Cardboard Packaging Research Articles

Postharvest quality response of green chili (<i>Capsicum Frutescens L</i>.) fruits to different concentrations of salicylic acid and calcium chloride

Capsicum frutescens L. (green chili) is an important food crop normally used in traditional cuisine. It is soft in texture with high moisture content and active metabolism; hence, it is highly vulnerable to quality deterioration. The object of this study was to explore the storage conditions for the enhancement of postharvest storage life of C. frutescens with six treatments: 1mM/L (T1), salicylic acid (SA) 2mM/L (T2), SA 4mM/L (T3), calcium chloride (CaCl2) 0.5% (T4), CaCl2 1.5% (T5), and CaCl2 2% (T6). Treated fruits were packed in three different types of pack-ing materials (polythene, paper, and cardboard), and the experiment was duplicated to store at 10ºC and 25ºC. The quality of fruits was assessed by decay percentage, weight loss percentage, length of shelf life, and antioxidant activities. The given treatments improved the quality of chili. The shelf life was significantly enhanced by 4mM/L SA and 2% CaCl2 treatment for up to 56 days in cardboard packaging at 10°C.

Experimental Research on the Tribological Behavior of Plastic Materials with Friction Properties, with Applications to Manipulators in the Pharmaceutical Industry

In this article, the authors present the results obtained within a complex experimental program that focuses on determining the tribological characteristics of the friction materials used in transmission belts, which are critical active components in manipulators within the pharmaceutical industry. The elements of transmission belts, having the role of ensuring the movement of cardboard packaging—used when packing the foils with medicine capsules—and stopping them during the insertion of the foils, were studied. This repetitive cycle—travel-braking—leads to the wearing of the friction material on the active surface of the belt. The experiments were carried out in a dry environment (air) by testing different types of friction materials (original belt, 3D printed TPU 60A, and TPU 95A). While the study is limited to these three materials, the results highlight the significant influence of material type and infill percentage on the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear resistance. TPU 60A achieved the highest COF at 100% infill, indicating a superior grip but experienced substantial wear, under the same conditions. Conversely, TPU 95A demonstrated a lower COF, suggesting reduced grip, but exhibited exceptional wear resistance. The aim of the research is to provide a preliminary investigation into the materials’ wear resistance and braking effectiveness. The experiments utilized appropriate samples to replicate real operational conditions, particularly focusing on the nature of contact between the moving belt and the packaging.

Decision-making for supplier selection of supplement packaging

This research was conducted on manufacturers of various pharmaceutical products in Indonesia, especially multivitamins and over-the-counter medicines, and focused on packaging, which also plays a significant role. The company orders cardboard packaging from several suppliers. The problem is that there are still many cardboard packages with defects, such as stains on the information cover, faded writing, nonstandard colors, illegible barcodes, and torn cardboard, resulting in a manual sorting process which results in wasted working time and disrupts production schedules. This research aims to select potential suppliers to reduce this problem by implementing the AHP method to determine weights and the MOORA method to determine priority choices from existing alternative suppliers. The results of the research, using the AHP method, obtained criteria weights, namely quality of 38%, delivery of 24%, cost of 21%, responsiveness of 10%, and flexibility of 7%, with the MOORA method the ranking results were obtained, namely first place Alternative 1, second place Alternative 2, and the third rank is Alternative 3. This shows that Alternative 1 is a priority supplier that can be recommended as the best supplier.

Prevalence, Medico-Legal Aspects and Cost of Occupational Accidents Occurring in a Cardboard Packaging Manufacturing Company in Abidjan from 2012 to 2019

Prevalence, Medico-Legal Aspects and Cost of Occupational Accidents Occurring in a Cardboard Packaging Manufacturing Company in Abidjan from 2012 to 2019

The influence of sunflower nanocellulose on the quality indicators of moisture-resistant packaging cardboard

There is a steady trend in the world to increase the production of packaging cardboard and paper materials, in particular moisture-resistant container cardboard, which is intended for packaging chilled and frozen products. At the same time, the technology for producing moisture-resistant container cardboard uses chemical additives (CDA), which are usually synthesized from exhaustible energy sources (oil, gas, coal), which pollute the environment and harm human health. An alternative to environmentally harmful CDA are natural biodegradable materials, which include nanocellulose (NC). NC has unique properties and great potential for application in various industries, in particular for improving the performance of paper and cardboard. The paper presents the results of research into the processes of obtaining cellulose and nanocellulose from sunflower stems and the influence of nanocellulose on the quality indicators of moisture-resistant cardboard. The chemical composition and morphological structure of the woody part and parenchyma of sunflower stems were determined. Changes in the yield, residual lignin content and mineral substances in cellulose during the thermochemical treatment of sunflower stalks by extraction with alkali and peracetic solution are presented. The influence of technological parameters of the process of hydrolysis of organosolvent sunflower cellulose on the quality indicators of nanocellulose (NC) is studied. It was established that sunflower NC particles have a transverse size of 6–20 nm, a length of tens of micrometers, the NC suspension has a density of up to 1.51 g/cm³, and NC films have a tensile strength of up to 65.4 MPa, transparency of up to 83%, a crystallinity index of up to 78.4% and a lateral order index of up to 1.83. The influence of sunflower NC on the quality indicators of moisture-resistant container cardboard is studied. It has been established that increasing the consumption of NC in the range from 1 to 5 kg/t of cardboard has a positive effect on its quality indicators, in particular on mechanical strength and water resistance. The use of sunflower NC in the composition of moisture-resistant cardboard allows replacing 50% of environmentally harmful synthetic chemical auxiliary substances used in the production of paper and cardboard.

Investigation of the influence of packaging cardboard surface topography on the quality of printed products

The article investigates the impact of surface topography of various types of packaging cardboard on the quality of offset printed impressions. It analyzes the morphological structure of coated (GD2) and uncoated (UD3) cardboard, their microstructure, as well as surface roughness parameters such as Ra, peak, and valley areas. The article also provides a comparative analysis of the morphological indicators of unprinted cardboard surfaces and their printed impressions. Recommendations are proposed for selecting packaging materials to ensure optimal print quality.

Active cardboard box with palm wood waste powder and orange oil to prevent browning and quality loss in cabbage: Mode of action and potential for reuse.

Browning, caused by enzymatic activity and storage conditions, affects cabbage during cold storage and is crucial for customer acceptance. This study investigated the effect of cardboard packaging containing low concentrations of nano-orange oil (ONE) at 0.006% in palm wood waste powder for anti-browning and extending the shelf life of cabbage. The incorporation of ONE into palm wood powder (PWP) using different methods (soaking, vapor, vapor with ultrasonic device, and control) was examined before using the active PWP to develop cardboard cabbage packaging. The reuse of the active cabbage box packaging was also investigated for up to three reuses. The results showed that a greater anti-browning effect was achieved with cardboard packaging made from active PWP with orange oil vapor and an ultrasonic device compared to other adsorption methods, with significantly higher inhibition of the key browning enzyme activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). Additionally, antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds were improved, maintaining the bright green color of cabbage after 21 days of storage. The shelf life of cabbage stored in active cardboard was extended to at least 21 days compared to 5 days for the control. The active cabbage box with PWP and ONE vapor with an ultrasonic device showed potential for reuse at least two times. Limonene was found on the surface of stored cabbage and may be a key factor in antimicrobial activity, helping to control microbial growth on the cabbage surface within standard limits during long-term storage. This finding provides valuable guidance for reducing cabbage waste during transportation and storage from farm to market. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research offers new insights into active cardboard packaging made from palm wood powder with a low concentration of orange oil vapor to prevent browning and microbial growth in storage boxes. The optimal method for producing this packaging uses nano-orange oil vapor at 0.006% with an ultrasonic device, which could be feasible for large-scale production. The packaging effectively reduced PPO and POD enzyme activity, delaying browning and extending cabbage shelf life by at least threefold compared to the control, while maintaining color and freshness. This cost-effective method promotes the sustainable use of agricultural waste in the fresh vegetable industry, as it can be reused at least twice, benefiting farmers and reducing cabbage waste.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of GS-2 on Reusable Food Packaging Materials for Specialty Crops.

The European Union (EU) regulations mandate 10% of all food packaging to be reusable by 2030. United States (U.S.) exporters of specialty crops face new challenges in ensuring microbiological food safety using reusable packaging. A novel antimicrobial formulation consisting of ammonium carboxylate salt of capric acid and L-arginine (GS-2) was recently developed as a spray coating chemical for food packaging materials. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of GS-2 against microbial strains representing three foodborne bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica), one fungal spoilage organism (Aspergillus niger), and one surrogate viral pathogen (murine norovirus) on three reusable plastic materials (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, high-density polyethylene, and polypropylene) and one cardboard packaging material, respectively. Different chemical concentrations, exposure times, and storage conditions were individually evaluated for the relative antimicrobial efficacies of GS-2 against these microorganisms. Our results showed that GS-2 was highly effective for inactivating bacterial pathogens on both plastic and cardboard surfaces. For instance, 3% GS-2 achieved a >5 log CFU/in2 reduction in E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and S. enterica on tested plastic surfaces at an exposure time of 60 min. However, its efficacy against A. niger and murine norovirus was less optimal, resulting in a ≤1 log CFU/in2 reduction on all tested surfaces. Based on our study, GS-2 demonstrated a strong potential as an antibacterial coating reagent for reusable food packaging materials to minimize pathogen contamination and ensure the safety of the specialty crops.

Mechanical Analysis of Corrugated Cardboard Subjected to Shear Stresses

Corrugated cardboard is widely used for packaging due to its sturdiness and lightweight properties. However, its ability to withstand lateral forces during handling, transportation, and storage is critical for maintaining its structural integrity. In this study, the problem of understanding and quantifying the strain experienced by corrugated cardboard boxes under shear stresses at various points in their lifecycle is addressed. Specifically, a precise methodology for testing shear stresses was developed and validated, enhancing the understanding of the material’s behaviour. Several key problems are addressed in this research, including the quantification of the amount of strain experienced by cardboard boxes from a warehouse to the final delivery, the development of a reliable testing methodology to measure shear stresses, and the understanding of the mechanical behaviour and structural integrity of corrugated cardboard under these conditions. It is anticipated that the findings will improve the design and durability of corrugated cardboard packaging, ensuring better performance during transportation and storage. This research contributes to the optimisation of logistics, the improvement of packaging quality, and the support of sustainable development by enhancing the reuse and recyclability of corrugated cardboard.

Tomato Plant Residues, a Sustainable Fiber Source for Cardboard Packaging

Cardboard packaging is a good example of sustainable material use, yet even more sustainable solutions are available, such as replacing wood fibers with those from alternative sources like agricultural waste. In our research, we produced paperboard from fibers obtained from waste tomato stems using a pilot paper machine, and its basic, surface, and mechanical properties were then determined. Additionally, we produced corrugated cardboard from the tomato fiber-based paperboard and analyzed its performance under different environmental conditions. A comparative analysis was made with commercial corrugated cardboard to determine the differences in mechanical properties and the quality of the prints made using the flexographic printing technique. The results indicated that the properties of tomato fiber-based paperboard and corrugated cardboard are sufficient for many packaging applications. Analyses showed that the mechanical properties of both commercial and corrugated cardboard produced from tomato stems were affected by the environmental conditions, while the change in print quality was minor. Exposure to high humidity had a much greater effect than exposure to low temperature. High humidity lowered the tensile and bursting strength and resistance to compression, resulting in decreased strength and stiffness, while low temperature had a less severe effect. Nevertheless, corrugated cardboard made from tomato-based paperboard can be used for storage of fresh produce locally, as well as for transport packaging, provided the transport box is designed to address its poor stacking strength. The print quality of this cardboard is also suitable for transport packaging, and the readability of the UHF RFID tags remains satisfactory. The findings of this study have significant implications for the development of sustainable materials. The successful use of tomato stems, a waste product from agriculture, in the production of corrugated cardboard supports the circular economy by turning waste into a valuable resource.

Entrepreneurship Development Based on Financial Management for the Community Kota Bambu Selatan - Palmerah, West Jakarta

The waste problem in Indonesia is no longer strange, recently the waste problem, which is becoming increasingly mounting day by day, has become a topic of conversation that has attracted the attention of every group. The problem of waste has become a daily problem for Indonesian people. Various types of waste have colored our every point of view. Waste is a serious matter that must be dealt with immediately. You can imagine the waste thrown away by households and industry. And like it or not, we have to admit that the Indonesian people still don't understand much about waste. Various methods have been taken by the government and some communities to reduce the volume of waste in Indonesia. Therefore, as an alternative way, I tried to use unused drink packaging cardboard into a unique wall decoration with high selling value. Carrying out community service activities regarding used goods waste is very challenging for our implementing team. Our activities include socializing the use of domestic waste, apart from being able to process it into craft innovations, to support the Urban MSME program RT 11/RW 06 Kota Bambu Selatan Subdistrict, Palmerah, West Jakarta and socializing the use of domestic waste to create waste from used goods. Later, residents, especially the Karang Taruna RT 11/RW 06, Kota Bambu Selatan Village, Palmerah, West Jakarta, can start creating creativity from used goods

Investigating the Effect of Perforations on the Load-Bearing Capacity of Cardboard Packaging.

The impact of perforation patterns on the compressive strength of cardboard packaging is a critical concern in the packaging industry, where optimizing material usage without compromising structural integrity is essential. This study aims to investigate how different perforation designs affect the load-bearing capacity of cardboard boxes. Utilizing finite element method (FEM) simulations, we assessed the compressive strength of packaging made of various types of corrugated cardboards, including E, B, C, EB, and BC flutes with different heights. Mechanical testing was conducted to obtain accurate material properties for the simulations. Packaging dimensions were varied to generalize the findings across different sizes. Results showed that perforation patterns significantly influenced the compressive strength, with reductions ranging from 14% to 43%, compared to non-perforated packaging. Notably, perforations on multiple walls resulted in the highest strength reductions. The study concludes that while perforations are necessary for functionality and aesthetics, their design must be carefully considered to minimize negative impacts on structural integrity. These findings provide valuable insights for designing more efficient and sustainable packaging solutions in the industry.

Analysis of E-Flute Raw Material Inventory Control using the Material Requirement Planning (MRP) Method in a Cardboard Packaging Company

Cardboard packaging companies are companies thatproduces various types of packaging products including Master Boxes, Archive Boxes, Mosnon Boxes, Small Cartons, Big Cartons). Cardboard packaging companies have not implemented good inventory management when purchasing E-Flute raw materials, soInventory control in these companies often experiences problemsnamely ordering and using inappropriate raw materials, sometimes in excess and sometimes in shortage. Optimum material requirements planning is carried out using the Material Requirement Planning (MRP) method. This method begins by forecasting the number of requests for the future. This forecasting is carried out using the Moving Average, Exponential methodSmootingand Linear Regression. After knowing the price of raw materials, data on material requirements, and costs for inventory and material storage, then a comparison of inventory planning costs is carried out using the Lot For Lot (LFL) method.AndEconomic Order Quantity (EOQ). From the calculation results of the two methods, the method that produces the minimum inventory costs is selected. The Lot For Lot (LFL) technique produces the lowest total inventory costs, namely Rp4.800.000,-

Novel Deep Learning Application: Recognizing Inconsistent Characters on Pharmaceutical Packaging

Background Machine vision faces significant challenges when applied to text recognition on cardboard packaging particularly due to multiple printing methods, irregular character shapes, and curved packaging surfaces. Methods This research introduces a novel deep learning application for recognizing binarized expiration date and batch code characters printed using multiple printing methods. The method, based on Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN), enables character recognition directly from in the images without the need for extracting handcrafted features. In detail, this approach performs character recognition by using the whole image as input, extracting and learning salient character features directly from the packaging surface images. Results The R-CNN model, with a precision of 91.1% and an F1 score of 80.9%, effectively recognizes manufacturing markings on pharmaceutical packages, with inconsistencies in the characters’ shapes. In a comparative experiment using the same dataset of images, the R-CNN model significantly outperformed Tesseract OCR, achieving much higher precision, recall, and F1 scores. Conclusions The results of this study reveal that the deep learning method outperforms the well-established optical character recognition method in recognizing text characters printed with different printing methods. Presented in this study, the deep learning method recognizes text characters with high precision. It is also suitable for recognizing text printed on curved surfaces, provided proper preprocessing is applied. The problem investigated in the study differs from previous research in the field, focusing on the recognition of texts printed with different printing methods. The research thus fills a gap in text recognition that existed in the research of the field. Furthermore, the study presents new ideas that will be utilized in our future research.

Cardboard packaging minimization: Autonomous box selection by RGB-depth vision system and complementary deep learning classification

Amidst the dramatic expansion of online shopping, wasted cardboard packaging has become a significant challenge in modern-day society. In this paper, we propose an innovative approach to address the issue of box packaging waste by efficiently selecting an optimal cardboard box for a set of items. Employing depth vision and deep learning classification techniques, the proposed system analyzes depth images to compute an optimal cuboid for unpackaged items while accounting for fragility characteristics. The system, facilitated by two Intel RealSense RGB-D cameras, first captures the overhead and sideview images to determine the dimensions of an unknown object. Then, the developed vision system utilizes averaging and morphological opening filters to denoise the acquired images, calculates the difference between the background image and object image, and employs thresholding by Otsu’s algorithm to find the minimum cuboid of the irregular object. After, a two-step deep learning model is used to determine the general category and characteristics of an object, considering factors, such as fragility, that may necessitate wrapping or separate packaging. Finally, a modified largest area first fit algorithm uses the outputted dimensions for irregular-shaped objects and packaged objects to determine the optimal fitting box from the standard Amazon box catalog. The computer simulation shows that the proposed method can be implemented in a cardboard packaging warehouse for optimal box selection, effectively minimizing cardboard waste.

Pengaruh Jenis Kemasan pada Perubahan Kualitas Salak Pondoh Banjarnegara dalam Bentuk Tandan Selama Transportasi dan Penyimpanan

Salak (Salacca edulis Reinw.) in bunch form can be attractive to consumers because its own unique shape. The use of primary and secondary packaging can maintain fruit quality. This study aims to evaluate quality change of salak in bunches including physical damage, mechanical damage, physiological and microbiological damage. Salak bunches were stored for 22 days, with observations every 3 days to analyze fruit damage, TSS, weight loss, and fruit hardness. The study used a single-factor completely randomized design, involving 3 treatments: wooden crates (K1), cardboard without net foam (K2), and cardboard with net foam (K3). Data were analyzed descriptively, analysis of variance, and DMRT at the 5% level. Primary packaging was effective in reducing mechanical damage to fruit after 13 hours of transportation, with mechanical damage reaching 0 (zero) due to net foam. The type of packaging used had a significant effect on quality change of salak during storage, namely physical, physiological and microbiological damage, weight loss, hardness, and TSS. Cardboard packaging with net foam was the best treatment, showing low physiological and microbiological damage until the 16th day of storage, which amounted to 4.05, as well as a low rate of change in quality for 22 days. Keywords: Salak bunches, storage, packaging, fruit quality, transportation

Study and Design of Corrugated Cardboard Trays With Microwaves by Experimental Analysis (EA) and Finite Element Methods (FEM)

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the work is to study by experimental analysis and finite element methods the mechanical response of a packaging, consisting of a corrugated cardboard container, used for the transport of fruit and vegetables. During the container design, three different configurations were selected which differ both in the choice of liner and in the type of wave. In particular, the type E, F and N microwaves were chosen. They are characterized by a lower amplitude than the high and medium waves commonly used in corrugated cardboard packaging, making it possible to reduce material consumption and, consequently, costs. In the initial phase of the study, experimental tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical strength of the liners. In addition, edge compression tests (ECTs) were performed to determine the stacking resistance of the structure. The break‐in resistance of the structures was analysed using a test conducted according to an internal standard, called strength packaging test (SPT). Subsequently, a parametric study was set up with the finite element method for the simulation of the mechanical behaviour of the three structures, using the homogenization technique. The comparison between the maximum total deformations, measured experimentally and calculated numerically, has highlighted the need to introduce corrective coefficients to improve the homogenization of the wave structure. In this way, it was possible to improve the matching of the results obtained on the structures simulated by the homogenization technique and those obtained on the corresponding real structures.

Evaluation of Bruising Susceptibility and Response of Pears under Impact Loading through Finite Element Analysis

Mechanical damage and bruising of fruit is a critical problem in the food industry. Minimizing brusing and damage can be achieved by designing energy-absorbing structures and packaging systems in order to ensure the long-term quality of fresh produce. The aim of this study is to investigate the response and bruise susceptibility of pears under impact loading conditions through finite element analysis (FEA) methods. In this paper, three impact heights (0.25 m, 0.5 m, and 1.0 m), four impact material surfaces (poplar wood, rubber, cardboard, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic), two packaging sizes (standard 0.22″ and sandwich lattice 2.1″), and three impact design structures (rigid, corrugated, and honeycomb) are considered. Based on mesh sensitivity analysis, a mesh element of 1.5 mm was adopted for all simulations, assuring the accuracy of results and considering the trade-off between mesh size and computational time. The response surface analysis approach was utilized in order to develop predictive empirical models related to pear bruising. Results revealed that the rubber-based impact platform yielded minimal bruise susceptibility at all heights, while standard-sized corrugated cardboard performed best at a height of 0.25 m. Furthermore, single, double, and triple layers of packaging cardboard were tested. We observed that adding a second soft layer of corrugated cardboard reduced the stress on the pear by around 33%. However, adding a third layer only reduced stress by 5%. The 3D-printed honeycomb ABS has potential as protective packaging but would require further investigations and parameter optimization. Stacking multiple layers of cardboard on top of each other is a cost-effective solution that could improve damping and, therefore, ensure good quality and increase the shelf life of the fresh produce. This study will help decision-makers select the optimal energy-absorbing material for cushioning and packaging designs in order to improve the handling and post-harvesting logistics of fresh produce.

The influence of material and color of food packaging on consumers’ perception and consumption willingness

The influence of material and color of food packaging on consumers’ perception and consumption willingness

Analysis of experience in optimizing the operation of an automated production line for folding cardboard boxes

The object of research is an automated system for controlling the bending mechanisms of the folding-gluing line for cardboard packaging products. In the work, the ways of optimization and the development of an automated control system for the bending mechanisms of the folding and gluing line, which makes it possible to fold various structures and standard sizes of cardboard boxes using modern automation tools based on programmable logic controllers, were carried out in the work. A mathematical model has been proposed to describe operations on the folding-gluing line. Based on the model, a methodology has been developed for calculating the parameters of the automated control system for the box folding production line, depending on the technical parameters of the line and the parameters of the boxes to be bent. This will make it possible to choose optimal technological modes of the production process and obtain high quality parameters of cardboard packaging products. To verify the mathematical model of the production line, software has been developed in the Delphi development environment, which was applied with the developed automated production process control system based on a programmable logic controller (PLC) and an operator panel. This produced a number of results, in particular, controlling the speed of the hook bend in proportion to the speed of the line. And also provided an opportunity to increase line speed and, accordingly, production productivity. It has been possible to change the mutual location of system elements, which made it possible to reduce the distance between workpieces and increase the capacity of the line tape by 30 %. The obtained research results were implemented at the production enterprise of typographic products «Dinas» (Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine), which contributed to the improvement and optimization of production processes. Conducting further research will provide an opportunity to expand the proposed methodology for use on all types of folding and gluing lines.