Problems Of Carrying Capacity Research Articles

Changing perspectives of international second home tourists towards recreational activities in Türkiye

Study Objective: This study aims to empirically analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in international second residence tourists' perspective on recreational activities and their recreational experiences.Methodology/approach: An empirical qualitative perspective was adopted in the study. Online surveys were sent to a total of 500 international second residence tourists in Alanya/Turkey. Analyzes were made on the 430 response data returned.Orginality/value: Recreational areas are extremely important in the destination selection of international second home tourists’. There is a gap in studies focusing on changes in their recreational experiences during the pandemic. For the sustainability of the demand for second homes in the destination, it is necessary to follow the changes experienced during the pandemic process and to make provision for negativities. The study compares the purposes of participating in recreational activities of international second home tourists before the pandemic and during the pandemic period. It also comparatively analyzes the level of participation in indoor, outdoor and virtual recreational activities before the pandemic and during the pandemic period.Main results: Study results confirmed that the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the recreational activities in which second residence tourists participated.While the pandemic has reduced the interest in indoor activities, it has also increased the interest in outdoor and virtual activities significantly. Theoretical/methodological contributions: The pandemic process has not yet been fully clarified. Thus, the black swan theory remains valid for the Pandemic Process. The results of this study provide an understanding of the effects of COVID-19 specific to the experiences of international second residence tourists. The results of this study will guide the ongoing studies on second homes. Social/management contributions: In the new normal process, the demand for recreation areas has increased. Thus, carrying capacity problems arose. As a result, the destination satisfaction of international second home tourists may decrease and may decide to leave the destination. Locals who cannot use recreational areas may feel displaced. It must be taken into account that the pandemic has brought xenophobia to the agenda. Local governments should definitely make a new plan for the use of recreational areas in order to prevent possible conflicts between international second home tourists and local people.

Modeling the load carrying capacity of corroded reinforced concrete compression bending members using explainable machine learning

Corrosion of reinforcement can lead to a decrease in the load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete structures and affect their safety. Therefore, accurate evaluation of the ultimate load carrying capacity is crucial for the maintenance and reinforcement of corroded reinforced concrete structures. In this paper, based on experimental research data of 192 corroded reinforced concrete compression bending members, data-driven analysis was conducted using ANN, SVM, RF, and AdaBoost algorithms to establish the relationship between the influencing factors of the load carrying capacity and their ultimate load carrying capacity. The input variables include the section width of the member, section height of the member, length of member, yield strength of reinforcement, diameter of longitudinal reinforcement, compressive strength of concrete, thickness of concrete cover, hoop diameter, original eccentricity, corrosion rate and the ultimate load carrying capacity is the output variable. Additionally, this study innovatively utilizes the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method to enhance the interpretability of the ML models, overcoming the "black box" issue associated with ML methods. Furthermore, the performance of the ML models is compared with theoretical formulas. The results indicate that the ML models exhibit good predictive performance, with higher accuracy than thetheoretical calculation formulas. And the predictive performance of ensemble learning models (RF, AdaBoost) is better than that of single learning models (ANN, SVM). The newly developed hybrid ML model is likely to become a new choice for dealing with the load carrying capacity problem of corroded reinforced concrete compression bending members.

Impact of urbanization on construction material consumption: A global analysis

AbstractUrbanization is considered a main driver of building material consumption. Nevertheless, statements on links between urbanization and resource consumption remain qualitative. This study aims to globally quantify the links between urbanization and non‐metallic mineral resource consumption at the level of nations. Based on hypotheses, we have investigated the relationship between construction material consumption and urbanization and further impact variables. Data were examined using descriptive and analytical statistical methods, by developing step‐by‐step regression models and representing them in a path diagram. The results show that urbanization alone does not adequately explain consumption of construction materials. Prosperity has a strong impact, too, but also does not have sufficient explanatory power in itself. Only the combination of both variables reveals their complex interrelationships. In principle, more prosperous societies consume more construction materials than less prosperous ones, regardless of the degree of urbanization. With low prosperity, however, material consumption per capita rises with increasing urbanization; with high prosperity, the effect is reversed. Developed societies are the problem today. However, with increasing urbanization and prosperity, dynamically growing societies will dramatically exacerbate the carrying capacity problem in the future. Then again, this is by no means inevitable. Rather, the key is to move from linear to consistently circular models of urbanization. These models must be comprehensive and spatially specified in order to develop sufficient clout in terms of effective resource protection through “circular urbanization.”

Impact of Population Growth in the Central Coastal Zone of Chile: Factors for Estimating Tourism Carrying Capacity Based on the Case Study of One Latin American Seaside Resort

El Quisco is a district and popular seaside resort on the coast of Chile that has suffered the effects of the growing demand for second homes and tourism activities. The district has the fourth highest influx of a floating population in the region, which has had numerous impacts on the district at several levels. The objective of this article is to examine the issue of carrying capacity in Chile and its public management at the local level. To this end, this research developed an exploratory and instrumental case study. Carrying capacity problems were first identified in the existing literature. This information was subsequently complemented with more local information by means of: analysis of territorial planning instruments (TPIs) relating to the district; participative workshops with municipal government stakeholders; and, lastly, confirmation of the problems identified through correlation analysis of available historical data. The main result of this research was the determination of carrying capacity issues in El Quisco. This broadly coincides with indications from the existing literature and TPIs, while factors identified by local stakeholders are territory-specific, giving rise to new measurement variables. It was possible, in turn, to rule out certain carrying capacity issues perceived by the community.

Quantile Dependence in Tourism Demand Time Series: Evidence in the Southern Italy Market

Travel and tourism is an important economic activity in most countries around the world. In 2018, international tourist arrivals grew 5% to reach the 1.4 billion mark and at the same time export earnings generated by tourism have grown to USD 1.7 trillion. The rapid growth of the tourism industry has globally attracted the interest of researchers for a long time. The literature has tried to model tourism demand to analyze the effects of different factors and predict the future behavior of the demand. Forecasting of tourism demand is crucial not only for academia but for tourism industries too, especially in line with the principles of sustainable tourism. The hospitality branch is an important part of the tourism industry and accurate passenger flow forecasting is a key link in the governance of the resources of a destination or in revenue management systems. In this context, the paper studies the interdependence of tourism demand in one of the main Italian tourist destinations, the Campania region, using a quantile-on-quantile approach between overall and specific tourism demand. Data are represented by monthly arrivals and nights spent by residents and non-residents in hotels and complementary accommodations from January 2008 to December 2018. The results of the analysis show that the hotel-accommodation component of the tourism demand appears to be more vulnerable than extra-hotel accommodation component to the fluctuations of the overall tourism demand and this feature is more evident for the arrivals than for nights spent. Moreover, the dependence on high quantiles suggests strategy of diversification or market segmentation to avoid overtourism phenomena and/or carrying capacity problems. Conversely, dependence on low quantiles suggests the use of push strategies to stimulate tourism demand. Finally, the results suggest that it could be very useful if the stakeholders of the tourism sector in Campania focused their attention on the collaboration theory.

Examining the spatiotemporal change of forest resource carrying capacity of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China.

Rapid urbanization and the excessive human harvesting of forests have led to a continuous decline in the carrying capacity of forests in China. As a result, quantitative means of measuring forest resource carrying capacity are greatly needed, with a view to identifying problem areas and their causes and formulating effective response strategies. This paper puts forward a framework and methodology for constructing a forest resource carrying capacity index (FRCCI). To do this, we first calculate a forest ecological security index (FESI), using an evaluation index system. Ideal FESI values are then simulated by introducing a forest ecological location coefficient (FELC), and the FRCCI is obtained as the difference between the ideal FESI and the FESI. The study considers the 1086 counties that compose the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China, using forest and socioeconomic data for 2015. The resulting FRCCI values indicate that the forests of Yunnan province are generally in a state of "no overload," while Sichuan, Guizhou, Chongqing, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces occupied a state of "critical overload" and Anhui and Jiangsu provinces experienced "general overload." The spatial pattern of the FRCCI in the study region presented significant centralization, with high FRCCI values mainly clustered in areas in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and low FRCCI values mainly clustered in areas in the midstream and downstream reaches of the River. The study identifies 416 counties identified as forest carrying capacity problem areas (38.31% of the study area); these areas were mainly concentrated in Shanghai and Anhui province. We argue that a number of measures would be helpful in improving FRCCI values, including promoting the forest state index by strengthening reforestation as well as afforestation, reducing the external pressure on forests by means of energy saving and emission reduction strategies, and formulating comprehensive policy measures to promote the carrying capacity of forests in the whole study area and in the problem areas.

An Investigating the SWOT Analysis of Cultural Tourism Heritage for Sustainable Tourism Development: The Case of LALIBELA Rock Hewn Churches, World Heritage Site, Ethiopia

Yearly, many nations try to inscribe their heritages under the list of world heritage site for the ensuring the sustainable tourism development. However there is a big problem of examining the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats on the heritages for sustainable tourism development. The main objectives of his study are to inculcate the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of cultural tourism heritage for sustainable tourism development in the case of world heritage site, Lalibela. To undertake this study, descriptive research was employed. The target populations were, the tour guides, the local communities, the hotel and tourism experts, religious fathers and tourists. Twenty one respondents were chosen through purposive sampling. The data instruments used were filed observation, in-depth- interview through telephoning and face to face and document review. The findings proved that strengths like the Lalibela cross, unique festivals, quality accommodation establishments, indigenous culture, 11 rock hewn churches, spectacular topography. Weaknesses are coordination problem, lack of professionals, sufficient budget problem, and lack of concern form UNESCO. Opportunities are government attention, to be pride, foreign exchange, developing awareness. Threats are carrying capacity problem, globalization, dependency on tourism, political instability. Thus, the stakeholders at the Lalibela destinations should try to identify minimize and solve the weakness threats and use the strengths and opportunities to ensure the sustainable tourism development at the destination.

LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF SPATIAL PLATE STRUCTURES

A load carrying capacity problem of plate spatial structures is considered. The transversal loading is uniformly distributed. The kinematical method of limit equilibrium theory is applied in the form of the yield lines theory. Three possible smash forms are studied. All estimations are got in the closed form. Necessary comparisons are done

A Study on the Practical Carrying Capacity of Large High-Speed Railway Stations considering Train Set Utilization

Methods for solving the carrying capacity problem for High-Speed Railways (HSRs) have received increasing attention in the literature in the last few years. As important nodes in the High-Speed Railway (HSR) network, large stations are usually the carrying capacity bottlenecks of the entire network due to the presence of multiple connections in different directions and the complexity of train operations at these stations. This paper focuses on solving the station carrying capacity problem and considers train set utilization constraints, which are important influencing factors that have rarely been studied by previous researchers. An integer linear programming model is built, and the CPLEX v12.2 software is used to solve the model. The proposed approach is tested on a real-world case study of the Beijing South Railway Station (BS), which is one of the busiest and most complex stations in China. Studies of the impacts of different train set utilization constraints on the practical station carrying capacity are carried out, and some suggestions are then presented for enhancing the practical carrying capacity. Contrast tests indicate that both the efficiency of the solving process and the quality of the solution show huge breakthroughs compared with the heuristic approach.

Productivity factors of the Finnish semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer t.tarandus) stock during the 1990s

<p>Intensive reindeer grazing and the increase of other land use forms have caused a decline in the amount of arboreal (Alectoria, Bryoria spp.) and reindeer (Cladina spp.) lichens in the Finnish reindeer management area during the last few decades. Supplementary feeding of reindeer has increasingly compensated for the lack of natural winter fodder. The amount of the supplementary feeding and the quantity and quality of summer pastures should therefore have an increasing effect on the productivity of reindeer stock. In order to outline better the present carrying capacity problems on pastures in the Finnish reindeer management area we focused some of the most important productivity factors of Finnish reindeer stock from 1993 to 1999. The results showed that the productivity of reindeer stock in Finland was dependent especially on two main elements: amount of reindeer feeding and reindeer densities on summer pastures. Winter pastures had no clear effect on productivity when analysing the entire management area. High productivity figures in reindeer stock (calf production, carcass mass and meat production per reindeer) were reached in the management districts where winter feeding was the most abundant, reindeer densities relatively low and summer pastures abundant. An increase in reindeer density on summer pastures raised meat production per total summer pasture area but decreased carcass mass of reindeer calves and meat production per reindeer. It seems that the fundamental factor for keeping the reindeer stock productivity sustainable at a high enough level is to optimize the longterm reindeer densities on pastures. Summer pastures may gradually become a limiting factor for reindeer stock productivity in some areas if overgrazed and decreased winter pastures are only compensated for by winter feeding of reindeer.</p><p> </p>

Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research

Abstract Crowding is one of the most frequently studied phenomena in the outdoor recreation literature, but almost all the research focuses on single populations or settings and individual‐level analysis. The present study uses comparative analysis of aggregate data to explore questions that single studies cannot answer. Data come from more than 17,000 individuals in 35 studies of 59 different settings or activities located throughout the northeast, midwest, and northwest United States and New Zealand. All the studies used the same single‐item measure to assess visitor judgments of crowding. Dividing the nine‐point response scale to reflect the percentage of respondents reporting some degree of crowding produced a single crowding rating for each setting. Crowding scores ranged from 12 to 100%, with a mean of 57% (standard deviation, 22%). The analyses suggest that crowding varies by time, resource availability, accessibility and convenience, and management strategy. Factors that did not affect crowding included the region of the United States in which the study was done, the type of activity studied (consumptive or nonconsumptive), and the methodology used to collect the data (on‐site survey or mailed questionnaire). To extend earlier work we also reassessed efforts to use aggregate crowding ratings to identify areas with potential carrying capacity problems. On the basis of the large number of studies done and our experience with the settings in which they were conducted, we developed five classifications ranging from high use‐high impact areas, which are probably operating well over capacity, to low use‐low impact areas, where management or natural factors actively limit use to provide low‐density experiences. Because of the simplicity of this scale and its usefulness for comparative analysis, we urge investigators to use it in other studies so that the database can be expanded.

MODELING CARRYING CAPACITIES FOR BIVALVE MOLLUSCS IN OPEN, SUSPENDED‐CULTURE SYSTEMS

AbstractStandard accounting procedures in ecological energetics would approach the carrying capacity problem by attempting to quantify gross energy needs of a cultivated population and comparing these with “available” energy (seston) flow through the culture area. Inability to distinguish between “available” and “utilizable” particles is only one of several difficulties encountered in formulating energy budgets for large‐scale cultivation in natural waters, however. A model based on maintaining critical levels of particle flow through culture areas is offered as an alternative. This approach reduces the problem to terms which are easier to obtain than those involved in equations of energy flow. Application of the model depends on a priori knowledge that seasonal patterns in seston composition and other environmental conditions are conducive to growth of the cultivated species.