Carbon Tetrachloride Solution Research Articles

Evaluation of the Potential Protective Role of Galangin Associated with Gold Nanoparticles in the Histological and Functional Structure of Testes of Adult Male Albino Mice Administrated with Carbon Tetrachloride

Galangin (Gal) is a natural flavonoid sourced from the roots of the plant Albina Kalanga. It possesses a variety of pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory. The current study aims to enhance the efficacy of galangin through the use of gold nanoparticles as a drug delivery system against CCl4-induced toxicity in the testicular tissue of male albino mice. Forty-two albino mice were divided into seven groups (6 mice/group), treatment with carbon tetrachloride solution for two weeks by intraperitoneal injection, (1 ml/kg) once a week for all groups except the control group, after which a group was injected with gold nanoparticles and two groups were injected with galangin in two concentrations, and two groups were injected with AuNPs + Gal conjugation solution with two concentrations. The animals' bodies were weighed and blood samples were obtained for testosterone hormone analysis and testicles for the purpose of weighing and histological study at the end of the experiments. The study showed that the testicular tissue of mice treated with CCl4 had a different pathology compared to the control group, the testosterone hormone levels in the CCl4 group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Results from the AuNPs+Gal group showed a significant reduction in the effects of CCl4 toxicity on mice testicles, with testosterone levels are returning to normal and histological testicle structures improving, the ratio of testicle weights to animal body weight in the group injected with AuNPs was significantly higher than that of the control and CCl4 groups. In conclusion, the results revealed that galangin combined with gold nanoparticles could effectively reduced the histological and functional tissue damages caused by CCl4, presenting a promising natural solution that needs to be further developed

Structure of tert-butyl alcohol in carbon tetrachloride solution. Molecular dynamics simulation study

The structure of tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) solution in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is studied over the entire concentration range using molecular dynamics simulation (MD). It is shown that at low alcohol concentrations (within 5% molar fraction), separate small associates of TBA appear as a result of hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules, and cyclic structures of four TBA molecules appear among these associates. With increasing concentration, the formation of hydrogen-bonded associates quickly reaches its limit corresponding to 1.7 bonds per molecule as in pure TBA. At high alcohol concentrations, both linear and cyclic associates of TBA molecules are observed with a noticeable fraction of cyclic tetramers. Using the Voronoi method, aggregates of the nearest TBA molecules are considered. The number and size of such aggregates grows rapidly with concentration due to the presence of “nuclei” formed by hydrogen bonding. At an alcohol mole fraction of 15%, a percolation cluster of TBA molecules begins to form in the solution. On the contrary, in the local environment of CCl4 molecules no significant structural rearrangements occur, only a gradual replacement of the molecules is observed upon addition of alcohol. However at low content of CCl4 in alcohol, we can see some tendency to clustering of CCl4 molecules, which may indicate on a slight solvophobic effect in this solution.

Elimination of 1,3,7-trimethyl-xanthine in laboratory animals during induction of toxic hepatitis

Liver pathologies have a significant impact on caffeine clearance, which deserves serious attention and research. In the case of liver pathologies, the processes of caffeine metabolism are significantly modified; however, according to the scientific literature, the vector of such transformations for specific pathologies has not been determined. This is due to the fact that hepatopathy reduces the activity of enzymes responsible for caffeine metabolism. In some cases, an increase in caffeine clearance may occur, which is associated with a temporary compensatory activation of certain enzymes that may be involved in caffeine metabolism. Also, the clearance of caffeine may be reduced due to a decrease in the metabolic activity of the liver, which will significantly slow down its final excretion. To determine changes in the clearance of 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, the most appropriate is to study its pharmacokinetic parameters, in particular, to compare its concentration in the blood serum in the phases of initial growth, plateau and decline with further construction of graphs - “caffeine curves”. The purpose of the study was to determine changes in serum caffeine levels during the induction of toxic hepatitis. The studies were carried out in the vivarium of the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of St. Petersburg State University of Medicine. In order to simulate toxic hepatitis, experimental animals were intragastrically injected with a 35% oil solution of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) daily for 5 days at a dosage of 1.5 ml/kg. Upon completion of induction, toxic hepatitis was confirmed based on clinical and biochemical signs. A day after the completion of the modeling of toxic hepatitis, the levels of caffeine in the blood serum were determined in the experimental animals in full accordance with the previous series of experiments. As a result of the study, “caffeine” curves were constructed, indicating increased caffeine concentrations in serum, increased elimination time, as well as an extremely long plateau in the concentration of caffeine in the blood serum during toxic liver damage.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПОСТОЯННОГО ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОГО ПОЛЯ НА СТРУКТУРУ И СВОЙСТВА ПЛЁНОК ХЛОРСУЛЬФИРОВАННОГО ПОЛИЭТИЛЕНА В ПРОЦЕССЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ИЗ РАСТВОРА

The article studies the features of structural formations and their influence on the properties of chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) films in the process of preparation from solutions in carbon tetrachloride under the action of a constant electric field. It is shown that films formed in a directed constant electric field have a higher electrical resistance and lower values of electrical capacity, heat capacity, and electrical loss tangent compared to films formed outside the field.

Effect of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on the structural and functional parameters of the liver in acute toxic hepatitis in rats

Acute toxic hepatitis is a serious health problem for the working population. The currently widely used pharmacological preparations with claimed hepatoprotective properties for the treatment of liver diseases have dubious therapeutic efficacy and cannot restore functional and structural changes in the damaged organ. Thus, the search for new methods of treating liver diseases, including toxic etiology, is an urgent task. An experimental study was conducted on 134 nonlinear white outbred rats (35 months) weighing 250390 g. The animals were divided into four groups: group I, control group (n = 15); group II, single intragastric administration of an oil solution of carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 1500 mg/kg (n = 41); group III, single intravenous administration of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells of the mouse (n = 20); group IV, single intragastric administration of an oil solution of carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 1500 mg/kg and subsequent intravenous transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells of the mouse (2 106) (n = 58). On days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of the experiment, blood sampling was performed for biochemical analysis, and organs and tissues were selected for histological and morphometric studies. The transplantation of multipotent mouse mesenchymal stem cells reduced the mortality of animals after exposure to carbon tetrachloride and did not cause acute toxicity. According to a morphometric study, starting from day 3, the introduction of multipotent mouse mesenchymal stem cells led to a statistically significant decrease in the infiltrative processes in the liver tissue. Statistically significant changes in the biochemical composition of the rat blood serum were noted against the transplantation of multipotent mouse mesenchymal stem cells: a decrease in the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, amylase, creatinine, uric acid, direct and total bilirubin, and cholesterol. The transplantation of multipotent mouse mesenchymal stem cells was found to be an effective method of treating acute toxic hepatitis. The use of multipotent mouse mesenchymal stem cells contributed to an increase in the survival rate of laboratory animals and faster recovery of structural and functional disorders in liver tissue after its acute toxic damage.

Use of mesenchymal stem cells to accelerate regeneration processes in acute toxic liver injury in an experiment

Introduction. The impact of a complex chemical load on the population of the whole world, the use of pharmacological preparations, alcohol-containing products are the main factors that determine the high frequency and prevalence of toxic hepatitis. The search for new approaches for the treatment of toxic liver damage in order to restore structural and functional disorders is one of the urgent tasks of medicine. Of particular interest are the methods of regenerative medicine based on the use of various types of stem cells. Purpose of the study - study of the effect of transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells on the processes of regeneration in the liver of rats with induced acute toxic hepatitis. Materials and methods. An experimental study was conducted on 114 outbred male rats (3-5 months old) weighing 250-390 g. The animals were divided into 3 main groups. Group 1 - control animals (n=15). Group 2 (positive control) single intragastric injection of an oil solution of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) at a dose of 1500 mg/kg (n=41); Group 3 (n=58) intragastrically injected with CCl4 at a dose of 1500 mg/kg, and intravenous transplantation of MMSC of 2×106, was carried out. On the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th day of the experiment as well as the collection of organs and tissues for histological and morphometric studies was made. Results. According to immunofluorescent analysis, intravenously transplanted MMSCs were found in the liver of rats at the 3rd and all subsequent periods of observation. In the present study, MMSC transplantation led to a statistically significant decrease in infiltrative processes in the liver tissue on the 3rd and 5th days of the study by 28.3% (p<0.0001) and 18.75% (p=0.0074) according to compared with the positive control group. On day 7, MMSC transplantation reduced the degree of fatty degeneration of the organ. The decrease in pathological manifestations of toxic hepatitis in rats is associated with an earlier activation of the mechanisms of reparative regeneration. Implementation of liver regeneration against the background of MMSC transplantation was carried out by enhancing protein-synthetic processes in liver cells, as well as increasing the mitotic activity of hepatocytes. Conclusions. The conducted experimental study showed that MMSC transplantation is an effective method of stimulating regenerative processes in the liver after its acute toxic damage. Limitations. In this experiment, lipid peroxidation processes in rat liver cells were not assessed, these criteria were not included in the study, and may be the subject of further study. Ethics. Work with laboratory animals was carried out with the approval of the bioethical committee of the North-Western State Medical University. I.I. Mechnikov dated November 11, 2020, as well as in accordance with the international GLP rules adopted in the Russian Federation (Rules for Good Laboratory Practice), Order No. 267 of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated June 19, 2003.

FoxO1 Promotes Liver Fibrosis through TGF‐β1 mediated Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation

The O‐class of the forkhead transcription factor FoxO1 is a crucial factor mediating the action of insulin→PI3K→Akt and governs diverse cellular processes. To investigate the role of FoxO1 in control of liver fibrosis, we generated liver‐specific deletion of FoxO1 gene in mice (L‐F1KO). Using the mouse model, we injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) corn oil or 20% solution of carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) twice per week for 4 weeks (with 2.5 ul/g body weight) in WT and L‐F1KO mice. H&E staining and Sirius Red staining revealed that CCl4‐induced liver injury and fibrosis were significantly appeared, but the effects were largely attenuated in L‐F1KO mice. Moreover, we found that both mRNA and protein levels of TGF‐β1, a cytokine that activates hepatic stellate cell (HSC) for fibrogenesis, significantly decreased in the liver L‐F1KO mice compared to WT mice in response to CCL4 treatment. In primary hepatocytes, with FoxO1‐loss of function and gain‐of function, we confirmed the regulation of TGF‐β1 expression by FoxO1. Moreover, conditional medium (CM) collected from WT hepatocytes treated with CCL4 activated human HSC cell line (LX‐2), such effect was attenuated by FoxO1 deletion in primary hepatocytes or neutralization of TGF‐β1 in the CM using TGF‐β1 antibody. These results indicate a crosstalk between hepatocytes and HSC via FoxO1‐regualted TGF‐β1. To further confirm this concept in vivo, we overexpressed FoxO1 in the liver of WT and liver‐specific TGF‐β1 deficient (L‐TGF‐β1KO) mice with adenovirus expressing FoxO1 (adFoxO1), and injected (i.p.) these mice with CCL4. We found that FoxO1 overexpression in WT mice promoted CCL4‐induced liver fibrosis and HSC activation, and such effect was blocked in L‐TGF‐β1KO mice. Taken together, our data indicate that hepatic FoxO1 promotes CCL4‐inducled liver fibrosis via upregulating TGF‐β1 expression in hepatocytes and stimulating TGF‐β1‐mediated HSC activation. Hepatic FoxO1 may be a therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.

Nanoporous-crystalline and amorphous films of PPO including off-on vapochromic fluorescent 7-hydroxy coumarin guests

This study examines the preparation of nanoporous-crystalline and amorphous films of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)oxide (PPO) containing 7-hydroxy coumarin (i.e., umbelliferone) for the detection of chloroform vapours. Chloroform is selected as the volatile contaminant model being considered harmful and possibly carcinogenic after prolonged exposure. Umbelliferone is chosen as a fluorescent molecule being mostly unemissive in the solid-state and apolar media. α and β nanoporous-crystalline and amorphous PPO films presenting ≈40 μm thickness have been prepared by casting from carbon tetrachloride, benzene and chloroform solutions, respectively, whereas umbelliferone inclusions (1–2 wt%) have been realized in saturated methanol mixtures. Films show fluorescence maximum at about 430 nm with very low quantum yield (Φ F ) of around 1–2%, and particularly reduced in the α and β PPO films, thus suggesting stronger molecular interactions which might facilitate fluorescence self-quenching. It has demonstrated that the exposure to chloroform vapours under saturated conditions (10 5 ppm) turns rapidly on the fluorescence of the polymer films thanks to the solvation effect of the solvent and in agreement with the Φ F of 7% of umbelliferone in chloroform. Notably, a slower response was detected by using dichlorometane as VOC, possibly due to the weaker H-donor strength with respect to chloroform. It was worth noting, that the phenomenon results fastest for the α PPO films, i.e., in case of the lowest Φ F and quenched emission. Vapochromism appears therefore sensitive to the different fluorophore confinement, and the reported results may open new avenues for the rapid detection of VOC vapours. • Nanoporous-crystalline PPO films were prepared and characterized by WAXD and FTIR. • Umbelliferone inclusions in PPO films showed very low Φ F of around 1–2%. • Exposure to CHCl 3 vapours turned the fluorescence on. • Faster vapochromism for the α and β co-crystalline PPO films.

Effect of polyphenol extracts on glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity in conditions of toxic hepatitis

In this study, the inhibitory effects of helmar-1 and helmar-2 polyphenol extracts isolated from the helichrysummaracandicum plant on the activity of the antioxidant glutathione peroxides enzymes in a toxic hepatitis model were compared with silymarin.To induce toxic hepatitis, the subcutaneous area of the abdomens of the experimental animals were injected twice a week with a 50% solution of carbon tetrachloride in olive oil at a dose of 1 ml/kg. After an increase in the levels of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were observed in the bloodplasma,which indicates toxic hepatitis, the helmar-1 and helmar-2 polyphenol extracts and silymarin were administered subcutaneously at a dose of 20 mg/kg once daily for 15 days for pharmacocorrection.

Accurate Single-Molecule Indicator of Solvent Effects.

The study of the microscopic structure of solvents is of significant importance for deciphering the essential solvation in chemical reactions and biological processes. Yet conventional technologies, such as neutron diffraction, have an inherent averaging effect as they analyze a group of molecules. In this study, we report a method to analyze the microstructure and interaction in solvents from a single-molecule perspective. A single-molecule electrical nanocircuit is used to directly analyze the dynamic microscopic structure of solvents. Through a single-molecule model reaction, the heterogeneity or homogeneity of solvents is precisely detected at the molecular level. Both the thermodynamics and the kinetics of the model reaction demonstrate the microscopic heterogeneity of alcohol–water and alcohol–n-hexane solutions and the microscopic homogeneity of alcohol–carbon tetrachloride solutions. In addition, a real-time event spectroscopy has been developed to study the dynamic characteristics of the segregated phase and the internal intermolecular interaction in microheterogeneous solvents. The development of such a unique high-resolution indicator with single-molecule and single-event accuracy provides infinite opportunities to decipher solvent effects in-depth and optimizes chemical reactions and biological processes in solution.

СТАТЕВА ПОВЕДІНКА НАЩАДКІВ САМИЦЬ ЩУРІВ НАРОДЖЕНИХ ВІД МАТЕРІВ РІЗНОГО ВІКУ З ФЕТОПЛАЦЕНТАРНОЮ НЕДОСТАТНІСТЮ

Sexual behaviour is an integral part of reproduction and is considered as a neuroendocrine function of the body. It is the result of sexual differentiation of the brain in the early stages of development of the body and is regulated by steroids of the gonads, which is confirmed by the presence of receptors for these hormones in the centre of sexual behaviour. Any negative factors during pregnancy can cause a lot of harm to the unborn child. To date, it is almost unknown how fetoplacental insufficiency affects the reproductive function of offspring of both sexes from birth to puberty very little. The purpose of this work was to study the effects of fetoplacental insufficiency of mothers of different ages on the sexual behaviour of female offspring. Materials and methods of research. The experiment involved healthy sexually mature female mothers of Wistar rats, young (3 months) and mature (10 months) of reproductive age, with a normal four to five day estrous cycle. 4 groups of 7 pregnant females were formed: 1 group, intact young animals; group 2, intact females of mature reproductive age; group 3, young females with experimental fetoplacental insufficiency; 4 - females with experimental fetoplacental insufficiency of mature reproductive age. Modelling of fetoplacental insufficiency was performed by daily subcutaneous injection to females from the 12th to the 18th day of pregnancy 50% oil solution of carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 2 ml/kg body weight. The sexual behaviour of females was studied according to generally accepted methods. After a study of sexual behaviour at the age of 3 months, female offspring were removed from the experiment. The uterus and ovaries were weighed, and the number of follicles in the ovary was counted. The estrous cycle of females was studied. Serum samples were taken to determine the concentration of the hormones estradiol and testosterone. Conclusions and prospects for further development. Fetoplacental insufficiency in young mothers of reproductive age affects the sexual behaviour of female offspring, reduces the number of lordosis reactions by almost 20% and increasing the receptive indicators of sexual behaviour. Such changes occur against the background of elevated levels of sex hormones while reducing the number of cycling females and the number of follicles in the ovary. Due to the fact that the rupture of the follicle and the release of the egg require sequential activation of the secretion of hypothalamic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone, and against the background of fetoplacental insufficiency, there may be no preovulatory growth of their levels in the blood due to refractoriness of the ovaries. In the study of sexual behaviour of offspring of females born to mothers of mature reproductive age with fetoplacental insufficiency, a decrease in the number of lordosis reactions by 50% of the intact group and increased receptive behaviour were noted. Also, this group of offspring had a reduced number of cycling females but the number of follicles in the ovaries remained within the intact group. Such reproductive changes occurred against the background of elevated testosterone levels, without changes in estradiol concentrations, which led to the relative androgenization of females. The prospect of further development is to study the effects of fetoplacental insufficiency on the fertility of mature offspring of both sexes born to female rats of different reproductive ages with fetoplacental insufficiency. Key words: fetoplacental insufficiency, reproductive system, sexual behaviour, female offspring.

Фосфоресценция кислорода при возбуждении на длине волны 765 nm

Abstract — The phosphorescence of oxygen in the liquid phase and in a solution in carbon tetrachloride was studied upon excitation at a wavelength of 765 nm using an LED array as a source of direct optical excitation. A comparison is made of the observed efficiency of oxygen phosphorescence at a wavelength of 1270 nm upon its excitation at a wavelength of 765 nm with its excitation at other wavelengths, which partially or completely coincide with the absorption lines of molecular oxygen complexes. Key words: phosphorescence, singlet oxygen, molecular complexes, optical excitation, LED matrices.

Highly sensitive tetra-slotted gold-coated spiral plasmonic biosensor with a large detection range

An extremely highly sensitive photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based SPR or surface plasmon resonance biosensor is manifested in this article, in a cumulated form of circularly slotted spiral lattice structure (SLS). The numerical performance analysis of the sensor is critically interpreted using the finite element method (FEM), including a perfectly matched layer (PML) and scattering boundary conditions. Very well known chemically stable material gold is used as the plasmonic material and implanted inside the circular slots to lessen the fabrication challenge and oxidation problem. The prospective model shows the maximum value of sensitivity is 41,000 nm/RIU, employing the method of wavelength interrogation and a maximum value of sensitivity of 4242 RIU−1, using the method of amplitude interrogation. The proposed sensor has the capability of detecting analytes in a massive range of the refractive index 1.32 to 1.50 RIU (for wavelength 0.5 µm to 1.55 µm) with a highest sensor resolution of 2.44 × 10−6 RIU. It is highly capable of identifying biomolecules like benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl alcohol, acetone, water, silicon oil, and glucose solution in water, fused silica, cornea, lens, liver cell, and intestinal mucosa of human, polylactic acid, vegetable oil, and glycerol, etc. The sensor exhibits high linearity by showing R2 value 0.97 with a maximum FOM of 683 RIU−1. For large detection range, immense sensitivity, high FOM, and low fabrication complexity, the illustrated sensor can be a supreme candidate in the realm of SPR biosensor.

Вплив фетоплацентарної недостатності матерів на стан сперматогенезу самців нащадків

The demographic situation in most countries of the European region, which includes Ukraine, is characterized as quite complex. Nowadays the question of the long-term effects of maternal fetoplacental insufficiency on the functioning of human body systems, in particular on the reproductive system of male offspring, remains open. It is known that negative factors during pregnancy can affect the development and existence of the individual. The purpose of the work was to study the long-term effects of fetoplacental insufficiency on the functioning of the reproductive system of adult male offspring born by mothers of different ages. Material and methods. The study was performed on healthy adult female Wistar rats, young (3 months) and mature (10 months) of reproductive age. 4 groups were formed: the 1st and the 2nd groups included intact animals of young and mature age; the 3rd and the 4th had females with experimental fetoplacental insufficiency of young and mature reproductive age. Modeling of fetoplacental insufficiency was performed by daily subcutaneous injection to females from the 12th to the 18th day of pregnancy 50% oil solution of carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 2 ml/kg body weight. We studied the state of spermatogenesis, weight of internal organs, sex hormones in mature male offspring of 3 months of age after decapitation. Results and discussion. Fetoplacental insufficiency leads to lower testosterone levels in all offspring born to mothers of different reproductive ages. The total level of estradiol remained almost unchanged, but still, in animals there was a shift in the ratio of sex hormones in the direction of hyperestrogenism. Experimental fetoplacental insufficiency in females of different reproductive ages also affected the mass of the testes, epididymis and adrenal glands in their male offspring. According to the indicators of the functional state of epididymal sperm in animals born by reproductively young females, the share of pathological forms of sperm decreased by 45%, in the offspring born by reproductively mature females with fetoplacental insufficiency decreased the number of motile sperm by 46% compared to the intact group of animals. Conclusion. The penetration of toxic substances into the mother's body leads to varying degrees of total xenobiotic load, followed by induction of neutralization reactions and the development of metabolic forms of fetoplacental insufficiency, changing the function of the endocrine system and causing adverse effects on the reproductive system. Fetoplacental insufficiency affects the reproductive function of adult male offspring born to mothers of different reproductive ages, which is manifested in a decrease in testosterone levels and deterioration of the spermogram, which in turn can lead to problems with impregnation

Immunopathological mechanisms of toxic damage to the liver, thymus and spleen

Objective: to establish the features of the immune response in the early stages of diffuse toxic damage. Materials and methods. Diffuse toxic liver damage of male Wistar rats was caused by a single intraperitoneal injection of an oil solution of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) at a dose of 50 mg/100 g. Animals were carried out from the experiment on days 3, 7 and 14. The study included hematological and histological analysis, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of liver, thymus and spleen tissues, quantitative evaluation of CD3+, CD45RA+ (T-and B-lymphocytes), F4/80+ (macrophages), and HSP70+-cells. Results. CCl4 administration has been shown to cause structural disorders of liver, thymus, and spleen tissue. In the early stages, there is an increase in CD3+-cells in the liver and spleen, while CD45RA+-cells predominating in the thymus. On the 3rd day after CCl4 administration, the number of F4/80+-cells in the liver increases by 56.7%, in the thymus and spleen by 21% and 19.3%, respectively, there is also an increase in the number of HSP70+-cells roughly 2 times in the liver and thymus, and by 7 times in the spleen. Conclusion. Hepatotropic poison CCl4 causes damage not only the liver but the organs of immunopoesis. In the early stages of exposure to the toxicant the predominant population is T-lymphocytes (CD3+-cells) in the liver and spleen, and B – lymphocytes (CD45RA+-cells) in the thymus. In all the studied organs, the number of macrophages increases on the 3rd day of the experiment, and significantly decreases at the later term. This fact indicates that macrophages act as a target of toxic effects. The increase in the number of HSP70+-cells in the liver, thymus, and spleen in response to toxic damage is likely aimed at triggering the repair or elimination of denatured proteins that are toxic to the cell.

Sea Buckthorn and Rosehip Oils with Chokeberry Extract to Prevent Hypercholesterolemia in Mice Caused by a High-Fat Diet In Vivo

Dietary supplementation based on sea buckthorn and rosehip oils with added chokeberry extract was studied. We added the dietary supplement to the feed mixtures for laboratory animals. The possible toxicological effects and hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective activity of the dietary supplement in vivo were studied. After the observation period (6 weeks), no significant changes were found in the mass of organs and blood serum of laboratory animals (p > 0.05). However, there was a decrease in hypercholesterolemic indicators. Regular consumption of sea buckthorn and rosehip oils with added chokeberry extract (dietary supplement “ESB-1”) by laboratory animals inhibited the activity of liver enzymes and increased the antioxidant activity of blood serum (after the subcutaneous injection of sunflower oil/oil solution of carbon tetrachloride) but was not sufficient to bring them to physiological standards. The hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant properties of our dietary supplement already allow us to consider it a component of functional food products or a dietary supplement base. However, the full range of its biologically active properties, including the hepatoprotective function and regulation of metabolic disorders, has not been studied yet, which sets the direction of further research in vivo models and clinical practice to confirm its effectiveness in humans.

Морфофункціональні зміни сім’яників щурів, народжених від матерів зі змодельованою фетоплацентарною недостатністю і за її корегування

Nowadays, it is almost unknown how fetoplacental insufficiency of mothers affects the formation of the reproductive system in male offspring during puberty. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the histological structure of the testes of male offspring born to mothers of different ages with fetoplacental insufficiency and to evaluate the effectiveness of a new pharmaceutical composition for the correction of pathological conditions of pregnancy. The experiment involved healthy mature female Wistar rats in young (3–4 months) and mature (8–10 months) reproductive age. Eight groups with 7 pregnant females in each one were formed: groups 1 and 2 — intact animals of young and mature reproductive age, respectively; groups 3 and 4 — females with experimental fetoplacental insufficiency of young and mature reproductive age; groups 5 and 6 — young and mature animals with experimental fetoplacental insufficiency and addition to food depending on the weight of animals from 11 to 19 days of pregnancy pharmaceutical composition. Groups 7 and 8 — young and mature animals with experimental fetoplacental insufficiency with addition a comparison drug Dipyridamole to the food. Modeling of fetoplacental insufficiency was performed by daily subcutaneous injection to females from the 12th to the 18th day of pregnancy 50% oil solution of carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 2 ml/kg body weight. Offspring were decontaminated on the 50th day of life (puberty) by rapid decapitation. Samples of male testicles were fixed in 10% formalin solution, performed on alcohols of increasing strength, poured into paraffin. Sections were made from the blocks, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Qualitative assessment of histostructure was performed on sections of the body in rats. Summing up the results of histological analysis and morphometric parameters characterizing the condition of the testicles of rats, we can draw the following conclusions. In the offspring born to reproductively young females with fetoplacental insufficiency, inhibition of the rate of germ cell differentiation was found, while in the offspring born to reproductively mature females with fetoplacental insufficiency, the negative effects of this effect were leveled and the rate of spermatogenesis increased. When the pharmaceutical composition was administered to both young and mature pregnant females on the background of fetoplacental insufficiency, it activated the processes of proliferation and differentiation of spermatogenic epithelium in their offspring, which was reflected in the appearance of mature sperm in the seminal tubules. The comparison drug Dipyridamole, administered according to the same regimen to both young and mature pregnant females with fetoplacental insufficiency, also helped the 50-day-old offspring of these females to restore the rate of spermatogenesis at the level of the pharmaceutical composition.

Investigation of the surface interactions of selected amides with mesoporous silica using FTIR spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging

The adsorption of eight structurally different secondary and tertiary amides (N-ethyl formamide, N-methyl-propionamide, N-cyclohexyl formamide, N-tert-Butyl-formamide, N-Methyl-benzamide, N-Pentyl-benzamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide and N,N-diethyl dodecanamide) from carbon tetrachloride solution on mesoporous silica (MS) material was investigated by kinetic FTIR spectroscopic measurements. Of the tested amides, N-methyl-propionamide showed the highest affinity for the MS material. The results indicate that tertiary amides show low affinity for the surface interaction with MS while the affinity of secondary amides decreases with the increase in the volumeof substituents. This result is correlated to the capability of amide N-H to participate in hydrogen bonding with the MS surface. Results of FTIR spectroscopy evidence the presence of amides adsorbed on the surface of MS while the analysis of hyperspectral images reveals the possibility of constructing effective qualitative hyperspectral sensors for amides based on MS as a sensing substrate.

Volumetric studies of solvation of carboxylic acids in aqueous, carbon tetrachloride, methanolic and methanolic-urea binary solutions at 298.15 K

Abstract Experimental measurements of density property at 298.15 K for aqueous, carbon tetrachloride, methanolic, and 3.0004 mol·kg−1 urea in methanol as solvent systems for binary solutions of carboxylic acids (propionic acid, n-butyric acid, n-valeric acid and n-caproic acid) are reported. The data of density are used to obtain apparent molar volume of acids at the finite concentrations of solute (Vϕ) which were appropriately extrapolated to infinitely dilute concentration of acid to obtain the limiting apparent molar volumes (Vϕ0). The calculations of volume changes due to dimerization equilibria (in carbon tetrachloride and aqueous solutions) are made and used to study the volume changes due to dimerization of acid molecules. The results of Vϕ in methanol-urea solvent system are explained on the basis of channel-like structure-formation for the species (urea and acid molecules) in solution phase. The negative volume changes observed in case of aqueous solutions are explained on the basis of hydrophobic hydration while the same in carbon tetrachloride solutions occurring with positive volume changes are interpreted in terms of hydrogen-bonded dimer formation equilibria. The Vϕ variation with acid concentrations has been explained on the basis of solute-solvent interactions foe studied acids in methanol while in aqueous solutions, the same has been attributed to ionization (limiting concentration range), hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.

The Assessment of the Efficiency of Cell Therapy of Experimental Liver Cirrhosis by Means of Ultrasound Examination

Objective: to determine the relevance of ultrasound examination in diagnostics and assessment of the efficiency of cell therapy of experimental liver cirrhosis in rabbits.Material and methods. The experiment was performed on white Californian rabbits (n = 45). Liver cirrhosis was modelled by means of subcutaneous injections of 50 % solution of carbon tetrachloride according to the scheme. Cell therapy was performed by means of a single intraportal injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) at an amount of 5 × 106 cells per kg. During the experiment all the animals were performed the ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity, as well as the morphological analysis of liver tissue samples.Results. After 5 months of the liver cirrhosis modeling, the anteroposterior liver size and diameter of the portal vein in group 2 and group 3 were statistically larger than in group 1 (р < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test). There was no statistical difference in the anteroposterior liver size (р = 0.38) and diameter of the portal vein (р = 0.36) between group 2 and group 3. 1 month after the injection of autologous MSCs, the rabbits of group 3 detected some improvement of the echimage of the damaged liver, which was also reflected in a statistically significant decrease of the liver size by 8.2 % (р < 0.01, Wilcoxon test) and diameter of the portal vein by 23 % (р < 0.001) in comparison with the indicators before the injection of MSCs.Conclusion. The ultrasound examination in the present study has proved itself to be a reliable method of intravital diagnostics of pathological changes in the conditions of a chronic experiment, and also has revealed a positive impact of cell therapy on liver cirrhosis in the rabbits. The obtained data were confirmed by the morphological methods of the analysis of the liver tissue samples of the animals during the experiment.