Papaya Extract Research Articles

Mitigating Hyperglycaemic Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells: The Role of Carica papaya Leaf and Root Extracts in Promoting Glucose Uptake and Antioxidant Defence

Background/Objectives: Diabetes often goes undiagnosed, with 60% of people in Africa unaware of their condition. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with insulin resistance and is treated with metformin, despite the undesirable side effects. Medicinal plants with therapeutic potential, such as Carica papaya, have shown promising anti-diabetic properties. This study explored the role of C. papaya leaf and root extracts compared to metformin in reducing hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and their impact on liver function using HepG2 as a reference. Methods: The cytotoxicity was assessed through the MTT assay. At the same time, glucose uptake and metabolism (ATP and ∆Ψm) in HepG2 cells treated with C. papaya aqueous leaf and root extract were evaluated using a luminometry assay. Additionally, antioxidant properties (SOD2, GPx1, GSH, and Nrf2) were measured using qPCR and Western blot following the detection of MDA, NO, and iNOS, indicators of free radicals. Results: The MTT assay showed that C. papaya extracts did not exhibit toxicity in HepG2 cells and enhanced glucose uptake compared to the hyperglycaemic control (HGC) and metformin. The glucose levels in C. papaya-treated cells increased ATP production (p < 0.05), while the ∆Ψm was significantly increased in HGR1000-treated cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, C. papaya leaf extract upregulated GPx1 (p < 0.05), GSH, and Nrf2 gene (p < 0.05), while SOD2 and Nrf2 proteins were reduced (p > 0.05), ultimately lowering ROS (p > 0.05). Contrarily, the root extract stimulated SOD2 (p > 0.05), GPx1 (p < 0.05), and GSH levels (p < 0.05), reducing Nrf2 gene and protein expression (p < 0.05) and resulting in high MDA levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, the extracts elevated NO levels and iNOS expression (p < 0.05), suggesting potential RNS activation. Conclusion: Taken together, the leaf extract stimulated glucose metabolism and triggered ROS production, producing a strong antioxidant response that was more effective than the root extract and metformin. However, the root extract, particularly at high concentrations, was less effective at neutralising free radicals as it did not stimulate Nrf2 production, but it did maintain elevated levels of SOD2, GSH, and GPx1 antioxidants.

Chilean papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC.) residues as a source of bioactive compounds: Chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and antiglycation effects

The Chilean papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC.) is a climacteric fruit that grows in the north and center of Chile. During its processing, residues formed mainly by mucilage and seeds are produced and mostly discarded, despite being a potential source of bioactive metabolites. This work aimed to apply untargeted metabolic analysis by HPLC-DAD-QToF to study the chemical composition of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from Chilean papaya residues and evaluate their antioxidant and antiglycation capacities. Twenty-three metabolites were tentatively identified in papaya residues, including one carboxylic acid, one glycosylated hydroquinone, four flavan-3-ols, three proanthocyanidins, twelve glycosylated flavonols, one carbohydrate, and one alkaloid reported for the first time. The antioxidant capacity measured as the scavenging of DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals was comparable with that of ascorbic acid. Chilean papaya extracts decreased fluorescent Advanced Glycation End (AGE) products and oxidative modifications in proteins induced by glucose.

Potential Therapeutic Effects of Flavonoid-Rich Extract of Carica Papaya Against Inflammation, Pain, and Pyrexia in Experimental Animals

Potential Therapeutic Effects of Flavonoid-Rich Extract of Carica Papaya Against Inflammation, Pain, and Pyrexia in Experimental Animals

Antipyretic activity test of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) against peptone-induced male white mice

Fever increases body temperature above normal (98.6°F/ 37°C). To treat complaints of fever, antipyretic drugs are given. Papaya leaves are believed to have antipyretic effects. The purpose of this study was to test the antipyretic activity and effective dose of ethanol extract of papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) against peptone-induced mice. The test animals were grouped into 5 groups consisting of group I (negative control) CMC Na 0.5%, group II (positive control) paracetamol drug 65 mg/KgBB mice, group III papaya leaf ethanol extract 140 mg/KgBW mice, group IV papaya leaf ethanol extract 280 mg/KgBW mice, and group V papaya leaf ethanol extract 560 mg/KgBW mice, with peptone fever inducer 10 mL/kgBW subcutaneously. The body temperature of the test animals was observed every 30 minutes for 240 minutes after peroral administration of the preparation, then obtained data on T0, Tdemam and body temperature measurements at each time. The data was then used to calculate the AUC and the average AUC calculation data was analyzed by Shapiro wilk test and One way Anova test. The results of the study of ethanol extract of papaya leaves have antipyretic effects, namely due to the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and saponins. Papaya leaf ethanol extract has the most effective antipyretic activity, namely a dose of 560 mg/kg BW, which is comparable to the positive control of paracetamol.

Phytochemicals Analysis, In vitro Anti-plasmodium Activity of Delonix regia Bark and Carica papaya Leaf Extracts in Combination with Chloroquine

Background: The effectiveness of treating malaria may be jeopardized by artemisinin-resistant parasites. Pharmaceutical companies have been using plants for a very long time to generate the prototype molecules needed to treat Plasmodium infections. Objective: To evaluate anti-plasmodial potency of extracts of Delonix regia and Carica papaya when used in combinations with chloroquine. Methods: The plants were collected from Homa-Bay County in Kenya, dried under shade to a consistent weight, and then milled into a fine powder. Organic solvents were then used for extraction. After phytochemical screening of the extracts was conducted, In vitro tests were done on the extracts against Plasmodium falciparum, with a starting concentration of 100µg/mL. To prepare the test concentration ranges, the extracts were serially diluted 2-fold in growth medium. In a sealed gas chamber, the assay plates were incubated at 370C for 72 hours with 3% O2 and 4% CO2 with N2 as the balance. By comparing each well's absorbance to that of a well that contained the drug-free control, the number of parasites still present at each concentration of the test substance were ascertained. Plotting survival against concentration enabled the determination of the IC50 values by a non-linear dose response curve fitting. Results: In this investigation, the extracts from Delonix regia showed significant synergism (based on IC50 shifts) with CQ for both the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts with the exception of the highest combination dosage. Carica papaya extracts were much improved by the presence of CQ; however, this was not consistently reflected in the corresponding CQ IC50. Conclusion: The results of this study which revealed synergism between the study plants extracts and chloroquine, support the reasons why some traditional healers have started combining medicinal herbs with chloroquine to boost its potency.

Current Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activities of Carica Papaya extracts on selected Bacterial Pathogens isolated from Urogenital Specimens in Calabar, Nigeria

Current Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activities of Carica Papaya extracts on selected Bacterial Pathogens isolated from Urogenital Specimens in Calabar, Nigeria

Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) and Yeast (Saccharomy cescerevisiae) Infused With Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) Seeds and Leaves as an Alternative Surface Disinfectant

This investigation presents an eco-friendly disinfectant formulation, integrating coconut water, yeast, and extracts from papaya seeds and leaves as alternative components. Under the Republic Act No. 6969 or the Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990, which underscores the imperative to manage toxic substances for environmental protection. This study aims to address ecological concerns associated with traditional disinfectants. Framed within a true experimental design, the research evaluated the efficacy of the disinfectant. The product, composed of a 7:3 ratio of fermented coconut water with yeast, and papaya extracts respectively; underwent rigorous laboratory assessments, including pH levels, solubility, and disinfecting capacity evaluations. The focus of the study pertains to the experimentation of disinfectant concentrations of 70%, 90%, and 100% to determine the optimal concentration for maximum efficacy. Results indicated water solubility, a pH level adequate for microorganism elimination on surfaces, and significant disinfecting capacity, aligned with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) standards. The study implicates the use of 100% pure concentration of the disinfectant, recommends it as a promising alternative for household applications. This research contributes to the discourse on sustainable disinfection practices guided by the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals no. 13 – Climate action.

Hybrid nanoparticles combining nanoselenium-mediated Carica papaya extract and trimethyl chitosan for combating clinical multidrug-resistant bacteria

Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections pose a significant threat to human health, prompting the exploration of innovative solutions. In this study, a new series of antibacterial hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) were developed. The HNPs are based on a combination of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), synthesized using Carica papaya leaf extract, and chitosan (CS/SeHNPs) or trimethyl chitosan (TMC/SeHNPs), respectively. Comprehensive characterization using UV‐Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, DLS, TEM, and DSC confirmed the structure and properties of the developed HNPs. SeNPs, CS/SeHNPs, and TMC/SeHNPs showed average hydrodynamic size of 78.8, 91.3, and 122 nm, and zeta potentials of −6.35 mV, +32.8 mV, and +54.8 mV, respectively. Biological assessments were conducted, including antibacterial and antibiofilm assays against clinical strains (E. coli, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae), along with antioxidant activity. TMC/SeHNPs demonstrated superior performance compared to SeNPs and CS/SeHNPs with the lowest minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae (3.9 μg/mL) and 62.5 μg/mL against E. coli in addition to robust antibiofilm activity. Furthermore, the TMC/SeHNPs exhibited potent DPPH free radical scavenging ability and demonstrated good biocompatibility, as evidenced by cell viability assays on HFB4 cells. Overall, TMC/SeHNPs emerged as promising candidates in nanomedicine, offering high antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activities alongside excellent biocompatibility.

Phytochemical Screening, In vitro Antioxidant Capacity and Nephro-protective Effects of Combined Extract of Psidium guajava and Carica papaya Leaves in Rats Intoxicated with Cadmium

Phytochemical Screening, In vitro Antioxidant Capacity and Nephro-protective Effects of Combined Extract of Psidium guajava and Carica papaya Leaves in Rats Intoxicated with Cadmium

Phytochemicals in vital tooth bleaching: Spectrophotometric evaluation of efficacy with papaya, pineapple, or kiwi extracts and 30% hydrogen peroxide.

Dental bleaching, a common cosmetic treatment, typically uses hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Yet, the search for natural options has prompted an investigation into fruit extract efficacies such as papain, bromelain, and actinidin for tooth whitening. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 30% hydrogen peroxide and fruit extracts (papaya, pineapple, and kiwi) on human enamel using a spectrophotometer at different time intervals. Eighty maxillary anterior teeth were stained with tea solution and evaluated for baseline color. They were then divided into four groups: hydrogen peroxide alone and hydrogen peroxide combined with papaya, pineapple, or kiwi extracts. Each group was further divided based on bleaching duration: 10 or 20 min. The color value of the bleached teeth was measured using a reflectance spectrophotometer. In order to analyze the data, one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey, and paired t-tests were used. The significance level was established at α =0.05. Combining hydrogen peroxide with pineapple extract showed the highest efficacy, followed by papaya and kiwi extracts. Hydrogen peroxide alone also demonstrated significant bleaching efficacy, albeit lower than the combinations with fruit extracts. Combining hydrogen peroxide with pineapple and papaya extracts notably improves dental bleaching efficacy, as shown by reduced color difference (ΔE) values. This underscores the potential of natural enzymes in tooth whitening.

Green synthesis of Carica papaya mediated silver nanoparticles: Characterization, antibacterial activity, and bioelectricity generation for sustainable applications in nanotechnology

This study presents a sustainable method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using green Carica papaya extract (CPE) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The green synthesis minimizes environmental impact and utilizes bioactive compounds in Carica papaya (CP), offering an economical and sustainable alternative. The goal is to employ CPE for the eco-friendly synthesis of Ag NPs, followed by comprehensive characterization, antibacterial evaluation, cytotoxicity against brine shrimp, and examination of bioelectricity generation. Locally sourced CP was boiled in deionized water, then cooled and filtered twice. The bio-reduction of silver ions to Ag NPs was confirmed by a color change when 45 mL of 0.005 M AgNO3 was mixed with 5 mL of CPE. Characterization through UV–vis absorption spectrophotometry (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis confirms the successful formation and consistent size distribution of Ag nanoparticles. CPE is a crucial reducing agent, as evidenced by a distinct UV-visible peak at 422 nm. X-ray crystal analysis verifies highly crystalline Ag NPs with a face-centered cubic lattice structure. The d-spacing values in SAED images are consistent with the results obtained from XRD. Antimicrobial effectiveness against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis is demonstrated. The study explores the bioelectricity generation potential of CPE-synthesized Ag NPs, indicating promising prospects for sustainable energy solutions. Preliminary experiments show the ability of the nanoparticles to catalyze bio-electrochemical reactions. This dual-benefit study underscores CPEs role in antibacterial properties and bioelectricity generation, laying the groundwork for further research in sustainable nanotechnology applicable to healthcare and energy sectors and contributing to the advancement of environmentally friendly technologies.

Effect of traditional medicinal plants on the pathogenic potential of the versatile pathogen Staphylococcus aureus

This study explores the effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Papaya (Carica papaya) leaf extracts on the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus. Through in vitro assays, we investigated the impact of these medicinal plant extracts on bacterial metabolic activity and pathogenic factors. Results indicate that the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was differentially decreased by the plant extracts, with Neem demonstrating a greater reduction compared to Papaya. Moreover, both Neem and Papaya extracts, either alone or in combination, significantly inhibited bacterial biofilm formation, with reductions of 39%, 48%, and 7%, respectively. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts exhibited inhibitory effects on bacterial growth, with ethanolic extract showing stronger potency. However, the extracts did not influence the bacteria's haemolytic characteristics. Overall, these findings suggest that traditional medicinal plant extracts possess potential in mitigating S. aureus pathogenicity, however, further mechanistic investigations are warranted to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 12(1 & 2): 73-86, 2023 (June & December)

Papaya extract as a prebiotic strengthens the inhibitory activity of lactobacillus against the growth of pathogenic bacteria

Abstract The flesh leaves, and seeds of papaya contain carbohydrates and dietary fiber that were suggested capable of being metabolized by intestinal microbiota such as L. casei and L. plantarum to produce beneficial secondary metabolites for body health. The effect of papaya flesh, leaf, and seed extracts on L. plantarum and L. casei growth and the synbiotic effect of papaya flesh extract with L. plantarum on the growing of S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa in this study, was investigated. Diffusion of paper discs impregnated with various concentrations of the extract was utilized to determine the bacterial growth zone of L. casei, and solid media to calculate the total bacterial population in co-feeding L. plantarum and P. aeruginosa or with S. aureus and E. coli in the presence of papaya flesh extract to determine its synbiotic effect. All extracts increase the growth of L. casei and L. plantarum bacteria. Synbiotic papaya flesh extract suppresses the bacterial growth of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli in a concentration-dependent manner. It is concluded that papaya is a promising prebiotic source, to strengthen the effect of L. plantarum to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

Combined effects of high pressure processing and sous-vide cooking on the tenderization of proteolytic enzyme-injected chicken breast

The combined effects of high pressure processing (HPP), sous-vide cooking (SV), and their processed sequence on papaya extract (PaExt) tenderized chicken breast were investigated. Chicken breasts were injected with 0.05% PaExt and then divided into HPP + SV or SV + HPP where the HPP conditions were 250 or 450 MPa for 10 min and meats were SV cooked at 61 °C for 100 min. The cooking loss, pH value, meat color, texture, and microstructure of treated chicken breasts were determined. PaExt treated chicken breast with HPP + SV had the lowest values in all texture parameters and the highest cooking loss among all treatments. Microstructural images further explained the tenderization of PaExt + HPP + SV treatments which caused severe degradation and denaturation of muscle fibers and connective tissues. Therefore, the application of PaExt + HPP + SV may lead to tender meat texture which is easier for the elderly to consume and also shows the potential of elderly care food development.

Prophylactic efficacy of aqueous extract of unripe pawpaw (Carica papaya) fruit on hematological and biochemical parameters in induced hyperbilirubinemia Wistar rats

This research offers a comprehensive examination of hyperbilirubinaemia, characterized by elevated levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream leading to jaundice. It presents a prevalent challenge during the neonatal phase, as bilirubin can accumulate in various body parts resulting in potential neurotoxicity. The discussion encompasses factors influencing bilirubin production, conjugation, and elimination in the organism, along with an overview of the causes and symptoms of hyperbilirubinaemia. The study delves into the potential advantages of utilizing Carica papaya, a tropical fruit, for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia. Traditional medical approaches for managing this condition are linked to numerous adverse effects, hence the necessity to develop more affordable, easily accessible, and efficacious drugs with minimal or no side effects. Blood samples were procured and subjected to full blood cell count analysis via an automated hematologic analyzer, while serum samples were utilized for quantifying liver enzymes and bilirubin employing a spectrophotometric technique. Additionally, the weight of visceral organs was determined using a Mettler weighing balance. The outcomes of an experimental study conducted on rodents revealed that pretreatment with Carica papaya extract notably decreased bilirubin and liver enzyme levels in the subjects. This highlights the potential role of Carica papaya in the preventive management of hyperbilirubinaemia, underscoring the imperative for further investigation in this domain. In essence, this research serves as a valuable repository of knowledge for healthcare practitioners and researchers keen on addressing hyperbilirubinaemia.

Antifungal activity of Carica papaya fruit extract against Microsporum canis: in vitro and in vivo study.

Tinea capitis (T. capitis), commonly known as scalp ringworm, is a fungal infection affecting the scalp and hair. Among the causative agents, Microsporum canis (M. canis) stands out, often transmitted from cats to humans (zoonotic disease). In this study, we investigated the efficacy of Carica papaya (C. papaya), fruit extract against dermatophytes, particularly M. canis, both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we aimed to identify the active compounds responsible for suppressing fungal growth and assess the toxicity of C. papaya on human cells. It conducted in two parts. First, In Vitro Study include the preparation of C. papaya fruit extract using methanol as the solvent, Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract including Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was conducted, Cytotoxicity assays were performed using HUH-7 cells, employing the MTT assay (1-(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), Antimicrobial activity against M. canis was evaluated, including: Zone of inhibition (ZI), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), M. canis cell alterations were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Second, In Vivo, Albino Wistar male rats were included. The phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract from papaya revealed several functional groups, including hydroxyl, ammonia, alkane, carbonate, and alcohol. Additionally, the GC-MS analysis identified 15 compounds, with xanthosine and decanoic acid being the predominant components. The methanolic extract of papaya fruits demonstrated potent antifungal activity: ZI = 37 mm, MIC = 1,000 μg/mL, MFC = 1900 μg/mL, MTT results indicated lower cytotoxicity of the fruit extract at concentrations of 20 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 150 μg/mL, and 200 μg/mL, The IC50 revealed a significant decrease in cell viability with increasing extract concentration. Notably, papaya extract induced considerable alterations in the morphology of M. canis hyphae and spores. In animal tissue, improvements were observed among the group of rats which treated with Papaya extract. This study highlights the potential of C. papaya fruits as a natural antifungal agent, warranting further exploration for clinical applications.

Efficacy of Plant Extracts for the Control of Pepper Insect Pest (Green Peach Aphid (Myzus persicae L.)

Aphids pose significant threats to crop productivity, necessitating effective and sustainable pest management strategies. This study investigated the repellent properties of neem and papaya leaf extracts on green peach aphids and the impact of the extracts on plant growth in pepper (Capsicum spp.). The experiment involved 7 treatments and 3 treatment replications with varying concentrations of neem and papaya extracts (6.5 v:v, 7.5 v:v, and 8.5 v:v) compared to a control group (Distilled water). The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used as an experimental design. The study site was Cuttington University’s College of Agriculture Research site. The distances between plots and blocks were 0.6 m and 1 m, correspondingly. In the laboratory bioassay, results uncovered distinct trends, with the control treatment exhibiting the highest mean aphid count (41.0), while neem 8.5 v:v (6.0) and papaya 8.5 v:v (8.1) treatments established substantial effectiveness in reducing aphid populations. The highest mean aphid counts following biopesticidal application were 48.0 and 76.7 after 1 and 2 weeks, respectively and were recorded in the untreated control plots, while the lowest mean aphid counts were 21.3 and 6.0 after 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. Furthermore, neem 8.5 v:v treatment consistently showed the highest mean values across plant height (16.2 cm), leaf length (8.2 cm), leaf width (5.2 cm), and repellency index (3.0), indicating potential positive impacts on plant growth and repellency. Untreated control measured the lowest values for plant height (13.8 cm), leaf length (6.0 cm) and repellency index (1.0). The study demonstrated the potential of both extracts to suppress aphid populations and enhance plant growth. Applying these natural extracts as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy can be beneficial for controlling aphid infestations in pepper crops. Their use as repellents can reduce aphid populations, minimizing potential crop damage and yield losses.

Evaluation of five medicinal plants for the management of Sitophilus oryzae in stored rice and identification of insecticidal compound

Sitophilus oryzae is a kind of stored grain pest. This is controlled by using natural pesticides, which are more reliable, cost-effective, biodegradable, and eco-friendly than synthetic pesticides. Several plants show different insecticidal activities against various pests on their different parts (leaves, seeds, etc.). In this study, methanolic extracts of Lantana camara (leaves), Carica papaya (seeds), Ricinus communis (leaves), Calotropis gigantea (flowers), and Gliciridia sepium (leaves) were used to identify the best insecticidal activity against the rice weevil by doing mortality tests for one week with four replications under laboratory conditions. Gliciridia sepium leaves showed the highest insecticidal activity (100 ± 0) after seven days, and its extract was fractionated by using column chromatography and yielded 12 fractions. A contact bioassay of each fraction was performed, and fraction-11 showed the highest insecticidal activity against Sitophilus oryzae with a 100 % mortality after four days. Fraction-11 was analyzed by using GC-MS and FT-IR. Results revealed that the major constituent identified in fraction-11 was 4-C-methyl-myo-inositol. Therefore, 4-C-methyl-myo-inositol acts as a natural insecticide against rice weevils.

Cytotoxicity Test of Ethyl Acetate Fraction and Ethanol Fraction of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica Papaya. L) Against Hep-2 Laryngeal Cancer Cells

Papaya leaves are used as medicine for fever, malaria, increased appetite, constipation, and anti-cancer. In the previous study using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT), an ethanol extract of papaya leaf had an LC50 value of 23.73 mg/mL. This suggests that papaya leaves are a compound, that uses a 70% ethanol extract of papaya leaves and has cytotoxic potential. Research objectives: This research aimed to determine the cytotoxic effect of the ethanol and ethyl acetate fractions of a 70 % ethanol extract of papaya leaf against Hep-2 cells. Performed in vitro by the direct calculation method (viable cell count), so its LC50 is known. The ethanol and ethyl acetate fraction of papaya leaf extract as a test solution was made in 5 concentrations, with concentrations of 20.93; 16.26; 12.64; 9.82, and 7.63 µg/ml. Result: The results obtained the LC50 ethanol fraction of 11.2616 μg/ml and the ethyl acetate fraction of LC50 12.4 of 882 μg/ml. Conclusion: Based on this, it can be concluded that the fraction of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of papaya (Carica papaya L.) have cytotoxic properties against Hep-2 cells in a range that goes very, very toxic, i.e., 5–50 µg/ml, and have the potential to be developed as an anticancer drug.

Exploring the Antibacterial Properties of Carica papaya Unripe Fruit Extracts on Wound Isolates: Phytochemical Analysis and Susceptibility Testing

The rise of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens poses a significant challenge in wound management. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial properties of unripe fruit extracts of Carica papaya on bacterial isolates from wounds. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, reducing sugars, and cardiac glycosides in both aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Protues vulgaris, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Escherichia coli, with aqueous extract exhibiting greater inhibition than the ethanolic counterpart. However, no activity was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings underscore the potential of Carica papaya extracts in combating opportunistic infections in wound management. Keywords: Carica papaya, wound, antibacterial, phytochemical, extracts, micro-organisms.