Carbon monoxide (CO) has gained increasing attention as an endogenous gasotransmitter with potential therapeutic relevance. In preclinical studies, including acute lung injury, sepsis, transplantation, inflammatory bowel, and cardiovascular diseases, CO has shown anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, vasodilatory, and cytoprotective properties, suggesting its application in treating a wide range of diseases associated with cellular stress. CO impairs blood oxygen transport when systemic exposure occurs, but it is safe when blood oxygen transport is not compromised. Consequently, treatment modalities benefit from local rather than systemic CO delivery to open the therapeutic window of this physiological gasotransmitter. This review, therefore, focuses on local drug delivery strategies for generating and delivering CO, and on solutions and perspectives for various applications that leverage CO's anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects with an enhanced safety profile. We present the use of CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) and their incorporation into advanced drug delivery devices to control local CO exposure. Special emphasis is placed on drug vehicles featuring controlled on-target delivery, dosing, and biocompatibility. Therefore, we identify key principles and remaining obstacles in CO delivery technologies, which confluences in strategies that reduce the risk for pharmaceutical development and clinical application for safe, controlled, and targeted therapies.

This study examined how external thermal exposure affected the self-sustained smouldering behaviour of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood. A Fire Propagation Apparatus was used, varying incident heat flux and exposure duration to emulate passing wildfire scenarios. Wood density and CCA retention were kept within narrow ranges. Responses from ignition through smouldering propagation were evaluated using mass loss, thermocouple temperature, and exhaust-gas carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations over time. The time to peak CO or CO 2 aligned with the time to peak mass-loss rate, providing a practical and robust indicator of smouldering severity. Smouldering severity was governed mainly by total incident energy rather than heat-flux intensity or duration alone; tests with comparable incident energy produced similar severities. Increasing total incident energy deepened char, increased thermal penetration, and increased mass loss at the onset of self-sustained smouldering after flameout. However, smouldering severity does not increase linearly with incident energy. At bench scale, smouldering propagation was not perfectly one-dimensional despite the initial heating being almost one-dimensional. These findings identify total incident energy as a practical control parameter for reproducing wildfire-analogue exposures and provide an operational severity metric to support development of monitoring protocols, severity-based fire classifications, product screening and targeted intervention strategies. • Smouldering severity is governed mainly by total incident energy • CO and CO 2 concentration peaks provide practical proxies for smouldering severity • Smouldering severity does not increase linearly with incident energy • Smouldering propagation is not perfectly 1D even with predominantly 1D heating

Trickle bed reactors (TBRs) are efficient biotechnological systems that utilize biofilm-forming microorganisms to valorize gaseous substrates, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and syngas. While CO conversion has been widely explored in batch systems, the impact of inoculum origin on continuous TBR performance is poorly understood. This study investigated the performance and microbial community dynamics of TBRs inoculated with three diverse sources: anaerobic sludge, anaerobic digestate, and cow manure. The reactors were operated under identical thermophilic conditions, using CO as the sole carbon and energy source. The reactor inoculated with anaerobic sludge demonstrated the fastest adaptation, achieving stable CO conversion within 10 days. In contrast, the other two reactors required over 70 days to reach a similar conversion level. Importantly, all reactors ultimately developed functionally stable biofilms dominated by the genera Methanothermobacter and Syntrophaceticus , showing a strong functional convergence. Spatial and temporal analysis of the microbial communities revealed that inoculum choice profoundly influenced the rate and pattern of microbial structuring. Anaerobic sludge promoted rapid and homogeneous community distribution, whereas cow manure resulted in pronounced spatial heterogeneity. These findings establish that inoculum selection is a critical determinant of early biofilm establishment and long-term process stability, providing key insights for optimizing continuous CO biomethanation in TBR systems. • Reactor startup and CO conversion were influenced by inoculum type. • The microbial community in the enriched biofilm was limited to two phyla. • All reactors formed a resilient Methanothermobacter -dominated biofilm community. • Spatial microbial dynamics varied by inoculum source. • The reactor with anaerobic sludge showed higher microbial temporal similarity.

• A systematic study of HT-PEMFC response to realistic methanol reformate compositions • Reformate gas compositions based on methanol steam reforming 0D process modeling. • Spatial mapping reveals impurity effects and how water vapor restores current distribution. • DRT analysis separates impurity effects on electrochemical processes. HT-PEMFCs are attractive for operation with methanol steam reforming systems, but their response to individual reformate components remains complex and spatially non-uniform. This study investigates the effects of carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and water vapor (H₂O) on HT-PEMFC performance under representative reformate compositions at 160°C and 170°C. Gas mixtures containing hydrogen with controlled CO₂ (10-30%) and CO (0.1-3%) concentrations were examined, while water vapor levels (1.0-2.5% RH) were selected based on reformer process modeling. A combined diagnostic approach using polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with distribution of relaxation times (DRT), and segmented current density mapping was applied. CO₂ induces performance losses primarily through hydrogen dilution and changes in fast anode processes, with higher overall degradation observed at 170°C due to increased ohmic resistance rather than kinetic. CO addition causes severe voltage losses, particularly at 160°C, driven by catalyst site blocking and strong kinetic limitations. Spatial analysis reveals that both CO₂ and CO preferentially suppress initially highly active MEA regions, leading to a more uniform-but overall reduced-current distribution. Introducing water vapor improves performance mainly by reducing the ohmic resistance associated with membrane hydration. This effect is spatially localized near the anode inlet and does not fully restore previously poisoned regions, indicating that hydration mitigates transport and conductivity losses but does not reverse kinetic deactivation. These findings highlight the importance of temperature-dependent ohmic effects and spatial diagnostics for realistic reformate-fed HT-PEMFC operation.

Advanced flue gas purification for household heating: Evaluating CuO-based and Pt–Pd-based catalysts under real and simulated operating conditions

A dual-responsive CO-releasing nanogel ameliorates retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury by restoring mitochondrial homeostasis and attenuating cGAS-STING pathway activation

Impact of atmospheric pollutant exposure on atrial fibrillation dynamics: Insights from 3D models.

Valine overproduction in Methanothermobacter marburgensis with temperature-induced promoter system and allosteric resistant acetolactate synthase variants.

The effects of daily air pollution on affect in adolescents: An ecological momentary assessment study.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a widespread signaling molecule which has far-reaching effects in cellular physiology and pathophysiology, especially in cancer biology. Its actions are concentration-dependent where low concentrations facilitate tumor development and high concentrations cause cytotoxicity. NO alters several cancer hallmarks, affecting the initiation, progression, immune evasion, and therapeutic responses of tumors via cGMP-dependent and -independent pathways. Various cell types in the tumor microenvironment (TME) produce NO in a concentration gradient creating a strong concentration gradient that forms the immune landscape. NO mediates immunosuppression through the regulation of tumor-associated macrophage, myeloid-derived suppressor cell, T cells, and natural killer cells. It also controls angiogenesis and normalization of the vasculature via the VEGF-NO axis. Moreover, NO effects epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis concentration-dependently. Notably, NO exists in a complex interaction with gasotransmitters, and it interacts with hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide in crosstalk to control cancer biology. Therapeutic interventions that focus on NO e.g., NO donors, iNOS-inhibitors and nanodelivery systems have been promising in preclinical practice. Nevertheless, clinical translation is complicated by the fact that the concentrations of intratumoral NO have to be tightly controlled, safety issues exist, and there are not many biomarkers of patient stratification. Integration of NO-based therapies with immunotherapy and precision medicine approaches holds promise for enhancing treatment outcomes. Continued research spanning chemical, biological, and clinical domains is crucial for unlocking the full therapeutic potential of NO in cancer.

Precise delivery of medical gases by engineered nanomedicine for enhanced liver fibrosis therapy.

Synergistic catalysis of graphitic and pyridinic nitrogen in biomass-derived carbon for efficient and selective HMF oxidation to FFCA

This study investigates the microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of polyetherimide (PEI). Activated carbon (AC), petroleum coke, graphite, silicon carbide, and AC-supported oxides (Fe₃O₄, Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, and ZnO) were chosen as microwave absorbers and/or catalysts to determine the impact of microwave absorber/catalyst type on the decomposition. Experiments were conducted at a microwave power of 400 W, which corresponded to an average bulk temperature of 400 °C, for 10 min in an argon atmosphere. No PEI remained intact after the treatments and the products were in the gas, liquid, wax, and solid phases, with the gas phase being the dominant fraction. Decomposition with the AC–Fe₃O₄ catalyst resulted in the highest gas yield and hydrogen production of up to 20 mmol g⁻¹ PEI, corresponding to 76% of the hydrogen content of PEI. Decomposition without metal oxides produced more wax, whereas metal oxides shifted the product distribution toward gases and/or aromatic condensates (notably toluene), depending on the oxide. The catalysts were deactivated by carbon deposition, degradation of the carbon support and/or reduction of metal oxide species. These results demonstrate that microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of PEI enables hydrogen generation and the recovery of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene, styrene, and naphthalene), highlighting its potential as a chemical recycling route for high-performance thermoplastics. • Microwave-assisted PEI decomposition achieved complete polymer conversion. • AC–Fe₃O₄ combined microwave absorption with high H₂ yield from PEI. • Catalyst choice controlled H₂ and aromatic recovery from PEI decomposition.

Toward marketable and sustainable production of ethylene in carbon monoxide electrolyzers

Neutral and charged Fe130, Fe13+, and Fe13− magnetic clusters as activator species for carbon monoxide. A density functional theory analysis

Hierarchical deep learning-based fault diagnosis of solid oxide fuel cells under high carbon monoxide concentrations

Enhanced prediction of carbon monoxide in cement rotary kilns: a machine learning approach versus response surface methodology

Quantifying the impact of vegetation on carbon monoxide reduction using multi-source remote sensing in China

From syngas to food - high-moisture extrusion of Clostridium autoethanogenum protein into fibrous meat analogues.

Hyphomicrobiales-mediated C-S coupling underpins enantiomeric differences in soil nutrient cycling induced by the chiral herbicide napropamide.