Carbon Glass Fiber Research Articles

Leveraging Machine Learning for Predictive Modeling in 3D Printing of Composite Materials: A Comparative Study

This study explores how additive manufacturing, commonly referred to as 3D printing, has transformed a number of industries by making it possible to precisely create intricate structures. By providing improved mechanical qualities and adaptability for a variety of uses, the incorporation of composite materials into 3D printing has further increased its potential. Composites can be engineered to attain particular features like improved strength, stiffness, or heat resistance. Composites are created by combining two or more different materials. When using composite materials in 3D printing, reinforcing agents like carbon fibres, glass fibres, or ceramics are usually combined with a matrix material, like thermoplastics. These reinforcements improve the material’s performance, enabling the production of parts that are both lightweight and durable. The research into composite 3D printing aims to improve material properties, reduce costs, and expand the range of applications, driving innovation and optimization in material science and engineering.the prediction of tensile strength (MPa) in 3D printing by evaluating the influence of key process parameters, including printing speed (mm/s), nozzle temperature (°C), and filler material percentage (%). Three regression models for machine learning The link between the input parameters and the output tensile strength is examined using Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest Regression, and Linear Regression. The best predictive tool for maximising the mechanical qualities of printed materials is identified by comparing the performance of each model; this tool may be used to raise the calibre and dependability of 3D-printed parts.

Investigation of the mechanical behavior of AL7075 plate supported hybrid composite plates using artificial neural networks algorithm

The mechanical behavior of the hybrid structure formed by placing an AL7075 plate as the middle layer between different composite fibers was examined. Glass fiber and carbon fiber were preferred as fibers. Epoxy was used as matrix material. Four different cases with different fiber material layer alignments were examined. The produced plates were cut according to ASTM standards suitable for the tests to be performed, and samples were created. The samples were subjected to tensile tests, three-point bending tests, and ballistic tests. It has been determined that samples produced in sequential order with different layers reached high stress values in tensile tests and bending tests. It was observed that all alignments gave successful results in ballistic tests. In layered hybrid structures, the mechanical effects of the layer order and the type of material used on the hybrid structures have been demonstrated. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with artificial neural networks was applied to investigate the appropriateness of the results. The results were presented to be appropriate in the graphs created with artificial neural networks, and it could be said that they were compatible. It can be said that more effective results are obtained in the combinations of carbon/glass/carbon and glass/carbon/glass composite fibers in layer arrangements.

Strength Analysis of Composite Materials on Carbon Fiber and Fiber Fiber With Tensile Test

In the era of technological advancement, composite materials have become an important cornerstone in modern industry due to their advantages such as light weight, strength, stiffness, and corrosion resistance. The use of carbon fiber and fiber reinforced polymers, especially with catalysts, has successfully overcome the weakness of brittle fracture in composites and provided a solution for high-performance lightweight structures. Previous research shows the tensile strength of the two fibers has an insignificant difference, but the change in layer arrangement significantly affects the elastic modulus value. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of varying the type and number of fibers on the mechanical strength of composites through tensile testing. The research method used analytical methods and ISO-527 standard specimens, with tensile tests on continuously reinforced carbon fiber composites and glass fiber made from Chopped Strand Mat (CSM) type with a ratio of 1011 polymer matrix and catalyst of 10:1. The results show that the different number of carbon fiber layers in the composite has a significant impact on mechanical properties, especially tensile strength. Sample I , with two layers and carbon fiber content, stood out with high tensile strength (100.76 MPa), low maximum strain (1.76%), and superior elastic modulus (5708.4 MPa). The lowest tensile strength value was found in sample IV (19,877 MPa), which consisted of only one layer and was made from carbon fiber. This confirms that the addition of carbon fiber layers significantly improves the mechanical performance of the composite, highlighting the importance of carbon fiber in improving the tensile strength of the composite. Thus, the selection of the best composite material that promotes optimal mechanical strength, the choice falls on carbon fiber with two layers.Keywords: Carbon fiber, layer, tensile test

Study on energy absorption characteristics of hybrid thin-walled tubes reinforced with carbon fibers and glass fibers

To enhance the mechanical performance of single fibers and reduce the cost of carbon fiber composites, a hybrid fiber thin-walled tube structure with carbon/glass fiber alternating ply design was proposed. Experimental and numerical methods revealed the failure mechanisms and energy absorption properties of alternately layered carbon/glass fiber-reinforced tubes (C/GFRP tubes) under quasi-static compression. Results demonstrated significant improvements in energy absorption without increasing costs. The energy absorption mechanism mainly includes interlayer delamination of CFRP and GFRP, FRP fronds tearing and curling, and frictional dissipation between the tube and rigid plate. Compared to single-fiber structures, C/GFRP Tube exhibited a 23.16% improvement in specific energy absorption and a 20.99% improvement in crushing force efficiency. And a novel theoretical formula for the mean crushing force of hybrid fiber thin-walled tubes was established and verified, with an error of less than 8%. In addition, the influence of different structural parameters, ply angle configurations, and fiber hybrid ratios on energy absorption characteristics was systematically analyzed, providing a theoretical basis and design reference for the design of efficient and lightweight energy absorption devices.

Performance Evaluation of Shock Absorbers Using Composite Materials

This project evaluates the performance of shock absorbers using composite materialslike Carbon Fiber and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP), applied as a coating to a primary spring steel structure. The study compares an original spring steel design with a modified version featuring an increased coil diameter and composite coating to enhance ride quality and comfort by reducing disturbance amplitudes. Designed in CATIA and simulated in ANSYS Workbench 2024, the analysis includes structural evaluation of equivalent and principal stresses under varying loads, vibrational analysis of frequency and acceleration changes, and modal analysis of mode shapes and natural frequencies. The objective is to propose a modified shock absorber design that ensures the maximum principal stress remains within the yield stress limit, making it a safer and more efficient solution

Deformation Characterization of Glass Fiber and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced 3D Printing Filaments Using Digital Image Correlation.

The paper offers an in-depth deformation study of glass fiber-reinforced and carbon composite filaments of 3D printers. During the certification, the authors used DIC (Digital Image Correlation) as a full-field strain measurement technique to explore key material traits as a non-contact optical measurement method. The insights captured through the DIC technology enabled to better understand the localized strain distributions during the loading of these reinforced filaments. The paper analyzes the glass fiber and carbon fiber filaments used in 3D printing that are reinforced with these materials and are subjected to bending and compressive loading. The segment presents how loading affects the performance of reinforced filaments when varying such factors as the deposition patterns, layer orientation, and other process parameters. Different types and combinations of reinforcements and printing variables were tested, and the resulting dependencies of mechanical parameters and failure modes were established for each case. Key conclusions demonstrate that the mechanical behavior of both carbon- and glass fiber-reinforced filaments is strongly affected by the 3D printing parameters, particularly infill density, pattern, and build orientation. The application of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) allowed for a precise, full-field analysis of strain distribution and deformation behavior, offering new insights into the structural performance of fiber-reinforced 3D printed composites. The findings from the study provide guidance for the proper choice of filling material and the optimal parameters for the 3D printing process of models with high-performance indexes and seamless applications in the automotive and industrial manufacturing sectors.

Research Progress on the Surface Modification of Basalt Fibers and Composites: A Review

Fiber-reinforced resin composites (FRRCs) are widely used in several fields such as construction, automotive, aerospace, and power. Basalt fiber (BF) has been increasingly used to replace artificial fibers such as glass fiber and carbon fiber in the production of BF-reinforced resin matrix composites (BFRRCs). This preference stems from its superior properties, including high temperature resistance, chemical stability, ease of manufacturing, cost-effectiveness, non-toxicity, and its natural, environmentally friendly characteristics. However, the chemical inertness of BF endows it with poor compatibility, adhesion, and dispersion in a resin matrix, leading to poor adhesion and a weak BF–resin interface. The interfacial bonding strength between BF and resin is an important parameter that determines the service performance of BFRRC. Therefore, the interfacial bonding strength between them can be improved through fiber modification, resin–matrix modification, mixed enhancers, etc., which consequently upgrade the mechanical properties, thermodynamic properties, and durability of BFRRC. In this review, first, the production process and properties of BFs are presented. Second, the mechanical properties, thermodynamic properties, and durability of BFRRC are introduced. Third, the modification effect of the non-destructive surface-modification technology of BF on BFRRC is presented herein. Finally, based on the current research status, the future research direction of BFRRC is proposed, including the development of high-performance composite materials, green manufacturing processes, and intelligent applications.

Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Polyamide 12 and Its Fiber-Reinforced Composites.

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) has recently emerged as a sustainable digital manufacturing technology to fabricate polymer composite parts with complex structures and minimal waste. However, FFF-printed composite parts frequently exhibit heterogeneous structures with low mechanical properties. To manufacture high-end parts with good mechanical properties, advanced predictive tools are required. In this paper, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were developed to evaluate the mechanical properties of 3D-printed polyamide 12 (PA) and carbon fiber (CF) and glass fiber (GF) reinforced PA composites. Tensile samples were fabricated by FFF, considering two input parameters, such as printing orientation and infill density, and tested to determine the mechanical properties. Then, single- and multi-target ANN models were trained using the forward propagation Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Post-training performance analysis indicated that the ANN models work efficiently and accurately in predicting Young's modulus and tensile strength of the 3D-printed PA and fiber-reinforced PA composites, with most relative errors being far less than 5%. In terms of mechanical properties, such as Young's modulus and tensile strength, the 3D-printed composites outperform the unreinforced PA. Printing PA composites with 0° orientation and 100% infill density results in a maximum increase in Young's modulus (up to 98% for CF/PA and 32% for GF/PA) and tensile strength (up to 36% for CF/PA and 18% for GF/PA) compared to the unreinforced PA. This study underscores the potential of the ANN models to predict the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts, enhancing the use of 3D-printed PA composite components in structural applications.

Differential Effects of Adding Graphene Nanoplatelets on the Mechanical Properties and Crystalline Behavior of Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Carbon Fiber or Glass Fiber.

Short fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites (SFRTPs) have excellent recyclability and processability, but their mechanical properties are weak compared to continuous fiber products. Various studies have reported that the addition of GNPs improves the mechanical properties of SFRTPs, but it is unclear what effect different types of reinforcing fibers have on a hybrid composite system. In this study, the effect of adding a small amount (1 wt%) of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) to fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites on their mechanical properties was investigated from a crystallinity perspective. GNPs were mixed with polypropylene (PP)/carbon fiber (CF) or PP/glass fiber (GF) using a melt blending process, and composites were molded by injection molding. The results of mechanical property characterization showed no significant effect when GNPs were added to PP/CF, but when GNPs were added to PP/GF, this increased the composite's tensile strength and Young's modulus by approximately 20% and 10%, respectively. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) predicted using the modified Kelly-Tyson equation did not change much before and after the addition of GNPs to PP/CF. On the other hand, the IFSS increased from 10.8 MPa to 19.2 MPa with the addition of GNPs to PP/GF. The increase in IFSS led to an increase in the tensile strength of PP/GF with the incorporation of GNPs. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that GNPs accelerated the crystallization rate, and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed that GNPs acted as a crystal nucleating agent. However, CF was also shown to be a nucleating agent, limiting the effect of GNP addition. In other words, it can be said that the addition of GNPs to PP/GF is more effective than their addition to PP/CF due to the differential crystallization effects of each fiber.

A critical analysis of compressive strength prediction of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced concrete over machine learning models

A critical analysis of compressive strength prediction of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced concrete over machine learning models

Investigation of Free Vibration Behavior for Composite Sandwich Beams with a Composite Honeycomb Core

The purpose of the current research is to determine the effect of fiber type, volume ratio, and matrix type on the vibration properties of sandwich beams made of composite face sheet and core. The typical sandwich structure consists of three layers: face sheets, core, and adhesive bonding, and in this research, the adhesive layer between the face sheets and core was abolished by preparing the overall mold with fibers inside and casting the resin to fill the face sheet and core parts. The face sheets of the composite beams are made from a polyester or epoxy matrix reinforced with glass fiber, carbon fiber, and hybrid fiber, and the core is a honeycomb consisting of random glass fibers immersed in a resin matrix (polyester or epoxy). 22 composite sandwich beams were constructed to conduct vibration testing. The vibration results obtained experimentally were compared to the ANSYS R1 2022 software, and the results were in very good agreement. Hybrid fibers and polyester matrix achieved the highest values of natural frequency for (clamped-clamped) boundary conditions, where the natural frequency value of the hybrid fiber and polyester matrix reached (2037 Hz) at a volume fraction of (23.14%) experimentally and the natural frequency reached (1804.5 Hz) at a volume fraction of (21.95%) experimentally for the simply supported boundary condition.

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of 3D-Printed Continuous Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced PE Composites.

Continuous fibers with outstanding mechanical performance due to the continuous enhancement effect, show wide application in aerospace, automobile, and construction. There has been great success in developing continuous synthetic fiber-reinforced composites, such as carbon fibers or glass fibers; however, most of which are nonrenewable, have a high processing cost, and energy consumption. Bio-sourced materials with high reinforced effects are attractive alternatives to achieve a low-carbon footprint. In this study, continuous bamboo fiber-reinforced polyethylene (CBF/PE) composites were prepared via a facile two-step method featuring alkali treatment followed by 3D printing. Alkali treatment as a key processing step increases surface area and surface wetting, which promote the formation of mechanical riveting among bamboo fibers and matrix. The obtained treated CBF (T-CBF) also shows improved mechanical properties, which enables a superior reinforcement effect. 3D printing, as a fast and local heating method, could melt the outer layer PE tube and impregnate molten plastics into fibers under pressure and heating. The resulting T-CBF/PE composite fibers can achieve a tensile strength of up to 15.6 MPa, while the matrix PE itself has a tensile strength of around 7.7 MPa. Additionally, the fracture morphology of printed bulks from composite fibers shows the alkali-treated fibers-PE interface is denser and could transfer more load. The printed bulks using T-CBF/PE shows increased tensile strength and Young's modulus, with 77%- and 1.76-times improvement compared to pure PE. Finally, the effect of printing paraments on mechanical properties were analyzed. Therefore, this research presents a potential avenue for fabricating continuous natural fiber-reinforced composites.

Tensile properties and failure of hybrid fiber reinforced polymer composite laminate with different fiber types, hybrid ratios, and stacking sequences

AbstractHybrid fiber‐reinforced polymer (HFRP) composites are gaining attention due to their impressive strength and stiffness with low density. However, their high‐strength often comes with reduced toughness, and achieving a balance between these properties involves combining fibers using hybrid methods. This study used fabricating HFRP laminates (carbon/Kevlar, carbon/glass, and carbon/glass/Kevlar) with different stacking sequences and hybridization ratios created through molding, followed by tensile testing to evaluate the mechanical behavior. The results showed that hybridization ratios significantly influenced the tensile strength, modulus, and elongation at break. For example, compared to the single Kevlar fiber composites, the tensile strength and tensile modulus of the laminate with the optimal configuration of carbon/Kevlar fiber‐reinforced composites increased by 102.93% and 131.65%, respectively, and the elongation at break decreased by 76.13%. This improvement was attributed to the synergistic effect of combining carbon fibers with Kevlar fibers through effective hybridization. The stacking sequences also had a significant effect on tensile strength and elongation at break, although the effect on the tensile modulus was weaker. Additionally, the different tensile properties were obtained by inter hybridization between the three types of fibers. Microscopic observations provided insights into the fracture behavior of HFRP, highlighting phenomena such as brittle/ductile fracture, delamination, fiber pullout, crack suppression, and potential interactions. These observations underscored the complex mechanics governing the mechanical performance of HFRP.Highlights The tensile properties of HFRP laminates with carbon fiber, glass fiber, and Kevlar fiber hybrids are studied. The effect of hybridization parameters on the tensile properties of HFRP are studied. Indicators of the tensile properties of HFRP laminates are compared and analyzed. The hybrid effect and interaction failure mechanism of HFRP are revealed.

Analysis Method of 131I Activity in Carbon Cartridge and Internal Dose Assessment for Nuclear Medicine Workers.

Inhalation of 131I is the main route for internal doses to nuclear medicine workers. This study aimed to establish a simple analysis method for determining 131I activity in carbon cartridges, explore the activity concentration of 131I in nuclear medicine departments, and evaluate the internal dose of workers. A total of 21 nuclear medicine departments in the hospital conducted air sampling using a high-volume air sampler equipped with carbon cartridges and glass fiber filters to collect gaseous 131I and aerosol 131I, respectively. Furthermore, a mathematical model was developed to analyze the 131I activity with inhomogeneous distribution in cartridges. Based on the 131I activity measured by the HPGe γ spectrometer, the personal annual inhalation effective dose was estimated. The results showed that there is a significant difference in the activity of gaseous 131I and aerosol 131I, with the activity ranging from 1.5±0.08 Bq m-1 to 3,944.23±197.21 Bq m-3 and ND (not detectable) to 842.11±42.11 Bq m-3, respectively. The activity of aerosol 131I is about 1% to 7% of that of gaseous 131I. The annual committed effective dose caused by inhalation of 131I for workers is 3.6 μSv to 8.23 mSv, which is lower than the dose limit of 20 mSv y-1. In general, the 131I contamination in the nuclear medicine department cannot be ignored, and the concentration of 131I should be regularly monitored to prevent and control the internal radiation to which workers may be exposed.

Microwave field effects on internal stresses in additively manufactured polymer composites

Studies have been conducted on the influence of microwave electromagnetic fields on the magnitude of internal stresses in cured carbon fiber, glass fiber, and organic plastics, as well as unidirectional composites obtained by FDM technology from PEEK thermoplastic reinforced with continuous carbon fiber. A reduction in internal stresses as a result of microwave exposure was established, averaging 9%, 6.5%, 6%, and 5.4% for carbon fiber, glass fiber, organic plastics, and unidirectional reinforced PEEK, respectively. The reduction in internal stresses is small in value and is a concomitant effect; however, in the context of a certain increase in the safety factor and, consequently, the reliability of products made from polymer composite materials, it can be considered as another argument for the practical application of microwave technologies in the production of PCM products.

The Effect of Feed Rate Variation and Cooling on the Drilling Process of Carbon Fiber and Glass Fiber Composites

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites have extensive applications in the automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing industries due to their high strength and lightweight properties. However, machining processes such as drilling often encounter challenges such as delamination and tool wear due to the anisotropic nature and low thermal conductivity of these materials. This study evaluates the effect of varying feed rates and cooling methods on drilling quality and delamination levels in CFRP and GFRP composites. The cooling methods tested include dry, nanofluid, and cryogenic cooling. Experimental results indicate that cryogenic cooling produces the best hole quality with the lowest delamination levels, even at high feed rates. These findings provide valuable insights into the interaction between machining parameters and cooling methods, offering solutions to enhance the efficiency and quality of composite drilling processes in the manufacturing industry

Design and Analysis of Composite Materials for High-Pressure Environments

Composite materials have proved to be a critical application in high pressure application fields owing to their mechanical characteristics, light weight and flexibility. The current work is aimed at the design and investigation of sophisticated composite materials for high pressure applications and to overcome the drawbacks of metals and alloys. The study also discusses fibers such as carbon fibers or glass fibers, and matrices, with the focus on the best lay-up configurations and size-dependent anisotropic behavior. Several techniques like mechanical testing techniques, and finite element analysis techniques to estimate the mechanical properties like tensile strength, fatigue life and failure modes etc.. The study again stresses the comparative advantage of hybrid composite materials when it comes to stress strength, damage invulnerability, and stability. Suggestions for further studies include the investigation of bio based composites and optimization of the fabrication methodology for sustainability aspect. These outcomes prove useful for aerospace, marine and energy industries firms where high pressure resilience is paramount.

Experimental and numerical studies on the behavior of RC exterior beam–column joints strengthened with fiber sheets under cyclic loads

Joints are important regions in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings, which are most susceptible to seismic loads. Many retrofitting works utilizing fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) composites are in all developed countries. In this study, there was a change in the strengthening of joints using carbon fiber (CFRP), glass fiber (GFRP), and carbon with glass ( hybrid fiber ). A total of seven specimens were designed and tested by cyclic loading (controlled displacement- load of frequency of 0.05 Hz). The details of the specimens are as follows: one unstrengthened reference specimen, six specimens for wrapping with fiber (two are carbon strengthened , two are glass strengthened, and the other two for HFRP wrapping). The results of the testing were compared with those of the reference specimen and strengthened specimens. The behavior of the strengthening joints was studied by the following parameters: first and ultimate load cracking, energy dissipation, ductility, also ultimate stiffness. Based on the results of the test, the hybrid combination was more effective in improving beam-column joints at a highly competitive cost. Furthermore, a comparison of the experimental test and the numerical model results shows that the proposed model is almost identical.

Comparative analysis of carbon fibre and glass fibre in blade design

This study investigates the performance, environmental impact, and economic viability of single-blade carbon fibre wind turbines compared to traditional three-blade glass fibre designs. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) demonstrates carbon fibre's superior stiffness and vibration properties, while Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations identify optimal aerodynamic performance at specific angles of attack. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) reveals that, despite significantly higher carbon emissions and energy consumption during manufacturing, carbon fibre blades produce fewer SO₂-equivalent emissions. Economically, single-blade carbon fibre turbines present potential cost-efficiency due to reduced maintenance and extended lifespan. However, challenges such as manufacturing energy demands, environmental effects, and cost remain barriers to widespread adoption. These findings underscore carbon fibre’s suitability for applications requiring high mechanical performance and dimensional stability, establishing it as a viable material for advanced wind turbine designs.

Synergistic effects of combined multi-walled carbon nanotubes and glass fibers on concrete: experimental and economic analysis

This article deals with the combined application of MWCNTs and GFs to improve mechanical property and durability of concrete. MWCNTs were dispersed by sonication and added in dosages of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15% of cement weight, while GFs were added at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of mixture weight. Compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths, as well as modulus of elasticity, rebound number, and ultrasonic pulse velocity, were tested at various curing ages. Accordingly, the addition of 0.10% MWCNTs and 1.0% GFs resulted in the enhancement of compressive strength while improving modulus of elasticity by up to 14%. In addition, durability improved owing to reduced sorptivity with the aid of pore refinement by MWCNTs and crack-bridging by the GFs. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the optimum mix developed a denser microstructure; however, mixtures with higher dosages of MWCNTs exhibited agglomeration, influencing their performance adversely. In addition, economic assessment pointed out that the best property improvement-cost ratio corresponded to a benefit-cost ratio equal to 0.104. The present research provides an insight into the development of high-performance concrete materials and delivers practical recommendations on how MWCNTs could be combined with GF in order to create durable yet economically viable concretes.