Carpio Fingerlings Research Articles

Survival, growth and body composition of Cyprinus carpio under different levels of temperature and salinity

Cyprinus carpio fingerlings were taken to measure acute toxicity in a set of four concentrations with three acclimation in triplicate of rock salt at 35 °C temperature which was prepared in the glass aquaria of each having dimensions 30L × 30W × 45H cm (40.5 liters water capacity) for 96hrs. Five fishes were stocked in each aquarium. Observations on fish mortality in all aquaria was observed and recorded for 2 months to determine the salinity effect on growth parameters. Important physico-chemical parameters of aquaria water, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids and chloride were observed using professional meter (HANNA HI 9828). Rate of mortality was increased with the increase of salt and temperature. The statistical analysis of variance of pH and pH (mV) differences was highly significant among salt and time while less significant among temperature values.

Ecotoxicological impacts of isoprothiolane on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio fingerlings: a multi-biomarker assessment

Extensive use of fungicides in agriculture has led to the detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems and organisms even at very low concentrations. In this respect, the present study was aimed to investigate the impact of environmentally relevant concentrations of fungicide isoprothiolane (2.7 and 27 µg/L; reported concentration in Yung San River, Korea) on a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio for a short-term period of 96 h using various biomarkers such as hematological, ionoregulatory, biochemical, and enzymological parameters. At both concentrations, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell, serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, and gill Na+/K+-ATPase levels were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in fish treated with isoprothiolane. Contrastingly, white blood cell, serum sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−), and albumin levels were increased (p < 0.05). However, the short-term exposure of isoprothiolane in carp resulted in slight alterations in mean cellular volume, mean cellular hemoglobin, mean cellular hemoglobin concentration, serum potassium (K+), protein, globulin, and alkaline phosphatase levels. The present study concludes that alterations of hematological, ionoregulatory, biochemical, and enzymological parameters can be used as efficient biomarkers in monitoring the toxicity of isoprothiolane as well as other pesticides in aquatic organisms. Further, more detailed studies on using of specific biomarkers to monitor the long-term effects of isoprothiolane are needed.

The effects of bioactive feed additives for the production parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings in intensive recirculating system

For the appropriate quantity and quality of fish meat the pond farmers need to use up to date nutrition and feeding technologies. Recently the intensification of the carp production is stepping up with the availability the proper quality of the artificial feeds. The using of different feed additives make a better feed conservation ratio, faster growing rates and more uniform stocks.&#x0D; In our experiment what is made with common carp (duration of the experiment was 8 weeks long) we compared two different kinds of feed additives in different doses. One of them contains only natural mineral elements and the other additive is a natural origin probiotics. Both additives were used in the quantity of 0.5, 1 and 2% of the total feed. By the result of the 8 weeks experiment it could be said, that the using of the humic acid based mineral elements feed additive. Makes a better FCR comparing with the control stock, but was not as good as the using of the probiotics. At the humic acid treatments the more doses, the better FCR value, but at the probiotics it wasn’t true. The 0.5% probiotic treatment gave the best result. It is concluded that the using of the probiotic feed additives always gave a better performance of the fishes (average weight, biomass, FCR) than the humic acid treatments. The using of the feed additives hasn’t got an influence for the survival rate of the carps.

Effects of Vitamin E and Riboflavin (B2) and their Combination on Growth and Survival of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio Fingerlings

Effects of Vitamin E and Riboflavin (B2) and their Combination on Growth and Survival of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio Fingerlings

Enzymatic and biochemical changes in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.) fingerlings exposed to crude leaf extract of Cannabis sativa (L.)

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of different concentrations of leaf extract of Cannabis sativa (C. sativa) on the biochemical changes and level of alterations in the enzymatic activities in serum, liver and gill of common carp, Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. MethodsThe fish specimens were exposed to sublethal concentrations (1.88, 3.75, 7.50, 15.00 and 30.00 mg/L) of crude leaf extract of C. sativa over a period of 56 d in a static renewable bioassay. The biomarkers studied were alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and total protein in the gill, liver and serum while aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase bilirubin, total bilirubin, albumin, urea acid and cholesterol were determined in the serum only. ResultsStatistical significant differences (P<0.05) were found in all the biochemical parameters of the gills, liver and serum in all the experimental fish exposed to C. sativa compared with the controls. Phytochemical analysis of the leaves of C. sativa revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, resins, terpins and steroids. ConclusionsThe investigation revealed that prolonged exposure of Cyprinus carpio fingerlings to crude leaf extract of C. sativa cumulated to stressful conditions in the fish. Further investigation should be conducted on the molecular mechanisms of these parameters on the biochemical and enzymatic activities as their mode operations are not well studied in fish.

Biochemical Parameters of Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) Exposed to Crude Leaf Extract of Cannabis Sativa

The effect of sub-lethal concentrations (1.88, 3.75, 7.50, 15.00 and 30.00 mg/L) of crude leaf extract of Cannabis sativa was determined in the plasma, liver and gill biochemical parameters of Common carp, Cyprinus carpio (mean weight of 15.05±0.05g) after 56-day exposure period in static renewable bioassay system. During the experiment, some physicochemical parameters were monitored while at the end of the experiment, the selected biochemical parameters were determined in the plasma, liver and gill of the test fish. The biochemical parameters determined were alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total protein (TP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, total bilirubin (TB), albumin (ALB), urea acid (UA) and cholesterol (CHOL). The monitored pH showed significant difference (p 0.05) in C. sativa test set-ups compared to the control during the experimental period. There were significant difference (p<0.05) in some of the determined biochemical parameters of the test fish exposed to C. sativa compared to the control. Therefore, it can be deduce from the study that prolonged exposure of C. carpio fingerlings to crude leaf extract of C. sativa affected some determined biochemical parameters in the tissue/organs of the test fish.

Effect of dietary administration of letrozole and tamoxifen on gonadal development, sex differentiation and biochemical changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The effect of letrozole and tamoxifen on the specific growth rate (SGR; % day(-1)), gonado-somatic index (GSI), total haemoglobin (g%), gonadal and serum protein as well as lipid, sex differentiation and 17β-oestradiol levels were studied in sexually undifferentiated Cyprinus carpio fingerlings 30 days post fertilisation (30 dpf) for 60 days. Results showed decreased GSI with tamoxifen treatment whereas letrozole increased it. There were reduced protein, lipid, triglyceride and cholesterol levels after treatment with tamoxifen and letrozole during gonadal development. Tamoxifen (200mgkg(-1) feed) induced 82.5% masculinisation, whereas letrozole in the same dose produced 98.5% males. Gonadal 17β-oestradiol significantly declined from 86.0±1.41pg per 100mg (control) to 45.5±1.94pg per 100mg with tamoxifen and 36.0±0.72pg per 100mg with letrozole treatment. Similarly, serum 17β-oestradiol levels also decreased after tamoxifen and letrozole treatments. Testicular development in 37.8% of fish treated with tamoxifen and letrozole was found to be more advanced (spermatocytes) than in the control (spermatogonium); however, there was reduced ovarian growth and increased atresia. It was concluded that letrozole and tamoxifen both significantly affect sex differentiation and gonadal maturity in C. carpio leading to the production of sex-reversed males, yet the effect of letrozole was more potent.

Effect of L-Carnitine on the Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings growth and some of Blood Parameters

Effect of L-Carnitine on the Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings growth and some of Blood Parameters

Protective effects of basil (Ocimum basilicum) ethanolic extract supplementation diets against experimentalAeromonas hydrophilainfection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

This study evaluated the effects of basil (Ocimum basilicum) leaves extract supplement on growth, blood parameters and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. Basil leaves were mixed thoroughly with feed at 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 mg kg−1 of diet and were fed in triplicate group for 2 months. At the end of this period, growth performance and survival were determined. Then fish were challenged intraperitoneally with A. hydrophila and mortalities were recorded up to 10 days post challenge. Results indicated that WBC, RBC, Ht, Hb, total protein, albumin and globulin were higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed diets containing O. basilicum compared with the control. Highest specific growth rate values were observed in 400 mg kg−1 group. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fingerlings fed 400 and 800 mg O. basilicum kg−1 dry diet. After 10 days post challenge, total protein, WBC, RBC and Hb were significantly higher in 400 mg kg−1 compared with other groups. These results reveal that a dietary O. basilicum leaves extract of 400 mg kg−1 fed for 60 days leads to increased growth performance and survival rate as well as improved feeding efficiency in common carp fingerlings rendering them more resistant against infection by A. hydrophila.

Characterization and Nutritional Quality of Formic Acid Silage Developed from Marine Fishery Waste and their Potential Utilization as Feed Stuff for Common Carp Cyprinus carpio Fingerlings

The present study was undertaken to bring out a cost effective feed from fish silage for promoting growth in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. For this, acid silages were prepared using fishery wastes supplemented with three different concentrations (2, 2.5 and 3%) of formic acid and fermented for 30 days. During fermentation, the physicochemical parameters and aerobic plate count of silage products were estimated for 30 days at an interval of 10 days. Results indicated that pH, dry matter, ash, protein contents and aerobic plate count showed a declining trend during ensilaging day's interval. However, lipid and mineral contents were gradually increased up to 30th day. After 30 days of fermentation, the amino acids and vitamins were quantitatively as well as qualitatively ascertained in all silages. Further, the individual silage products were used as one of the major ingredients to prepare formulated diets (E1: 2%; E2: 2.5% and E3: 3%). The prepared diets were fed to C. carpio fingerlings for 45 days and the growth promoting efficacy of the diets was tested. From the results it was understood that, 2% acid silage diet had higher weight gain (2.38g), SGR (1.49%) and significant increase in biochemical constituents than other diets fed fish

Effect of partially replacing fish meal with honey locust seed (Gleditsia triacanthos) on growth, feed utilisation and body composition of mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio, fingerlings

Honey locust seed (HLS) (Gleditsia triacanthos) was evaluated as a partial replacement for fish meal (FM) in Cyprinus carpio fingerlings diets formulated to contain 38% crude protein, 13% lipid and 19.9 MJ/kg gross energy. An 60-day feeding trial was conducted in a recirculation system aquarium. HLS was included in the diets at different levels (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 g raw and 100, 200, 300 and 400 g heat-treated for diets Control, Rw1, Rw2, Rw3, Rw4 Ht1, Ht2, Ht3 and Ht4, respectively) and FM was replaced by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of HLS (raw and heat-treated). The fish were handfed daily at of 3% of their body weight during the experiment. Diet had a significant effect on the growth performance. Heat treatment increased the inclusion level of HLS. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) among fish fed diets Control, Rw1, Rw2, HT1, HT2 and HT3 in terms of growth performance. Fish fed diets containing higher levels (>30%) of raw HLS seed had significantly lower whole body fat content. Raw and heat-treated HLS has potential as an alternative feed ingredient. These results show that up to 20% Raw HLS can be used to replace 10% of FM in diets for mirror carp. However, HLS should be heat-treated if inclusion rates are to exceed 20% of the diet.

English

The&nbsp;effect of nickel on hematological parameters and behaviour in&nbsp;Cyprinus carpioafter a 96 h exposure to nickel test was investigated.&nbsp;Cyprinus carpio&nbsp;fingerlings were obtained from local fish hatchery. Morphometric characteristics of experimental fish were recorded. Fish of both sexes were stocked without discrimination. The fish were exposed to different concentrations (0, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 mg/l) of nickel sulphate using standard screening procedure. The mortality rate of the experimental fish was increased with increase in concentration of nickel. The 96 h median lethal concentration (96 h LC50) was 12.44 mg Ni/L&nbsp;using the logarithmic method with dose-mortality regression line y = 188.224x &ndash; 86.52. The dissolved oxygen concentration decreased with increase in the level of Ni.&nbsp;All the blood parameters (erythrocyte, leucocytes, hematocrit and hemoglobin count) decreased with increasing dose of nickel and become significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) at higher concentration when compared with the control. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were also lowered with concentration of toxicant when compared with&nbsp;the&nbsp;control.&nbsp;The results of the present study showed that a short-term exposures to high levels of nickel induced stress reactions in&nbsp;C. carpio. Some adaptive changes were observed; preparing the organism to an increased energy expense, whereas other changes showed a considerable immunosuppressive effect of stress. It&nbsp;was&nbsp;concluded that&nbsp;changes observed indicate that hematological parameters can be used as an indicator of Ni stress in&nbsp;C. carpio. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;&nbsp;Cyprinus carpio, nickel, bioaccumulation, mortality, haematology, behaviour

Effects of a prebiotic, Immunogen®, on feed utilization, body composition, immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) fingerlings

This study evaluated the effects of a commercial prebiotic, Immunogen, on feed utilization, growth rate, immunity promotion and carcass composition of the common carp Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. The fingerlings were adopted for 2 weeks and then reared in triplicate groups in 250-l tanks (n = 15 per tank with average initial weights of 11.12 ± 0.55 g). The fish fed on five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets containing different levels of Immunogen (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.5 g prebiotic/kg diet) to apparent satiation thrice a day for 8 weeks. Weight gain showed no differences among the groups fed different Immunogen levels. Both feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio significantly (p < 0.05) increased with increasing Immunogen levels from 0.5 to 1.5 g/kg diet. The highest protein content (p < 0.05) was found in the fish fed a diet containing 2.5 g/kg prebiotic. Haematological parameters and plasma total protein concentration were also significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the fingerlings fed diets containing 1.5 and 2.5 g/kg prebiotic in relation to the control. The control fish contained the highest mean of total bacterial counts. The lowest mean (p < 0.05) of total bacterial counts was observed in the fish fed the diet containing 2.5 g/kg Immunogen. The present study reveals that a dietary Immunogen supplementation from 1 to 1.5 g/kg is capable to improve the feed efficiency and growth performance of C. carpio fingerlings as well as their resistance to A. hydrophila infection.

Impact of sodium cyanide on catalase activity in the freshwater exotic carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus)

The Cyprinus carpio fingerlings on exposure to lethal (1 mg/L) and sub lethal concentrations (0.066 mg/L) of sodium cyanide showed inhibition in the activity of catalase. The disruption of catalase activity in freshwater fish, C. carpio is demonstrated in the present study using UV–visible spectrophotometer at 240 nm using hydrogen peroxide as a substrate. It suggests toxic effects of sodium cyanide and consequent accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the functionally different tissues namely, liver, gill, muscle and brain. This might lead to cellular damages, and create widespread physiological disturbance. The results suggest that catalase activity can be a good diagnostic tool for sodium cyanide toxicity in biomonitoring programme.

Effect of dietary microbial phytase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilization, body compositions and haemato-biochemical profiles of Cyprinus carpio (L.) fingerlings fed soyprotein-based diet

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted in flow through system to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of microbial phytase on growth, nutrient utilization, haemato-biochemical status and body compositions in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.) fingerlings (average weight 6.66 ± 0.08 g). The aim of experiment was also to determine whether dicalcium phosphates (DCP), tracemineral premix and lysine and methionine supplemental levels in carp diet could be reduced if microbial phytase was supplemented. Control diet (diet 1) supplemented with DCP, tracemineral premix and lysine and methionine without microbial phytase supplementation. Four experimental diets were formulated with reduction of either dietary DCP or trace minerals or lysine and methionine or all four supplementation levels by 100% of control diet without microbial phytase supplementation (diet 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively). Another two experimental diets were formulated with reduction of all dietary DCP, trace minerals, lysine and methionine supplementation levels by 0 and 100% of control diet with dietary microbial phytase supplementation at 500 FTU kg⁻¹ diet (diet 6 and 7 respectively). After acclimation of fish for 2 weeks, 20 fish were randomly stocked into triplicate tanks for each of seven treatments (T₀, T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄, T₅ and T₆ for diet 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively) and fed with respective diet to apparent satiation. Results indicated that phytase was effective in releasing most of the phytate bound proteins, amino acids and minerals for optimum utilization and performance. Results also suggested that DCP, trace minerals and lysine and methionine supplementation level could be replaced by microbial phytase supplementation at 500 FTU kg⁻¹ in soybean-based common carp diets without altering the optimum performance of fish. Optimum replacement level of dietary DCP, trace minerals and lysine and methionine with phytase supplementation at 500 FTU kg⁻¹ soybean-based carp diet needs to be standardized in further investigations.

Evaluation of Cluster Bean Meal Cyamposis fefrugonoloba as a Dietary Protein Source for Common Carp Cyprinus carpio L.

— A12-wk feeding experiment was conducted to study the feasibility of utilizing cluster bean seed meal (CBM) as a replacement for fishmeal in the diets for common carp Cyprnus carpio fingerlings. The replacement levels of cluster bean meal protein in the diets were 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the total fishmeal protein. All diets were isonitrogenous at 33.1% crude protein and isocaloric at 4.8 Kcal/g. There were significant differences in the final individual weights, weight gains, specific growth rates (SGR %/d), feed conversion ratios (FCR), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratios (PER), and feed intake among fish group (P× 0.05). Common carp fed the diet containing 50% (CBM) exhibited comparable growth to those fed a fishmeal-based diet. Digestibility of protein, energy and lipid decreased with increasing levels of CBM above 50% of total fishmeal replacement in the diet. Incorporation of CBM in diets significantly affected the dry matter, protein, and energy of whole fish body. These results suggest that CBM can replace 50% of the fishmeal in diet for common carp.

The effect of silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch) on the yields and the production value of common carp (Cyprius carpio) fingerlings

During the last few years, the spread of the silver crucian carp has caused significant problems in pond fish culture. One of the main challenges of successful fish production in fishponds, is to rid ponds of the silver crucian carp. The nature of the damage caused by silver crucian carp is a complex question. To get into the ponds, the crucian carps occupy the territory before the common carp, and competes for food with common carp. The silver crucian carp has a less favorable food coefficient than the common carp, and it’s value is also lower. Therefore, the income of the fish farm decreases. In the course of the experiment, carp fry were stocked in 5 nursing ponds at the same stocking rate, with different (0,- 50-, 100-, 150-, 200%) stocking rates of silver crucian carp fry, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the yield/hectar and the production values were calculated. The experiment proved that the presence of the silver crucian carp in the fishponds causes lower yields and production values.

Effect of Replacement of Fish Meal by Soybean and Sunflower Meal in the Diet of Cyprinus carpio Fingerlings

Effect of Replacement of Fish Meal by Soybean and Sunflower Meal in the Diet of Cyprinus carpio Fingerlings