The Huancabamba Depression in Neotropical South America, a natural barrier between the Northern and Central Andes, serves as a refuge for high levels of angiosperm diversity. However, this biodiversity remains understudied, especially in complex and species-rich genera, such as Carex L. (Cyperaceae). This genus is notably underrepresented in taxonomic and systematic research on the Neotropics. In this study, we employed an integrative systematic approach combining molecular and morphological data to elucidate the taxonomic status of several Carex populations from Ecuador and northern Peru, which exhibit morphological affinities with the sect. Porocystis Dumort. (Castanea Clade). We conducted a phylogenetic analysis using two nuclear (ITS and ETS) and one plastid (matK) DNA regions and carried out a detailed morphological comparison with Neotropical relatives within the section. Both phylogenetic and morphological results supported the systematic distinctiveness of the focal populations. As a result, we describe a new species, Carexhuancabambica Gonz.Gallego & Jim.Mejías, sp. nov. and provide its taxonomic treatment. This study contributes to disentangling the biodiversity of the genus Carex in the Neotropics.

Post-mining land represents an ecosystem that has undergone severe degradation as a result of mineral resource exploitation. The mining process causes the loss of the topsoil layer, which is rich in organic matter, microorganisms, and essential nutrients, leading to nutrient-poor, compacted, and acidic soils that are often contaminated with heavy metals. The cultivation of gambier has been proposed as a strategy to optimize the use of post-mining land. One initial approach to address this problem is the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Soil conditions and the type of host vegetation strongly influence the diversity of AMF in post-mining areas. Therefore, identifying the presence of AMF in post-mining soils is necessary. Soil samples were collected from PT Atoz Nusantara Mining, located in Kenagarian Tambang, IV Jurai Subdistrict, Pesisir Selatan Regency. This exploratory study involved soil analysis and the identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The plant species sampled included alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica), resam nail (Dicranopteris linearis), caramunting (Melastoma malabathricum), telang (Clitoria ternatea), sedge grass (Cyperus rotundus), and sembung (Blumea balsamifera). The results indicated that the occurrence of mycorrhizae in the rhizosphere varied across post-mining sites, with identified species including Acaulospora sp., Glomus sp. 1, Glomus sp. 2, Sclerocystis sp., and Gigaspora sp. These mycorrhizae demonstrate potential for restoring soil fertility in post-mining areas.

Functional trait variability and adaptive strategies of Genus Carex along the elevation gradients

Sedge (Carex L.) is the largest genus of vascular plants in Saskatchewan, Canada, where it is represented by 105 species. The aim of this study was to develop an effective procedure to assess the conservation status of sedges in the province. Data on 49 target Carex species were collected, validated, and consolidated from the Flora of Saskatchewan Association (FOSA) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) datasets, resulting in 277 specimen-based occurrences. Applying a novel assessment approach, target Carex species were classified as follows: Critically Endangered (CR) – six taxa, Endangered (EN) – four, Vulnerable (VU) – eight, Near Threatened (NT) – three, Least Concern (LC) – 24, and Data Deficient (DD) – four. This allowed for a substantial reduction to a list of rare sedges compiled by the Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre (SKCDC) from 40 species (38.1% in the genus) to 21 species (20.0%). In terms of territorial protection, rare sedges (CR, EN, VU and NT conservation categories) have been recorded only in 13 or 4.0% of protected areas in Saskatchewan. Most sedges (12 species or 57.1%) have no recorded occurrences in the protected areas. This group is followed by five species (23.8%) found in a single protected area, three species (14.3%) recorded in two protected areas, and one species (4.76%) observed in three protected areas. Anthropogenic land use changes such as agriculture, urbanization, and industrial activities are the major threats to sedges in Saskatchewan. An effective action plan for the conservation of Carex species is crucial to reduce threats to this group of plants. Our results provide a scientific basis for the long-term conservation of sedge diversity in Saskatchewan.

Статья посвящена изучению сопутствующего естественного возобновления при проведении чересполосных постепенных рубок в насаждениях сосны, произрастающих в относительно богатых почвенных условиях кислично-зеленчуковых, орляковых и липовых типов леса. В регионе исследований были обследованы спелые и перестойные насаждения сосны, произрастающие в исследуемой группе типов леса. После подбора участков на них были проведены первые приемы чересполосных постепенных рубок. По завершении лесосечных работ на срубленных полосах весной была сделана частичная минерализация почвы плугом ПКЛ-70, расстояние между центрами борозд 3,5 м. Спустя два года после рубки обследованы вырубленные полосы, проанализированы естественное возобновление древесно-кустарниковой растительностью и парцеллярная структура живого напочвенного покрова. Густота возобновления хозяйственно ценными породами составила 2,4–5,2 тыс. шт./га. Этого достаточно для формирования впоследствии молодняков с преобладанием сосны. Подрост сосны представлен преимущественно особями сопутствующего возобновления, а ели – предварительного. Живой напочвенный покров представлен 40 видами и слагается из таких растений, как вейник наземный, малина, осока волосистая, сныть обыкновенная и другими. Уже со второго года после рубки высокий травостой и активно разрастающаяся поросль малины, костяники, земляники, сныти обыкновенной мешают появлению самосева сосны даже в минерализованной части. К третьему-четвертому году после рубки начинает проявляться негативное влияние подлеска. Его кроны вместе с возобновлением лиственных пород смыкаются на площади участка, составляющей до 20 %. Таким образом, минерализацию почвы следует проводить в первый весенний сезон после рубки, а в дальнейшем, по результатам анализа состояния вырубленных полос, рекомендуется проведение агротехнических и лесоводственных уходов. При правильном проведении данных мероприятий возможно формирование устойчивых древостоев с преобладанием сосны. На законодательном уровне необходимо внесение изменений в Правила лесовосстановления (2021). Вырубленные полосы чересполосных постепенных рубок необходимо ввести в фонд лесовосстановления и определить параметры мероприятий, проводимых на таких участках. The article is devoted to the study of accompanying natural regeneration when conducting alternate strip gradual fellings in pine plantations growing in relatively rich soil conditions of sorrel and dead nettle, bracken and linden forest types. Mature and overmature pine plantings growing in the studied group of forest types were examined in the research area. After selecting the plots, the first alternate strip gradual fellings were carried out on them. Upon completion of logging operations on the felled strips, partial mineralization of the soil was carried out in the spring with a PKL-70 plow, the distance between the centers of the furrows was 3.5 m. Two years after the logging, the felled strips were examined, the natural regeneration of tree and shrub vegetation and the parcel structure of the forest live cover were analyzed. The density of forest renewal with commercially valuable species was 2.4 – 5.2 thousand units/ha. This is sufficient for forming a young forest with a predominance of pine trees. The young growth of pine was mainly represented by plantings of accompanying reforestation, and spruce by plantings of preliminary reforestation. The forest live cover was represented by 40 species and consisted of such plants as bush grass, raspberry, sedge grass, goutweed and others. Already in the second year after logging, the tall grass canopy and vegetative shoots of raspberries, roebuck berries, strawberries, goutweed prevented the appearance of pine self-seeding even in the mineralized part. By the third or fourth year after logging, the negative effects of undergrowth began to manifest themselves. Its crowns, along with the reforestation of hardwoods, closed in on a plot area of up to 20 %. Thus, soil mineralization should be carried out in the first spring season after logging, and in the future, based on the results of an analysis of the condition of the felled strips, it is recommended to carry out the forest tending. With proper implementation of these measures, it is possible to form stable stands of trees with a predominance of pines. At the legislative level it is necessary to introduce amendments into the Forest Regeneration Rules (2021). The cut-down strips of alternate strip gradual fellings should be entered into the reforestation fund and the parameters of the activities carried out in such areas should be determined.

This incredible book follows recent publications of excellent photographic field guides that cover the Midwest: (e.g., P.E. Rothrock. 2009. Sedges of Indiana and the adjacent states-the non-Carex species-(Vol. I); W.R. Smith and R. Haug. 2018. Sedges and rushes of Minnesota: The complete guide to species identification; P.E. Rothrock. 2021. Sedges of Indiana and the adjacent states—the Carex species-(Vol. II); J. Ogle, T. Witsell, and J. Gentry. 2022. Trees, shrubs, and vines of Arkansas. Reviews of each are provided by McKenzie (2009, 2020, 2021, 2022). Any book on the genus Carex that includes stellar reviews and/or input from three of most renowned experts on the genus: A. Reznicek, A. Hipp, and P. Rothrock has to be good, and this field guide will not disappoint!

In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of native vascular flora in Italy are presented. It includes new records, confirmations, and exclusions to the Italian administrative regions for taxa in the genera Carex, Filago, Koeleria, Lonicera, Myosotis, Phleum, Potamogeton, Staehelina, Verbascum, Zannichellia. Nomenclatural and distribution updates, published elsewhere, and corrigenda are provided as Suppl. material 1.

Iron-doped Carex meyeriana Kunth biochars activate peracetic acid for efficient degradation of acid orange 7 dye in water: Key role of non-radical pathways

In Indonesia, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is expected to reach 19.5 million by 2021. The enzyme α glucosidase contributes to diabetes mellitus. Sedge grass (SG) contains flavanone chemicals that reduce blood glucose levels by blocking the α-glucosidase enzyme. This study analyzes the α-glucosidase enzyme's inhibitory effect and the flavanone chemicals' FTIR profile in fractionated SG tuber extract. It also examines the characterization of the active fraction. This experimental study employed samples of 96% ethanol extract. The study began with maceration of SG tubers in 96% ethanol, followed by fractionation with ethanol: water (7:3) (sample I), ethyl acetate (sample II), and hexane (sample III). Testing was done in vitro with three groups. The fraction was examined for inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric technique and IC50 parameters with the reference substance acarbose. The active fraction was characterized using an FTIR spectrophotometer. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA test. The IC50 values for acarbose groups I, II, and III were 25.8894 ± 0.03223 ppm, 9.4731 ± 0.0424 ppm, and -34.2001 ± 14.2534 ppm, respectively. Groups I and II significantly limit the activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme, while Group III does not. The characterization results suggest that the functional group resembles the flavanone group of chemicals. The active fraction of SG tubers contains functional groups nearly identical to normal functional groups, particularly flavanone compounds.

The fall army worm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith) invaded Kenya in 2017 and is known globally as polyphagous pest. This pest invaded and immediately spread in many regions including Western, Rift valley, Central and Eastern Kenya and has become an important economic pest, posing serious food security threat across the country. This study was carried out to determine the range of host plants (both cultivated crops and wild plants) of FAW and to confirm its occurrence in various regions of the country. The survey was conducted in 13 counties, located between 34o and 37o east longitude and latitude 0o42’N and 03o24’S and altitude range of 905-2500m a.s.l in February and March 2018. The fall army worm was observed on 18 plant species representing Poaceae and Cyperacea plant families. The frequency of occurrence of fall army worms was 45.8% for maize (Zea mays L.) followed by napier grass (Pennisteum purpurea) (9.7%) and crabgrass (Digitaria spp) (8.0%), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (7.8%), Masai love grass (Seteria verticillate) (4.8%) and sudan grass (Sorghum halapense) (3.2%). Barn yard grass (Echinocloa colona), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) and sedge grass (Cyperus rotunda) each had 2.4% of FAW leaf damage symptoms. The frequency of occurrence of fall army worm on wild finger millet (Eleusine indica) and cultivated millet (Eleusine coracana) was (2.3%). Fall army worm infestation was high for maize (1.9) followed by crabgrass (1.3) and masai love grass (0.1) compared with the other host plants. The proportion of egg masses (0.2) and number of caterpillars on plants (1 .6) was higher in Maize. More caterpillars were recorded on napier grass (0.4) and crab grass (0.3). The egg masses (0.3 and 0.3) and the numbers of caterpillars (2.2 and 1.6) on maize crop was more in the vegetative V7 and V9 growth stages respectively. Fall army worm infestation was highest in Meru (2.2), Machakos, (1.9), Makueni, Taita and Tharaka Nithi (1.8) and lowest in Narok (1.2), Trans-Nzoia (1.0) and Baringo counties. Mean egg masses was highest in Makueni (0.8), followed by Machakos, Nakuru and Taita ( 0.4) and was lowest in Tharaka-Nithi, Kakamega and Trans-Nzoia counties. The number of caterpillars in the host plants was highest in Kirinyaga (3.1) followed by Meru (2.3) and Machakos (2.1) counties and lowest in Nakuru (0.0) County. 76% of the farms surveyed used insecticide to control fall army worm, except in one farm in Nakuru where pheromone traps were used to manage the pest. Mean fall army worm infestation score (1.5), number of egg masses (0.1) and number of caterpillars (1.4) was higher on cultivated crops and grass weeds growing under irrigated farms compared to those under rain-fed farming systems in the surveyed areas. Different types of insecticides were used across the counties that included; escort, cyclone duduthrin, profen, pentagon, coragen, actra, ranger and bestox. The study provides important understanding of pest distribution and potential host plants that should be taken into consideration when developing integrated pest management strategies. Keywords: Fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda, host plants, farming systems, infestation, IPM, Kenya

The shift to growing sedge plants, combining raising snails and tilapia in coastal areas could improve the soil nutritional environment, income, and land use efficiency compared to rice monoculture. This study aims to evaluate soil and water environmental factors and to compare the financial efficiency of integrated farming with rice monoculture farming. These experiments were arranged on field land affected by drought and saltwater intrusion in two ecological regions of Kien Giang province. The research found the adaptation of crops (rice, sedge) and aquatic species (snails, tilapia) to the characteristics of acidic and saline soils in coastal areas. The results showed that an integrated farming system reduced soil salinity, but increased soil pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter content more than rice monoculture farming. In addition, this system improved pH, reducing salinity, temperature, and TDS of water more than rice monoculture farming. Acidity and salinity factors affect the rice yield of Winter-Spring crops. The sedge grass (Cyperus malaccensis) grew well under the pH and salinity conditions, but the sedge yield in the dry season was higher than in the rainy season. The weight gain of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was from 0.45 to 0.96 g/day, but fish yield was still low (226 - 541 kg/ha); due to low survival rate (30-36%). Snails (Pila gracilis) adapted well to experimental conditions and the survival rate reached 53-79%. The data analysis of financial efficiency showed that the profit of integrated farming was higher than rice monoculture farming (10,905 to 11,146 USD compared to 904-1,672 USD/ha/year). Therefore, diversified land use in coastal areas to grow sedge grass combined with snails and tilapia increased household income in these study sites.

In the present investigation, nutlet morphological and micro-morphological characters were analyzed using Light Microscope (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in 38 taxa under 13 genera from the sub-family Cyperoideae of Cyperaceae to find out whether these characters are taxonomically important or not. Nutlet morphology and surface characters of the representative taxa from all the possible tribes under the sub-family Cyperoideae namely, Fuireneae, Cypereae, Cariceae, Abildgaardieae, Eleocharideae, Pseudoschoeneae, Schoenoplecteae, and Sclerieae were evaluated for their taxonomic significance. Cluster analysis was employed considering nutlet morphological characters to determine the overall similarity among the taxa based on 153 character states. Except in few specified cases, grouping of the taxa in the clusters is in accordance to the taxonomic treatments made by recent Cyperologists. Nutlets in the tribe Abildgaardieae showed maximum level of variability in size, shape, and surface ornamentation at the level of higher taxon, but showed specificity at the species level. Tuberculate, striate-reticulate, and transversely wavy ridged surface ornamentations were found in different species of Fimbristylis. Previously described cryptic variation, and effect of different ploidy level were not reflected in nutlet surface morphology and micromorphology in Fimbristylis dichotoma and F. ovata complexes which was previously made the taxa taxonomically very difficult. Serrulate anticlinal wall in F. bisumbellata was the most unique in Fimbristylis. Species under the megadiverse genus Carex representing the tribe Cariceae showed very unique type of surface ornamentation. Surface walls of all the studied species of Carex were characterized by polygonal epidermal cells with single conical silica body (2-3 per cell in C. speciosa) of variable length and sizes. Most interestingly, in C. nubigena, presence of the central silica body and peripheral satellites was not consistent. Based on the presence and absence, two different variants under the species were identified. In C. nubigena, when silica body was present, epidermal cells were characterized by central conical silica body surrounded by variable number of satellites. The present investigation first time reports this novel nutlet surface character in C. nubigena. Among the studied characters, length and height of conical, height of apex, and width of apex are variable among Carex species. On the other hand, exclusion of the genera Schoenoplectiella and Schoenoplectus from tribe Scirpeae s.l. and placement under the tribes Pseudoschoeneae and Schoenoplecteae (respectively) was also supported by the present investigation. The present study also confirms that nutlet morphological and micro-morphological characters are useful in identification and arrangement of different taxa under the subfamily Cyperoideae of Cyperaceae. Result of the present investigation was correlated and discussed in comparative manner with the treatments of the recent past.

This study describes the purification and preparation of tricin (5, 7, 4-trihydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxyflavone) from Carex Meyeriana Kunth via adsorption and desorption using macroporous resins and high-performance liquid chromatography. Six resins were tested to evaluate the static adsorption and desorption capacities. The HPD-300 resin was selected as the adsorption material to enrich tricin because of its suitable adsorption and desorption capacities. Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics were studied on HPD-300 resin, and the results agreed with the Langmuir model and quasi-second-order kinetics model, respectively. The parameters of the dynamic adsorption and desorption tests were then optimized. The purity of tricin increased from 2.6 mg/g to 45.1 mg/g with a recovery yield of 76.4% after purification using HPD-300 resin. Then, Prep-HPLC was used to further purify tricin. The purity of tricin reached 99.4%, with a recovery yield of 78.0% thereafter. Tricin exerts an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of various tumor cells, including gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. It significantly suppresses cell colony formation while also altering cell cycle progression metabolism by decreasing the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase and increasing the proportion in the S and G2/M phases. Additionally, tricin affects the efficiency of SGC-7901 cell lactate production, ATP content, and glucose uptake. These findings suggest that tricin may impede tumor cell proliferation through its impact on cell cycle progression and energy metabolism.

Exploring botanical varieties in alpine landscape of Himalayas: A study of vegetation and species composition in Madhmaheshwar Valley, Western Himalaya, India

As a widely distributed plant in Northeast China, Carex meyeriana Kunth (CMK) is generally considered to have antibacterial properties; however, there is a lack of scientific evidence for this. Therefore, we investigated the chemical composition of CMK extract and its effect against C. albicans. A total of 105 compounds were identified in the alcohol extracts of CMK by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Most were flavonoids, with Luteolin being the most represented. Among them, 19 compounds are found in the C. albicans lysates. After treatment with CMK ethanol extract, a significant reduction in the number of C. albicans colonies was observed in a vaginal douche solution from day 5 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the CMK extract can reduce the number of C. albicans spores. The levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α in vaginal tissues all exhibited a significant decrease (p < 0.05) compared to those in the model group as determined by ELISA. The results of HE staining showed that CMK extract can eliminate vaginal mucosa inflammation. CMK adjusts the vaginal mucosa cells by targeting twenty-six different metabolites and five specific metabolic pathways in order to effectively eliminate inflammation. Simultaneously, the CMK regulates twenty-three types of metabolites and six metabolic pathways against C. albicans infection. So, CMK strongly inhibits the growth of C. albicans and significantly reduces vaginal inflammation, making it a promising candidate for treating C. albicans infection.

The smut fungal genus Anthracoidea contains more than 100 species that parasitize hosts predominantly in the sedge genus Carex. Anthracoidea species are mainly found in the boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere and many species have an arctic-alpine distribution. Recent re-organization of the taxonomy of the main host genus Carex questions current understanding of host associations in Anthracoidea. Host specificity for many of the species in this genus is considered to be quite broad and a host spectrum of over 10 host species is common. One aim of the study is to understand the potential influence that host taxonomy has on the evolutionary patterns of Anthracoidea. Additionally, by including more specimens, we clarify host specificity and species delimitation in Anthracoidea sempervirentis, a prevalent species occurring on different host species in different Carex subgroups using molecular data. Host colonization patterns within Anthracoidea are complex, and different subclades of Carex have been colonized several times independently, whereas clades of related Anthracoidea species often occur on Carex species from the same host clade. Parasites previously thought to be Anthracoidea sempervirentis occurring on the different Carex host are shown to be at least four distinct species that are restricted to individual host species. Three new species, Anthracoidea ferrugineae on Carex ferruginea from the Alps and the Carpathians, A. firmae on Carex firma from the Alps, and A. kitaibelianae on Carex kitaibeliana from mountains in the Balkan Peninsula, are described and illustrated. An emended description of Anthracoidea sempervirentis is also provided. Anthracoidea sempervirentis in its emended circumscription consists of two clades that correspond to respective clades within Carex sempervirens. The study shows that host colonization in Anthracoidea is more complex than current host taxonomy suggests. Further, including several specimens per host species results in a much higher diversity within Anthracoidea than previously assumed. Citation: Kemler M, Denchev TT, Feige A, Denchev CM, Begerow D (2024). Host specificity in the fungal plant parasite Anthracoidea sempervirentis (Anthracoideaceae, Ustilaginales) reveals three new species and indicates a potential split in the host plant Carex sempervirens. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 13: 91-110. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2024.13.04.

Cyperus niveus, a perennial herb, holds significant traditional and scientific medicinal value. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of C. niveus was assembled and comparisons were conducted among species in the genus Cyperus. Molecular phylogenetic analysis was also conducted in Cyperaceae. The chloroplast genome of C. niveus exhibits a quadripartite structure, spanning a length of 185,454 base pairs (bp). The genome contains a large single-copy region (99,339 bp), flanked by two inverted repeats (IRs) (IRA and IRB: each 38,021 bp) separated by a small single-copy (SSC) region (10,073 bp). The chloroplast genome of C. niveus was rich in adenine-thymine (AT) at 66.7% and guanine-cytosine (GC) at 33.3%. A total of 140 unique genes were identified in the chloroplast genome of C. niveus, including 83 protein-coding genes, 39 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. An amino acid frequency analysis uncovered the prevalence of leucine (10.90%) and isoleucine (9.20%). One hundred and forty-six simple sequence repeats and 49 oligonucleotide repeats were found in the chloroplast genome of C. niveus. A comparative analysis highlighted greater divergence within the IR and SSC regions. A phylogenetic assessment revealed that species within the genus Cyperus display phylogenetic conservation compared to other genera. Notably, the genus Carex exhibited substantial divergence, indicative of rapid evolutionary changes. C. niveus showed close resemblance with C. iria and C. exaltatus. In essence, this study and of chloroplast genome of C. niveus represents a valuable genomic asset that holds significance in species identification and comparative genomic research, presenting the first evolutionary relationship in Cyperaceae on the basis of chloroplast genome.

Solar irradiated construction of coordinatively unsaturated Znx+ (0<X<2) sites on biomass-derived carbon for enhanced lithium ions storage

The knowledge of the genus Carex L. (Cyperaceae) in South America is scattered, without recent comprehensive treatments for any country. Within the continent, Chile is the country that harbors the most diversity, being the second in species richness and the first in endemic taxa. However, Chilean botanists must resort to several Argentinian floras for species identification, although these works leave uncovered many Chilean species. This has led many researchers and amateurs to neglect the amazing diversity of the genus in the country. In this work, we summarize the results of several years of research on the genus Carex in Chile. We here formally report six new national records, including the reinstatement of the Nahuelbuta endemism Carex reicheana Boeckeler. Also, relevant changes (regional additions or significant distributional changes) are reported for another 33 species, and nomenclatural comments on problematic names are given. The catalogue of Carex for Chile is updated with our own findings and previous published reports from 82 to 96 species.

SummaryWe present relevant records of nine species of sedges (Cyperaceae) for Peru. For the genus Carex, we present two new national records (C. haematopus, C. lepida), plus relevant data for another six hitherto poorly known species. We also present the first record of Trichophorum rigidum subsp. ecuadoriense for Peru.