Career Levels Research Articles

Analysis of Core Competencies for the Clinical Data Management Profession in Japan

Introduction: Job-specific and competency-based educational programsconstitute essential tools for any professional involved in clinical trials. Inline with this, recently, the Multi-Regional Clinical Trials Centers of Harvardand industry–academia stakeholders issued the Joint Task Force for ClinicalTrial Core Competency (JTF competency), demonstrating that core competencyconsists of eight domains and 47 subdomains. Society for Clinical DataManagement (SCDM) also outlined the essential competencies and tasks for eachcareer level (early-to-mid vs mid-to-late) for clinical data management (CDM)personnel by conducting a questionnaire survey at the 2015 and 2018 SCDM annualconferences. However, to the best of our knowledge, no existing research hasadequately surveyed the competencies required of CDM personnel in Japan.Furthermore, educational programs based on these competencies have not beensufficiently developed.Objective: This study aims to clarify the competencies of CDMpersonnel in Japan, using a nationwide questionnaire.Methods: We developed a questionnaire combining SCDM (fourdomains and 122 items) and JTF (eight domains and 47 items) competencies andconducted a government-funded national web-based survey from November toDecember 2019. The survey was conducted to evaluate the functions of academicresearch organizations in collaboration with the SCDM Japan Steering Committee.Results: In total, 124 individuals from the CDM personnel (50AROs, 38 pharmaceuticals, and 36 CROs) responded to the survey. They were categorizedinto two groups based on their self-evaluated career levels: 70 participantsfor the mid-to-late career CDM personnel and 54 subjects for the early-to-midcareer CDM personnel. Among the seven tasks of SCDM competencies (67 subtasks),results from thirty-eight tasks (56.7%) showed a statistically significantdifference in the design, training project management, and review tasks betweenboth groups. On the other hand, among the eight domains of JTF competencies (47subdomains), results from twenty-seven subdomains (57.4%) showed statisticallysignificant differences, especially in domain 1 “Scientific concepts and researchdesign”, domain 6 “Data management and informatics, and domain 7 “Leadershipand professionalism”) between respondent groups.  Conclusion: We clarified the competency-based tasks for CDMpersonnel in Japan. Our findings will contribute to the development of competency-basededucational programs required for each CDM’s career level.Keywords: clinical data management, job-specific competency,education and training program, Joint Task Force for clinical trial competency,Society for Clinical Data Management.

Investigating the Essential Soft Skills (SS) that Engineering Graduates Need to Enhance their Employability in Bangladesh

Soft skills (SS) significantly influence engineering graduate’s employability. In addition to their academic knowledge and technical capabilities, graduates need soft skills. Employers give a greater value on soft skills than on technical abilities. For career-long employment sustainability, these skills are essential success factors. Employability is significantly correlated with soft skills. To succeed in the job, engineers require soft skills. Technical skills are valued by employers throughout the hiring process, but as engineering careers progress, employers give more emphasis on soft skills. However, not every level of a person's career requires the same set of soft skills. At a certain point in a career, employers look for different soft skills. Starting with early career, moving through mid-career, and ending with advanced career, this research attempts to uncover those soft skills accountable for workplace success meeting employer’s expectations. Both graduates with a diploma and a bachelor's degree in engineering have been covered by this study. The majority of engineers share the same Intelligent Quotient (IQ) on an average. Technical skill gaps are easily bridged with quick trainings. The only things that set engineers apart from the masses are soft skills, which are primarily characterized by personality traits and Emotional Intelligence (EQ). Employability is influenced by numerous factors. Only the employability's absolute dimension is the subject of the inquiry. Absolute dimension is contingent upon the candidate’s skill sets. It is true that having technical abilities is a requirement for employment. But in addition to technical skills, modern employers now prioritize soft skills. Of course, an engineer continues to be measured by his/her soft skills in mapping their Annual Compensation Review (ACR). The study identifies 46 distinct soft skills that engineers need. Since not all skills are equally valuable at every level of a career, they are grouped according to career stage.

Exploring the Essential Higher Order Cognitive Skills (HOCS) for the Employability of Engineering Graduates in Bangladesh

Employability of engineering graduates is largely impacted by their higher order cognitive skills. In addition to their academic knowledge and technical capabilities, graduates need HOCS. Employers give a larger value on HOCS than on technical abilities. For career-long employment sustainability, these skills are essential success factors. Employability is significantly correlated with HOCS. To succeed in the job, engineers require HOCS. Technical skills are valued by employers throughout the hiring process, but as engineering careers progress, employers give more emphasis on HOCS. However, not every level of a person's career requires the same set of HOCS. At a certain point in a career, employers look for different HOCS. Starting with early career, moving through mid-career, and ending with advanced career, this research attempts to uncover those HOCS accountable for workplace success meeting employer’s expectations. Both graduates with a diploma and a bachelor's degree in engineering have been covered by this study. The majority of engineers share the same Intelligent Quotient (IQ) on an average. Technical skill gaps are easily bridged with quick trainings. The only things that set engineers apart from the masses are HOCS, which are primarily higher order brain-based executive functions. Employability is influenced by numerous factors. Only the employability's absolute dimension is the subject of the inquiry. Absolute dimension is contingent upon the candidate’s skill sets. It is true that having technical abilities is a requirement for employment. But in addition to technical skills, modern employers now prioritize HOCS. It is an indisputable fact that engineer’s HOCS play a major role in their Annual Compensation Review (ACR). The study identifies 14 distinct HOCS that engineers need. Since not all skills are equally valuable at every point of a career, they are grouped according to career stage.

The Effect of Professional Development on Employee Performance Moderated by Career Level at PT. Samsung Elektronik Indonesia North Sumatra Region 02 Medan

This study aims to determine the effect of professional development on employee performance moderated by career paths at PT Samsung Elektronik Indonesia North Sumatra 02 Medan. This type of research is associative research using quantitative methods. The sample in this study was 120 respondents who were measured by purposive sampling method. The data obtained were analyzed using statistical formulas, namely by using moderated regression analysis (MRA) analysis whose processing was carried out with the Smart PLS version 3.0 program. The results of this study indicate that professional development has a positive and significant effect on employee performance as evidenced by the tcount value of 10.284> t table 1.98 with a significance of 0.00 <0.05. Career level is significantly able to moderate the effect of professional development on employee performance as evidenced by the significance value of 0.00 <0.05.

How Artificial Intelligence Helps Students to Learn English in Depth

This research examines the applications and advancements of artificial intelligence (AI), a computer-based simulation of human intelligence meant to act like humans. AI is one of the driving forces behind the 4.0 industrial revolution, making teaching and learning more accessible in schools. This study aims to understand the function of AI in ELT and examine AI technologies in ELT. This is a library research project. The findings indicate that AI provides a positive learning environment for learning English. Depending on the learner's current level of English, career needs, or hobbies, it has much potential to create a customized environment where students can simultaneously use their senses to learn English. AI boosts practical abilities like writing and offers a trustworthy simulation dialogue platform like spoken English. It maximizes the teaching impact of English in ELT while increasing students' practice ability. With the advancement of technology and platforms, learning English has gotten simpler. Artificial intelligence technology provides the chance to enhance English linguistic competence.[1]

Pengaruh Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Pengembangan Karir Dosen di Lingkungan Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Nusa Cendana Kupang

Career Development is a career planning process provided by a company to individuals as an effort or opportunity to enhance and develop their careers to a higher level according to their abilities and responsibilities. This study aims to determine the effect of work motivation on the career development of lecturers in the Faculty of Public Health at Nusa Cendana University, Kupang. The research is quantitative in nature. The population consists of 71 lecturers, with a sample of 41 respondents selected using purposive sampling technique. Data collection was conducted using a work motivation scale and a career development scale with a Likert scale model. The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 for Windows program. Data analysis was carried out using a simple linear regression test. The results showed that the calculated F-value was 54.237 with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, which indicates that work motivation has an effect on career development. It is recommended to take advantage of the career development opportunities that have been organized and facilitated to achieve the desired career level. Based on the quantitative research conducted on the lecturers of the Faculty of Public Health at Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, it was found that work motivation influences career development

Sex and Gender Considerations in Orthopaedic Research

Abstract JBJS convened a symposium to discuss the reporting of sex and gender in research studies as an imperative to improve research methods and results to benefit all patients. Barriers to improved reporting include a lack of societal and cultural acceptance of its need; a lack of education regarding appropriate terminology and appropriate statistical methods and efficient study designs; a need for increased research funding to support larger group sizes; unknown concordance of cell and animal models with humans to reflect biologic variables such as sex; and a lack of understanding of key considerations of gender, race, and other social determinants of health and how these factors intersect. Attention to developing and disseminating best-practice statistical methods and to educating investigators (at all career levels), reviewers, funders, editors, and staff in their proper implementation will aid reporting. Concomitantly, well-designed studies with sufficient rigor and adequate resources are essential to enable meaningful and reproducible research. Existing recommendations, such as the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines, provide valuable guidance that can be applied across the research ecosystem. Academic institutions and private foundations are likely groups to assist in scientific and institutional review board guidance and study recruitment and pilot funding to generate meaningful power estimates, and to serve as sources for additional funding and presentation of workshops, educational events, and seminars. All of this needs to be conducted on an ongoing basis to ensure that sex and gender are considered in scientific analyses, where relevant.

Particulates in CGT Guidance Survey Results – Cell and Gene Therapy Industry Knowledge Awareness

The ISCT Particulates Working Group has surveyed the global industry on commonly used regulatory guidance documents pertaining to particulates across various cell and gene therapy (CGT) product-based chemistry and manufacturing controls. Responses were collated from academic and industrially based individuals involved in, or making decisions for, manufacturing, quality control, and analytics. Two surveys covering therapy developers and manufacturing suppliers were created and distributed via email, through focus groups, and via social media platforms. In total, 97 responses were received from CGT professionals at different career levels, which varied from technicians to corporate executives. The responses represent a snapshot of the different CGT industries, with a bias in cell therapy developers, due to the distribution of respondents. Overall, we observed a widespread use of common guidance and legislative documents with specific testing requirements pinned to certain cell and gene therapy product types. Cell-based combination drugs and devices are not well addressed and may require other guidance that were not referenced. These results indicate that CGT particulate risk management should be clarified by collating various particulate guidelines into an easy-to-use guide that brings awareness to the various legislative and guidance documents pertaining to new and novel therapies, their classification, route of administration, and regulatory jurisdiction under which they are handled. The group also recommends clearly outlining the differences and similarities in particulate management regulations across the globe. As the CGT industry is undergoing maturation, the risk analysis methods are also maturing. With such a broad range in product types, routes of administration, source materials, and processing methods, standards of risk analysis and control need to be specific to the risk profile associated with any given drug product. The manufacturing strategy of novel drug types represented under the advanced therapy umbrella will require careful interpretation and implementation of the existing guidance identified in this survey, as not one guidance covers all manufacturing challenges with particulates.

From Earnings to Occupations: Understanding Intergenerational Mobility inTurkey

The studies analyzing intergenerational economic mobility have been rather scarce for developing countries due to unavailability of longitudinal datasets. This study uses data from Survey of Income and Living Condition (SILC) from2006- 2021, obtained from Turkish Statistical Institute to analyze the intergenerational income and occupational mobility in Turkey. Besides measuring the dynamics of income and occupational mobility across generations, we also analyze howdoes the association of children socioeconomic outcome with their family backgroundvary at different career levels of children. Our findings reveal that the associationwith parents income is much higher for daughters as compared to sons suggestingdaughters outcomes are more explained by their family socioeconomic status. Regarding the association of children’ outcome with family status at different career stage, the relationship is stronger when children are at the mid-career level. The Bayesian methodology and Pseudo-panel fixed effect model has beenemployed to estimate intergenerational income elasticity and for the rest of the analysis, Bayesian methodology has been utilized. Our finding also reveals higher intergenerational occupational persistence among children in higher income families while children from disadvantaged families have higher probability of switching career upon receiving good education and income perspective.

How mentoring and a shift in mindset and practices can help navigate fast-paced science

Abstract In the competitive realm of academia, the pursuit of meaningful knowledge often collides with the imperative to publish quickly and frequently, sidelining patient investigation and deep understanding. This article aims to share critical insights into this issue, sparking further discussions about the challenges of fast-paced science and cultivating a more ethical scientific landscape, one that values exploration and ingenuity over rushed output and flashy headlines. The narrative traces the growing disillusionment of the first author with the prevailing publish-or-perish culture and her concerns about its impact on research quality and genuine collaboration. The article showcases how a mentoring programme for women postdoctoral researchers and network activities have aided her in navigating these challenges and carving out her career path. Her experiences are enriched by the perspectives of the second author, the coordinator of the mentoring programme. Through one-on-one mentoring, get-togethers, and workshops, the first author gained the inspiration, skills, and encouragement necessary to rekindle her commitment to science. The lesson learned is the importance of providing scientists with a guided, safe, and brave space for open dialogue about individual concerns and general working conditions in academia. Examples are provided that illustrate potential strategies and practices for challenging the status quo. By nurturing an environment that puts quality before quantity, academia can pave the way for transformative discoveries and profound understanding across all career levels.

Exploring the Challenges on Career Planning Education of Higher Vocational College Students in the New Era

With the development of social economy and the diversification of career choices, the importance of college students' career planning has become increasingly prominent. In the college stage, the career planning education for college students is helpful to improve their cognition of the future career, clarify their career goals, and provide strong support for their future employment. This paper used qualitative methods to find out the factors influencing the effectiveness level of career planning education and the challenges faced by universities in implementing the teaching of career planning for college students. Through the research, it is found that the contemporary college students 'career planning guidance system is effective, targeted and feasible, and obtains a new way and new method of career planning for higher vocational college students' career planning education. It provides a reference for the career planning education of higher vocational college students in the new era. By trying to build the career education system for college students in higher vocational colleges in the new era, the career education is closer to the characteristics and reality of the education object, so as to make the career education more scientific and effective.

Understanding subjective well-being across a multi-generational workforce in public relations: a qualitative study

PurposeThe current inquiry advances the public relations field and practice in several ways. First, this research addresses a clear gap in research on subjective well-being, specifically among PR professionals across career stages and generations. Second, the findings reveal important generational similarities and differences in how PR practitioners talk about well-being. This provides an empirical basis for developing tailored, multi-generational approaches to supporting well-being in PR workplaces. Lastly, this research provides practical implications for PR professionals to understand generational perspectives and to implement flexible policies to improve well-being.Design/methodology/approachThe current study explored subjective well-being (SWB) across generations of public relations professionals. Using a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 PR practitioners at various career levels – entry, mid-level and senior.FindingsAnalysis revealed several similarities but a key disparity among cohorts. Senior-level professionals specifically reported struggling with work–life balance and the perceived ability to be autonomous, while entry-level professionals expressed commitment to setting boundaries on their time. These findings highlight a need for the PR industry to establish flexible workplace standards that enable employees at different career stages to collaborate and support one another’s well-being.Practical implicationsOur findings will appeal to your readers who seek to cultivate employee subjective well-being and understand generational issues via qualitative methods. By conducting a qualitative study in an understudied area, PR industry leaders and managers can support employee well-being across generations and career stages.Originality/valueOur study is the first to examine generational dispositions as it relates to SWB across the public relations industry.

The Prevalence of Burnout in Limb Lengthening and Reconstruction Surgeons.

To evaluate the level of burnout among international limb reconstruction surgeons. Burnout describes chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed. Limb reconstruction surgeons may be particularly at risk for burnout. The development of necessary skills and expertise has a steep learning curve and the patients are among the most complex in orthopaedics, with multiple failed surgeries and high complication rates. An internet-based REDCap survey consisted of demographic questions, four open-ended questions, and two valid, reliable measures: (1) Patient Health Questionnaire 4 (PHQ-4)-a screening tool for anxiety and depression, and (2) The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel (MBI-HSS-MP) which measures levels of depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and low personal achievement. The surveys were distributed to international limb reconstruction surgeons. Statistical analysis consisted of descriptive and non-parametric analysis: Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. There were 103 surgeon responses from at least one country of each of the six populated continents. Eighty-three percent of the respondents were male. The career level distribution was early (1-10 years' experience) = 51%, mid (11-20 years' experience) = 30%, and late (>20 years' experience) = 20%. Twenty-four percent stated they were currently being treated or had been treated in the past for mood or anxiety or both with medication or counselling. Based on the MBI-HSS-MP scores, 38% of limb reconstruction surgeons displayed burnout symptoms, and 16% exhibited severe burnout. The mid-career had the highest levels of overall burnout; there was no statistical significance between the groups. The PHQ-4 scores were within normal limits. In this study sample, 38% displayed burnout symptoms and 16% exhibited severe burnout. The mid-career group had the highest level of burnout. Unmanaged burnout can lead to major depression or suicidal ideation, or both. Support systems for limb reconstruction surgeons need to be developed and maintained. Iobst C, Tulchin-Francis K, Richard HM. The Prevalence of Burnout in Limb Lengthening and Reconstruction Surgeons. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr 2024;19(2):67-72.

Patched but Still Leaky: An Update on the Pipeline for Women in Gastroenterology.

Women remain underrepresented in gastroenterology (GI). Studies have identified that a lack of formal mentorship for women contributes to this underrepresentation. While many GI divisions have adopted models for supporting GI fellows and faculty, there is a gap in our knowledge regarding mentorship options for internal medicine (IM) residents interested in GI. To evaluate representation of women at each level of their career (resident, fellow, and attending) and examine trends in representation of women in GI compared to other IM subspecialties. We analyzed AAMC Physician Specialty Data Reports to compare gender representation and growth of women representation across all IM subspecialties and residencies from 2007 to 2021. In 2021, 44.3% of IM residents, 37.8% of GI fellows, and 19.7% of actively practicing attending gastroenterologists were women. Since 2007, GI comprised significantly lower proportions of women attendings except for cardiology, and lower representation in fellows, except for cardiology and nephrology, than other IM subspecialties (p < 0.001). There was a consistently higher proportion of women GI fellows than attendings over the past 14years (p < 0.01). GI has among the lowest representation of women at each career level compared to other IM subspecialties. Given the previously reported preference of gender congruent mentoring, the underrepresentation of senior academic gastroenterologists who are women may be a contributing factor to lower proportions of women trainees choosing to pursue GI.

Exploring influences of supervision on psychotherapists’ professional development: correlates across career-level cohorts

ABSTRACT This exploratory study aims to extend and strengthen the empirical base for supervision as a facilitator of professional growth, as outlined in an established conceptual model, by exploring its correlates among psychotherapists across their entire professional career. Ratings of the impact of supervision by 6267 psychotherapists of different professions, theoretical orientations, and career levels in many countries who were currently in supervision were correlated, separately for each of five career cohorts, with aspects of their treatment experience, work situation, and personal characteristics. Large percentages of psychotherapists at all career levels, including senior psychotherapists, engaged in supervision and rated its impact on their development positively. Growth-facilitating supervision was associated broadly but moderately in all career cohorts mainly with interpersonal aspects of therapists’ treatment experience, with supportive work settings, and with caring and expressive personal characteristics. Some differential findings among cohorts also reflected potential developmentally based functions of supervision. The implications of results were considered both for supervisory practice, training and for future supervision research.

Peningkatan Perencanaan Karier Melalui Layanan Informasi Konsep Ikigai Pada Siswa Kelas XI di SMAIT Nurul Ilmi Kota Jambi

Improving Career Planning Through Ikigai Concept Information Services for XI Students Class at SMAIT Nurul Ilmi Jambi City. Students have their own challenges during the process of determining their choice of major for further education. The core problem felt by students is that students do not know themselves, their potential, as well as their interests and talents. This condition become worse by the lack of guidance received, students are less likely to search for information about new and existing majors, do not carry out career planning, and not aware of the latest developments related to job prospects. If this problem is not addressed, it can have a negative impact on a student in the future, this is because career planning before making a career choice is very important and crucial. Ikigai is a life concept that leads individuals to formulate their life goals by discovering the four concepts that form ikigai consisting of passion, mission, profession and vocation. This research is a quasi-experimental quantitative research using a pre-test and post-test with non-equivalent control group design. The subjects in this study were 56 student from XI class. Therefore, the career choices taken should be in accordance with one's own desires and based on careful career planning. This research aims to determine the level of students' career planning before and after being given treatment in the form of ikigai concept information.

Factors Influencing Accounting Students' Interest in Taking Accounting Certification

Indonesia has a small number of public accountants and still needs a large number of professions, in anticipation of the expansion of the business sector. The number of CA graduates in East Java is still low compared to the number of accounting graduates every year. This is due to the relatively high enrolment costs, the lack of training for students on the purpose and benefits of having a Chartered Accountant (CA) certification itself. The research aims to find out the impact of career motivation, level of understanding, and cost perception on obtaining accounting certification. This research uses a quantitative approach, with the aim of testing the hypothesis. The population in this study is a student of the S1 Accounting Final Semester Program at Besuki Se-Karesidenan College. Sampling using probbalility sampling. Data analysis using the help of the IBM SPSS Statistics application. Research results show that career motivation and level of understanding influence the level of comprehension of the interest of students taking accounting certification. While the perception of costs has no influence on the interest of students taking accounting certification.

Association between perceived overqualification, work engagement, job satisfaction among nurses: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesThis cross-sectional correlational study aimed to understand nurses’ perceived overqualification and work engagement, explore their effects on job satisfaction and provide a theoretical basis for hospital management policies in a...

Building stronger foundations: exploring a collaborative faculty mentoring workshop for in-depth growth

BackgroundMentorship training programs demand a paradigm shift from theory-driven to hands-on practical approach with prioritization of preparation of mentors and mentees for their roles through self-awareness and targeted professional development planning. There is a lack of evidence generated from the health professions education institutions of global south regarding effectiveness of workshops in fostering mentorship culture.MethodsThis mixed method study with convergent parallel design was conducted through a collaborative mentoring workshop; “Faculty Mentoring-Building stronger by digging deeper” by Aga khan University Medical College, Karachi and University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Objective of the research was to emphasize the importance of faculty mentoring program, roles and responsibilities of mentors and mentees and perception of the participants regarding the associated role of institutions. It aimed to educate faculty members to develop personal development plans for becoming effective mentors and mentees. The demographic data was collected before the workshop, during the workshop data was collected from SWOT analysis, followed by goal settings and the action plans made by participants at the end. Post workshop online feedback was acquired by a questionnaire to comprehend participants’ educational attainment. Association between quantitative findings was done through ANOVA, while the qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis.ResultsTotal of 37 faculty members participated in the hands-on workshop. All faculty equally perceived the workshop as satisfactory and reported that hands-on practice led to positive experience of setting clear goals and action plans in developing oneself both as mentor and mentee. Themes identified were; Faculty Mentorship Program, Personal development Plan of Mentors and Mentees and Building Positive Mentor-Mentee Relationships. Voluntary structured program, choice of more than one faculty mentor and portfolio development based on personal SWOT was recommended by participants for the success of formal mentoring programs.ConclusionMedical Faculty of Pakistani Universities at all career levels is interested in development of formal mentoring programs in their universities. Formal training for the same is also recommended by the participants. Institutions should cultivate a culture of mentorship that supports the professional growth and success of academics for cultivating the minds that are in turn shaping our future generations.

Where are they now? An analysis of integrated cardiothoracic surgery residency applicants

Changes in cardiothoracic surgery (CTS) workforce trends have affected training paradigms to include the establishment of integrated six-year CTS residency (I6) programs. This study aimed to determine commitment of selected I6 program applicants to the specialty.Internal archives at a single institution were accessed to identify applicants interviewed for an I6 position from 2014 to 2016. A systematic internet search of publicly available information was performed to identify the trainee's current specialty. Descriptive analysis was performed.Forty-seven applicants were identified. Successful search results were achieved for 97.9 % of the applicants. One applicant was excluded, resulting in a cohort of 45. 48.9 % of the applicants successfully matched into I6 programs. Of the 23 who did not match into an I6 program, 91.3 % began a General Surgery (GS) residency. When looking solely at the GS trainees, 71.4 % sought and matched into a traditional or 4/3 CTS residency. In total, 77.8 % of the cohort are currently pursuing careers in cardiothoracic surgery.The study identified a strong continued interest in the field of CT Surgery among those interviewed for integrated residency. The methodology used in this study provided an effective way to follow career choice of applicants interviewed and could be applied by additional programs to further elucidate career choice and levels of commitment.