intricately weaved analysis, the authors come to the conclusion that the Book of Curiosities was composed most probably by a military man, who consulted Greek as well as Persian, Indian, and Coptic geographical and cartographical knowledge. In doing so, he composed one of the greatest achievements of medieval mapmaking and showcased the integral role that the Mediterranean Sea played for political and economic ambitions of the Islamic civilization which had its roots in the desert. Lost Maps of the Caliphs is organized thematically assessing the contents of the Book of Curiosities in ten chapters. Chapter One by Emilie Savage-Smith eloquently narrates the discovery of the treatise, which is illustrated with unique maps and diagrams, and its journey from the Christie's auction house in London to the Bodleian Library in Oxford. In Chapter Two titled "Macrocosm to Microcosm," Savage-Smith analyzes the book one of the manuscript that deals with the sky and its influence on the Earth. She contextualizes this volume within the eleventh-century Fatimid Egypt's political and religious ideologies and knowledge on "folk astronomy" and astrology. Savage-Smith shows that the author of the Book of Curiosities combined Hermetic, Coptic, Greek, and Bedouin nontechnical literature and lore in demonstrating what happens in the Heavens impact what happens on the Earth. The audience for this work was mainly nonscholars and the author accomplished to present his nonscholarly but educated audience "the ever-present influence of the macrocosm upon the microcosm" in an easily accessible and graphic manner (p. 70). In Chapters Three through Ten, Yossef Rapoport discusses a select number of maps and diagrams embellishing the second volume of the Book of Curiosities, titled "On the Earth." Chapter Three focuses on the rectangular world map, which is the earliest surviving example of a world map displaying a calibrated scale bar. Rapoport argues that this particular map combined the Helenistic tradition of mathematical geography and cartographic tradition of the tenth century Balkhi [End Page 550] School, which focused on the abstract schematic itinerary (pp. 78, 96). While the first tradition determined the framework, the second influenced the interior of the map. In Chapter Four, Rapoport draws our attention to the map of the Nile, which appears to be a variant of al-Khwarazmi's map of the Nile. Here, Rapoport traces how new information acquired by Muslim travelers and geographers was incorporated into an overall Ptolemaic framework of mathematical geography. In fact, the incorporation and adaptation of new knowledge into the Hellenistic and other pre-Islamic traditions of map making is one of the recurrent themes of Rapoport and Savage-Smith's argument connecting different maps and diagrams together. In Chapters Five, Six, and Seven, Rapoport evaluates the maps and diagrams of the Mediterranean, the islands of Cyprus and Sicily, and the cities of Mahdia and Tunis. In these chapters, Rapoport reaches to three conclusions that are fundamental to our understanding of the Fatimid rule in Egypt and its geographical and imperial vision of the Mediterranean. First, Rapoport demonstrates that these precompass depictions of the Mediterranean and various locations around the Mediterranean focused exclusively on anchorages, harbors, and bays and ignored the inland topography (pp. 137, 142, 152). This leads the author to conclude that these precompass maps and diagrams were the earliest depictions of the Mediterranean drawn from the perspective of seamen and naval commanders. As such, these depictions of the Mediterranean served as visual representations of "Fatimid power in the Mediterranean from the perspective of a loyal Fatimid court official" (p. 155). Second, focusing exclusively on the defenses of...

Cartografia Participativa aplicada ao Desenho Ambiental

Este artigo faz uma associação entre a cartografia social e o desenho ambiental. A cartografia social traz novas contribuições à cartografia tradicional, quebrando o paradigma de que os mapas devam ser feitos apenas pelos órgãos governamentais e institucionais, buscando fazer com que as pessoas produzam seus próprios mapas, sendo estes então, críticos e participativos. O mapeamento participativo tem uma função social, na medida em que auxilia na gestão do território, identificando os seus usos tradicionais, conflitos, fragilidades, potencialidades e empoderando esses indivíduos, por estimulá-los a agir sobre o território para transformá-lo ou assegurar seus direitos sobre ele. O objetivo desse trabalho é mostrar como as metodologias participativas estudadas, intituladas mapeamento participativo e mapeamento afetivo, podem contribuir para o desenho ambiental nas suas instâncias iniciais visando à participação popular no planejamento urbano, na medida em que suas visões sobre o território são organizadas, articuladas e dialogadas com a comunidade ou com agentes externos ou através de iniciativas próprias de transformação da realidade vivida. A metodologia aplicada nesse artigo foi a de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, com o intuito de estabelecer um panorama da construção do desenho ambiental de modo participativo através do mapeamento participativo e dos mapas afetivos. No recorte da área de estudo foram selecionadas experiências em que a cartografia social foi utilizada como apoio para sensibilização da comunidade e princípio das atividades de desenho ambiental no meio urbano.

Diálogos entre Geografia e Ciências Sociais: Região, Regionalidade e América Latina e Caribe

O presente artigo propõe desenvolver uma reflexão crítica a partir da Geografia e das Ciências Sociais Latino-Americanas, acerca da relação entre dinâmicas regionais e as categorias de análise geográfica e regional América Latina e Caribe. O objetivo é analisar a possível insuficiência do universalismo europeu sobre as nomenclaturas América Latina e Caribe frente a particularidades culturais, territoriais e processos sociais contra-hegemônicos. O método qualitativo norteará a metodologia baseada na interpretação de materiais bibliográficos clássicos e contemporâneos para analisar outras alternativas de regionalização deslocadas do essencialismo econômico, colonial e imperialista da cartografia tradicional. Acreditamos em outras linguagens possíveis de distintas cartografias conforme diferentes regionalizações do continente, baseados em aspectos históricos, críticas teóricas, fluxos migratórios, populações étnico-raciais, distribuição sócioespacial de grupos econômicos e aspectos político-ideológicos.
 Palavras-chave: Geografia, Ciências Sociais, Região, América Latina.

CARTOGRAFIAS SUBVERSIVAS E AS POSSIBILIDADES DE DIÁLOGO COM A (GEO)POLÍTICA:

Este texto busca apresentar a cartografia subversiva como metodologia utilizada nas aulas de Cartografia no curso de licenciatura em Geografia da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar/Sorocaba), ressaltando sua contribuição para a formação cidadã e interdisciplinar, bem como para o protagonismo e emancipação do indivíduo. Ao questionar as bases da cartografia tradicional e ao mesmo tempo refletir sobre as ideologias e os objetivos das representações cartográficas, a cartografia subversiva permite inúmeras possibilidades de diálogo interdisciplinares e temáticos, partindo do conhecimento do indivíduo para a interpretação das dinâmicas contemporâneas, ligadas dentre outros fatores à (geo)política. Palavras-chave Geografia, (Geo)política, Cartografia subversiva, Mapa

Digital mapping of geological events in European Seas

Geological mapping has been fundamental in understanding Earth history and in gathering information necessary to tackle land-use related problems. In recent decades, digital mapping and database criteria have provided additional contributions to traditional cartography management.The Geological Survey of Italy is involved in the EMODnet Geology Project, which promotes the collection and harmonization of marine geological data in European Seas, to be represented on digital maps at multiple scales, accessible online through a dedicated Portal. Data are subdivided into Work Packages (WP) dealing with different features. The Geological Survey of Italy has contributed constructively to the realization of geological datasets and leads the WP Geological Events and Probabilities with the aim to identify and map significant earthquakes, submarine landslides, volcanic centers, tectonics, tsunamis and fluid emissions occurring in European Seas.In order to provide harmonized European digital maps, the process of WP6 deliverable production was subdivided into several phases: Guidelines elaboration, data collection, harmonization, data processing and implementation.The activity resulted in the collection of a large amount of data which are displayed on the Portal. A few examples are provided to illustrate digital maps and how to browse through them and use data contained in the attached database.