Carbon Footprint Analysis Research Articles

Assessing the Washing Fastness and Environmental Impact of Various Reduction Clearing Processes on High-Performance Polyetherimide (PEI) Fabrics

PEI fibers are considered a high-performance type of fiber, known for their exceptional heat resistance and mechanical strength. These fibers, made of polyetherimide (PEI) polymer, have a completely amorphous structure, and can be dyed with disperse dyes, similar to how polyester fibers are dyed. This study focused on the reduction clearing process after dyeing PEI fibers with disperse dyes and examined various clearing agents used in both alkaline and acidic conditions, assessing how different concentrations, temperatures, and durations of reduction clearing processes affected the PEI samples. The main goal was to find the best reduction clearing parameters for disperse-dyed PEI samples, taking into account environmental impact, fabric durability, and color fastness. Analytical techniques like chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), total organic carbon (TOC), and carbon footprint analysis were used for evaluation. The study revealed that most disperse-dyed PEI fibers require a reduction clearing process, with few exceptions. It is important to note that clearing with sulfuric acid-based agents or in acidic conditions may slightly reduce the fiber’s strength. On the other hand, the study identified that utilizing a solution containing 2 g/l sodium dithionite and 4 g/l NaOH for 30 min at 70 °C resulted in the least strength loss. Similarly, when considering the environmental impact, this same reduction clearing process was found to have the least detrimental effects based on COD, BOD5, TOC, and carbon footprint analyses. The data collection process was thoroughly documented throughout the study.

Carbon Footprint of Flour Production in Poland

The importance of carbon footprint (CF) analysis in the agricultural and food industries as a fundamental element of the means to achieve sustainable food production is emphasized here. In this study, flour production in Poland and the technological processes were characterized. This study’s aim was to determine and compare flour production CF for different companies. The production stages were examined, and aspects related to transportation and storage were analyzed. The obtained data made it possible to identify areas of potential improvement to increase the efficiency of production and logistics processes and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The results showed that flour production CFav ranges from 0.042 to 0.080 kg CO2eq/kg of product (in different companies). The results obtained for individual plants did not differ. One method of reducing CF was through the use of renewable energy sources. Photovoltaics (share of 17–20%) has significantly reduced flour production CF by 13–15%. The decrease was significant from March to October due to the country’s climatic conditions. The work highlights CF’s importance as a tool to reduce environmental impacts and optimize production costs while pointing out the need to customize the calculation methodology to the specifics of the product and process.

Well-to-wheel carbon footprint and cost analysis of gasoline, diesel, hydrogen ICE, hybrid and fully electric city buses

Carbon emissions in mobility, as one of the primary causes of global warming, are regulated by various organizations with different legislations. Different energy sources and power-train solutions are used to comply with these constraints. Hydrogen-fueled, fully electric, and hybrid vehicles are at the forefront of these technologies. Within the scope of this study, gasoline-, diesel-, and hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines, and fully electric and serial hybrid 18-m city bus vehicles were modeled. Comprehensive analyses of emissions and costs, considering both the entire energy production and consumption cycles for various vehicle types were conducted. Models that are primarily based on fuel consumption data show that while fully electric vehicles currently have the lowest emissions, hydrogen-fueled vehicles can play a more prominent role soon with the increasing production of green hydrogen. For the first step of hydrogen implementation in the industry, H2ICE is a promising for both reduced carbon emissions in mobility and cost-effectiveness. If the forecasted hydrogen production and distribution scenario is adopted by industrial and energy organizations, it is evident that by the year 2030, more environmentally friendly operation can be achieved particularly in the context of public transportation. Embracing this approach is likely to lead to positive environmental sustainability impacts in future transportation systems.

Carbon footprint analysis of fossil power plants in Bangladesh: measuring the impact of CO2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${CO}_{2}$$\\end{document} and greenhouse gas emissions

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have increased substantially due to industrialization and the rapid growth in energy demand in Bangladesh. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive carbon footprint analysis of fossil power plants in Bangladesh, focusing on the impact of GHG emissions. We evaluate the carbon footprint of fossil power plants based on their power generation capacity, fuel type, specific emission rates, and global warming potential (GWp) for various GHGs. The emission factor approach has been used in conjunction with the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology. Findings of the study indicate that fossil power plants in Bangladesh contribute significantly to the country's overall carbon footprint, with CO2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${CO}_{2}$$\\end{document} and other GHG emissions being the primary drivers. Furthermore, we evaluate Bangladesh's GHG emissions in comparison with neighbouring countries to determine its position. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil-based power plants, we find that Bangladesh has relatively low emissions compared to its neighbours and developing countries in Asia. Nevertheless, Bangladesh has witnessed a significant increase in coal-fired power generation in recent years, which has emerged as a significant contributor to emissions. Following an analysis of GHG emissions from fossil fuel power plants, we recommend adopting advanced technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) with improved energy efficiency systems and integrating renewable energy sources into the power generation mix. We conclude our analysis by highlighting the importance of transitioning to cleaner, sustainable energy sources to reduce future carbon emissions.

Study on the carbon footprint impact analysis method of integrated energy system operation in low-carbon park considering multi-domain dynamic characteristics

Low-carbon parks are an important battlefield for China to achieve the goal of peaking carbon neutrality. Accurate and efficient analysis and tracking of park carbon footprint is a necessary measure to reduce carbon and save energy in parks. Aiming at the problems of less research on the carbon footprint of low-carbon parks at home and abroad and the lack of tracking and analysis methods of dynamic influencing factors of carbon footprint, this paper focuses on the carbon footprint of typical low-carbon parks during operation and proposes a dynamic tracking method of the carbon footprint of low-carbon parks that considers the dynamic characteristics of carbon emissions in various fields. In this paper, the hierarchical impact structure of the carbon footprint of low-carbon parks was first constructed, including the impact of population, economy, construction, energy, transportation, and industry. LMDI (Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index) was used to decompose the macro-level impact of the carbon footprint of low-carbon parks. Secondly, this paper establishes a dynamic simulation model of carbon emissions of low-carbon parks in the fields of building, energy, transportation, and industry, which can realize 8760 hours of dynamic simulation calculation throughout the year. Based on dynamic simulation, this paper carries out single factor sensitivity analysis and combines the Monte Carlo simulation method to complete quantitative calculation of dynamic second-order influence weight of carbon footprint. Finally, a multi-domain impact analysis and tracking method for the carbon footprint of low-carbon parks is obtained.

Analysis of food carbon footprint and its socio-demographic disparities in China in 2018

To analyze food carbon footprint and its socio-demographic disparities among adults in China. A total of 12 777 adults aged 18 years and above from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2018 who have completed dietary and socio-demographic data were analyzed. The information of food intake were collected by 24 h recalls combined with the weighing of household seasonings. Food consumption was converted into energy intake by the China Food Composition Table. Carbon footprint of 26 food groups were calculated by the food carbon footprint database based on life-cycle assessment(LCA), multinomial logit model was used to analyze the association of socio-demographic factors and food carbon footprint. Average food carbon footprint were decreased with increasing age while increased with increasing income and education levels, and was higher among male than that among female, was higher among urban residents than that among rural residents, was higher in the south than that in the north. Multinomial logit analysis showed that compared with people aged 18-44, the likelihood of occurring high carbon footprint in 60y and above group were 29%(OR=0.71, 95%CI 0.61-0.83) lower than that occurring low carbon footprint. Women were 11%(OR=0.89, 95%CI 0.81-0.99) and 25%(OR=0.75, 95%CI 0.67-0.84) less likely to appear medium and high carbon footprint than low carbon footprint, compared with their male counterparts. In comparison to people living in cities, rural dwellers were 24%(OR=0.76, 95%CI 0.69-0.85) and 38%(OR=0.62, 95%CI 0.55-0.70) less likely to appear medium and high carbon footprint than low carbon footprint. People in the south were 3.89 times(95%CI 3.52-4.30) and 11.35 times(95%CI 10.01-12.88) more likely to occur medium and high carbon footprint than low carbon footprint, compared with people in the north. Participants were more likely to occur medium carbon footprint and high carbon footprint with the increasing income level(OR>1), and were more likely to occur high carbon footprint with the increasing education level(OR>1). The food carbon footprint of adults in China in 2018 show different socio-demographic disparities, gender, income and education level are significant factors.

A greener RP-HPLC method for quaternary estimation of caffeine, paracetamol, levocetirizine, and phenylephrine acquiring AQbD with stability studies

Abstract The main objective of this article was to develop method and validate quaternary estimation of caffeine (CFE), paracetamol (PCM), levocetirizine (LEV), and phenylephrine (PHE) and to conduct degradation experiments using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). This was the first innovative approach to this drug combination, combining analytical quality by design with green analytical chemistry. This method was developed using HPLC Agilent 1220 Infinity II, a binary solvent delivery pump, an automatic sampling device injector, and a photodiode array detector. Agilent Inertsil ODS 3 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used for separation. The mobile phase is composed of ethanol and 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3). To adjust the pH, 1% of orthophosphoric acid was used. The flow rate was set to 0.8 ml·min−1, the injection volume was 10 μl, and the detecting wavelength was 220 nm. The analytes were eluted via gradient elution. The retention time for PCM was 3.5 min, CFE was 8.1 min, PHE was 15.9 min, and LEV was 20.5 min. Green evaluation tools used in this research include Green Analytical Procedure Index, analytical eco-scale, analytical greenness, analytical method greenness score, and carbon footprint analysis. The developed method was greener than the previously reported method, as per the results of the greenness evaluation tools.

Feasibility Study of a Novel Secondary Zinc‐Flow Battery as Stationary Energy Storage System: From Design to Environmental Assessment

Herein, a zinc‐air flow battery (ZAFB) as an environmentally friendly and inexpensive energy storage system is investigated. For this purpose, an optimized ZAFB for households is designed based on the most recent publications, and an economic and ecological analysis of the system is carried out. The results show that the customer price of the designed ZAFB is estimated at ≈5000 € and is thus about one‐third lower than the quoted price for a comparable vanadium flow battery (VFB). The carbon footprint (CF) analysis shows that especially the alkaline electrolyte and the silver‐containing gas diffusion electrode have a high share of the greenhouse gas emissions of the ZAFB system. However, the CF is 41% lower than that of the VFB, highlighting the great potential of the ZAFB as an alternative home storage system.

O22: Postoperative Telemedicine is feasible and sustainable; a prospective life-cycle assessment approach to carbon footprint analysis

Abstract Introduction The NHS must provide a net zero service by 2045. Innovative strategies are required to quantify, evaluate and implement environmentally friendly interventions into practice. The study evaluates the feasibility and sustainability of remote post-operative follow-up using novel methodology. Methods Patients were reviewed remotely and face-to-face at 30 days post-operatively. A prospective life-cycle assessment(LCA) approach to carbon footprint analysis was used to calculate carbon emissions kgCO2e. Patient postcodes were applied to conversion factors to calculate travel emissions. Median(IQR) kgCO2e saved were presented. Carbon offsetting values are based on kgCO2e sequestered by a standardised UK variety tree. Results 31 participants(M:F 2.4, 66.7±11.7 years) were included. The median return distance for patient travel was 42.5km(7.2-58.7). Median reduction using remote follow-up was 41.2 kgCO2e(24.5-80.3) per patient(P<0.001). Using remote follow-up is equivalent to planting 1 tree for every 6.9 patients reviewed. Every readmission with SSI results in an additional 1219.93 kgCO2e. Discussion This model shows that the prospective LCA approach is achievable. Implementation of an asynchronous follow-up model is effective in substantially reducing the carbon footprint of a tertiary vascular surgical centre. Further work is needed to corroborate these findings on a larger scale and incorporate kgCO2e into cost analysis of SSI monitoring strategies.

Telemedicine for sustainable postoperative follow-up: a prospective pilot study evaluating the hybrid life-cycle assessment approach to carbon footprint analysis.

Surgical site infections (SSI) are the most common healthcare-associated infections; however, access to healthcare services, lack of patient awareness of signs, and inadequate wound surveillance can limit timely diagnosis. Telemedicine as a method for remote postoperative follow-up has been shown to improve healthcare efficiency without compromising clinical outcomes. Furthermore, telemedicine would reduce the carbon footprint of the National Health Service (NHS) through minimising patient travel, a significant contributor of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions. Adopting innovative approaches, such as telemedicine, could aid in the NHS Net-Zero target by 2045. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the feasibility and sustainability of telemedicine postoperative follow-up for remote diagnosis of SSI. Patients who underwent a lower limb vascular procedure were reviewed remotely at 30 days following the surgery, with a combined outcome measure (photographs and Bluebelle Wound Healing Questionnaire). A hybrid life-cycle assessment approach to carbon footprint analysis was used. The kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent (kgCO2e) associated with remote methods were mapped prospectively. A simple outpatient clinic review, i.e., no further investigations or management required, was modelled for comparison. The Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) conversion factors plus healthcare specific sources were used to ascertain kgCO2e. Patient postcodes were applied to conversion factors based upon mode of travel to calculate kgCO2e for patient travel. Total and median (interquartile range) carbon emissions saved were presented for both patients with and without SSI. Altogether 31 patients (M:F 2.4, ±11.7 years) were included. The median return distance for patient travel was 42.5 (7.2-58.7) km. Median reduction in emissions using remote follow-up was 41.2 (24.5-80.3) kgCO2e per patient (P < 0.001). The carbon offsetting value of remote follow-up is planting one tree for every 6.9 patients. Total carbon footprint of face-to-face follow-up was 2,895.3 kgCO2e, compared with 1,301.3 kgCO2e when using a remote-first approach (P < 0.001). Carbon emissions due to participants without SSI were 700.2 kgCO2e by the clinical method and 28.8 kgCO2e from the remote follow-up. This model shows that the hybrid life-cycle assessment approach is achievable and reproducible. Implementation of an asynchronous digital follow-up model is effective in substantially reducing the carbon footprint of a tertiary vascular surgical centre. Further work is needed to corroborate these findings on a larger scale, quantify the impact of telemedicine on patient's quality of life, and incorporate kgCO2e into the cost analysis of potential SSI monitoring strategies.

Comprehensive carbon footprint analysis of wastewater treatment: A case study of modified cyclic activated sludge technology for low carbon source urban wastewater treatment

To reduce pollution and carbon emissions, a quantitative evaluation of the carbon footprint of the wastewater treatment processes is crucial. However, micro carbon element flow analysis is rarely focused considering treatment efficiency of different technology. In this research, a comprehensive carbon footprint analysis is established under the micro carbon element flow analysis and macro carbon footprint analysis based on life cycle assessment (LCA). Three wastewater treatment processes (i.e., anaerobic anoxic oxic, A2O; cyclic activated sludge technology, CAST; modified cyclic activated sludge technology, M-CAST) for low carbon source urban wastewater are selected. The micro key element flow analysis illustrated that carbon source mainly flows to the assimilation function to promote microorganism growth. The carbon footprint analysis illustrated that M-CAST as the optimal wastewater treatment process had the lowest global warming potential (GWP). The key to reduce carbon emissions is to limit electricity consumption in wastewater treatment processes. Under the comprehensive carbon footprint analysis, M-CAST has the lowest environmental impact with low carbon emissions. The sensitivity analysis results revealed that biotreatment section variables considerably reduced the environmental impact on the LCA and the GWP, followed by the sludge disposal section. With this research, the optimization scheme can guide wastewater treatment plants to optimize relevant treatment sections and reduce pollution and carbon emissions.

Carbon Footprint Analysis of Motor Vehicles at the Military Academy

The Military Academy, abbreviated as Akmil is the Central Implementing Agency at the Mabesad level in the field of education which is domiciled directly under the Kasad. Based on the organizational structure and duties (Orgas) Akmil consists of Leadership Elements, Leadership Assistant Elements, Service Elements, and Implementing Elements. Currently, Akmil personnel number 2,408 people with details of Officers 685, Non-Commissioned Officers 597, Tamtama 571, and Civil Servants 555 people. To facilitate access in service, Akmil provides official house facilities to each member in the Panca Arga Magelang Housing Complex. The majority of personnel who go to work in Akmil use motorized vehicles, both two-wheeled and four-wheeled. Round-trip activities from the Panca Arga Housing Complex to Akmil using motorized vehicles, of course, are inseparable from the so-called carbon footprint. The research method used is a review literature of several scientific articles related to exhaust emissions. The exhaust emissions in two-wheeled vehicles were 15,686.5 Kg/L, while four-wheeled vehicles were 9,155.8 Kg/L. It is necessary to calculate the emission of CO2 waste gases assuming the fuel used is pertalite and pertamax.

Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide

Abstract The synthesis of ambient-cured sustainable geopolymer mortars (GMs) was studied throughout this work. To reduce carbon dioxide emissions, new materials must be used in the production of sustainable concrete and mortars. Many types of binders are used in the synthesis of GM and concrete (GPC), especially clay minerals. These clay minerals are considered sources of alumina and silica in GM and concrete. The geopolymerization process relies on the alkaline solution activating the alumino-silicate to produce geopolymer gel products. The palygorskite (PA) clay mineral, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium silicates (Na2SiO3) were chosen as a binder (solid material) and alkaline activator solution to synthesize GM at ambient temperature. PA was thermally treated at 550, 650, 700, and 750°C, respectively, to convert into high-reactive PA (HRP) HRP550, HRP650, HRP700, and HRP750, respectively. The characteristics of PA clay, HRP powders, and HRP-based GM were evaluated using compressive strength (CS) testing, X-ray fluorescence analysis, carbon footprint analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffractograms, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The maximum CS of 25.1 MPa was acquired for geopolymer synthesis utilizing HRP700-based GM cured at 30°C for 28 days. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that HRP-based GM showed the presence of Si–O, Al–O, and O–C–O bonds stretching vibrations in the alumino-silicate network. The results showed that the CO2 emissions had a reduction in the HRP-based GM compared with the reference mix of ordinary Portland cement mortar (OPM). The percentage of reductions was 14.1, 13.7, 13.1, and 12.4 for HRP550, HRP650, HRP700, and HRP750, respectively, compared with the OPM mixture. SEM images/EDS analysis and XRD diffractograms confirmed the presence of sodium alumino-silicate hydrates, magnesium silicate hydrate, and calcium silicate hydrate gels with high quantities particularly in the HRP700-based GM than that in HRP550, HRP650, and HRP750, respectively. The results indicate the suitability of HRP calcined at 700°C (HRP700) in the synthesis of the GM.

Industrial by-products-derived binders for in-situ remediation of high Pb content pyrite ash: Synergistic use of ground granulated blast furnace slag and steel slag to achieve efficient Pb retention and CO2 mitigation

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is a cost-effective and conventional binder that is widely adopted in brownfield site remediation and redevelopment. However, the substantial carbon dioxide emission during OPC production and the concerns about its undesirable retention capacity for potentially toxic elements strain this strategy. To tackle this objective, we herein tailored four alternative binders (calcium aluminate cement, OPC-activated ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), white-steel-slag activated GGBFS, and alkaline-activated GGBFS) for facilitating immobilization of high Pb content pyrite ash, with the perspectives of enhancing Pb retention and mitigating anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. The characterizations revealed that the incorporation of white steel slag efficiently benefits the activity of GGBFS, herein facilitating the hydration products (mainly ettringite and calcium silicate hydrates) precipitation and Pb immobilization. Further, we quantified the cradle-to-gate carbon footprint and cost analysis attributed to each binder-Pb contaminants system, finding that the application of these alternative binders could be pivotal in the envisaged carbon-neutral world if the growth of the OPC-free roadmap continues. The findings suggest that the synergistic use of recycled white steel slag and GGBFS can be proposed as a profitable and sustainable OPC-free candidate to facilitate the management of lead-contaminated brownfield sites. The overall results underscore the potential immobilization mechanisms of Pb in multiple OPC-free/substitution binder systems and highlight the urgent need to bridge the zero-emission insights to sustainable in-situ solidification/stabilization technologies.

Effects of Wastewater Sludge Addition on Fired Clay Bricks: Enhancing Performance and Sustainable Construction Practices

This study explores the impact of incorporating wastewater sludge into fired clay bricks to improve their performance and promote sustainable construction. Physical, mechanical, and environmental properties of the sludge-amended bricks are investigated to assess their suitability as an alternative construction material. Lab tests are conducted to characterize the sludge and clay, and brick samples with varying sludge content are produced. Physical properties such as water absorption, are analyzed to determine the influence of sludge addition on the bricks' structural characteristics. Mechanical tests, including compressive and flexural strength evaluations, assess the performance of the sludge-amended bricks compared to traditional clay bricks. Additionally, environmental aspects are considered to evaluate the sustainability of the sludge-amended bricks. Life cycle assessment and carbon footprint analysis quantify the environmental benefits and drawbacks associated with their production and use. The findings of this study contribute to the knowledge of sustainable construction materials by exploring the potential utilization of wastewater sludge in fired clay brick production.

Technoeconomic and carbon footprint analysis of simulated industrial scale biodiesel production process from mixed macroalgal and non-edible seed oil using sulphonated zinc doped recyclable biochar catalyst

The present research explored the sustainable production of biodiesel from mixed oils of marine macroalgae and non-edible seeds using a sulphonated Zinc doped recyclable biochar catalyst derived from coconut husk. The maximum biodiesel conversion of 94.8 % was yielded with optimized conditions of 10:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 4.8 % biochar catalyst concentration, 54.5 ℃ temperature and 87.4 min reaction time. A techno-economic assessment provided a favourable return on investment (ROI) of 21.59 % and 4.63 years of reimbursement period, with a calculated minimum selling price of 0.81 $/kg of produced biodiesel. The carbon footprint analysis results estimated an annual emission of 752.07 t CO2 which corresponds to 0.088 kg CO2 emission per kg of biodiesel produced from the simulated process. The study on economic viability and environmental consciousness of biodiesel production not only paves the way for a greener and sustainable future while also contributing to low carbon footprint.

Modelling of technical, environmental, and economic evaluations of the effect of the organic loading rate in semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of pre-treated organic fraction municipal solid waste

The study concerned technical feasibility, economic profitability, and carbon footprint (CF) analysis of semi-continuous anaerobic digestion (sAD) of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). The research assessed the pre-treatment effect on sAD by varying organic loading rates (OLR) from 3.38 to 6.75 kgvs/m3d. Three sAD configurations were investigated: hydrodynamic-cavitated (HC-OFMSW), enzymatically pre-treated (EN-OFMSW), and non-pre-treated (AD-OFMSW). Principal Component Analysis and Supervised Kohonen's Self-Organizing Maps combined the experimental, economic, and environmental evaluations.The sAD configurations were grouped predominantly according to the OLR however, within each OLR group the configurations were clustered according to the pre-treatments.The finding highlighted that pre-treatments offset inhibition in sAD of OFMSW due to the OLR increase, being economically profitable and CF negative up to 4.50 kgvs/m3d for EN-OFMSW and to 5.40 kgvs/m3d for HC-OFMSW. Whereas sAD-OFMSW remained economically and environmentally viable only up to 3.87 kgvs/m3d.HC-OFMSW reached the highest performance. In detail, for HC-OFMSW the NPV and CF ranged from 17679.30 to 43827.12 euros and from −51.08 to −407.210 kg CO2eq/1 MWh daily produced, by decreasing the OLR from 5.40 to 3.87 kgvs/m3d.These results are fundamental since pre-treatment is usually expensive due to additional energy or chemical requirements.

A thermodynamic view on the in-situ carbon dioxide reduction by biomass-derived hydrogen during calcium carbonate decomposition

In the carbonate industry, deep decarbonization strategies are necessary to effectively remediate CO2. These strategies mainly include both sustainable energy supplies and the conversion of CO2 in downstream processes. This study developed a coupled process of biomass chemical looping H2 production and reductive calcination of CaCO3. Firstly, a mass and energy balance of the coupled process was established in Aspen Plus. Following this, process optimization and energy integration were implemented to provide optimized operation conditions. Lastly, a life cycle assessment was carried out to assess the carbon footprint of the coupled process. Results reveal that the decomposition temperature of CaCO3 in an H2 atmosphere can be reduced to 780 oC (generally around 900 oC), and the conversion of CO2 from CaCO3 decomposition reached 81.33% with an H2:CO ratio of 2.49 in gaseous products. By optimizing systemic energy through heat integration, an energy efficiency of 86.30% was achieved. Additionally, the carbon footprint analysis revealed that the process with energy integration had a low GWP of -2.624 kgCO2-eq·kg-CaO-1. Conclusively, this work performed a systematic analysis of introducing biomass-derived H2 into CaCO3 calcination and demonstrated the positive role of reductive calcination using green H2 in mitigating CO2 emissions within the carbonate industry.

Carbon Footprint Analysis on Phosphoric Acid Production Using Wet Process at PT Petrokimia Gresik

Phosphoric acid is one of the main commodities in the fertilizer industry, which is very important in agricultural countries such as Indonesia. One of the biggest players in Indonesia’s fertilizer industry is PT Petrokimia Gresik, which owns a phosphoric acid plant that produces 200,000 MT/year phosphoric acid using the hemi-dihydrate process. Phosphoric acid production can be energy intensive and involve a lot of material transport, which usually corresponds with a high carbon footprint. To date, there is no literature regarding carbon footprint of Indonesia’s phosphoric acid. Thus, a carbon footprint analysis was done on phosphoric acid production at PT Petrokimia Gresik based on the inventory from their material and energy balance data. The electricity emission factor was calculated from their coal unit power plant, while the emission factor for raw materials was estimated from literature. The carbon footprint is 1378.25 kg CO2/ton P2O5. The largest carbon footprint contribution comes from sulphuric acid (43.81%), followed by material transport (36.78%). The sensitivity analysis shows that the carbon footprint was very sensitive to sulphuric acid and sea transport emission factor.

Analysis of Carbon Footprint Assessment and Accounting System of Photovoltaic Industry under Dual-Carbon Background

With the intensification of global climate change and the growing demand for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), dual-carbon policies are on the rise globally, bringing new challenges and opportunities to the energy industry. Focusing on the photovoltaic (PV) industry, this study carries out a carbon footprint analysis in the context of dual-carbon to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current status of PV modules in terms of carbon emissions and emission reduction measures. This paper firstly summarizes the development of the PV industry, and deeply analyzes the relevant theories and methods of carbon footprint assessment and accounting system. Then, it systematically evaluates the carbon emissions of crystalline silicon PV modules throughout their life cycle, and based on this, it puts forward suggestions on strategies to reduce the carbon footprint. Finally, the opportunities and challenges that the PV industry may encounter in the process of moving towards a low-carbon future are discussed to provide a reference for decision-making and practice in this field.