Carbon Emission Reduction Technology Research Articles

Price and carbon emission reduction technology competition in the electricity supply chain based on power structure

This study considers the research on electricity pricing and carbon reduction technology decisions of electricity supply chain enterprises under different power structures, and constructs a two-level electricity supply chain game model composed of two electricity producers and a single electricity retailer. By comparing the equilibrium solution results, the main research results are as follows: (1) In the market structure where electricity producers and electricity retailer make decisions at the same time, electricity producers are more willing to invest in low-carbon technologies and increase carbon emission reduction. The electricity retailer also set the lowest electricity prices at this time, and electricity demand is the highest. (2) In the case of the Stackelberg game for electricity producers, the wholesale electricity price is the highest, and the electricity producers obtain the most profits. In the case of the Stackelberg game for electricity retailer, the electricity price is the highest, and the profit of the electricity retailer is the highest. (3) In the market structure dominated by electricity retailer, the electricity price is the highest, and the electricity producers reduce the investment in carbon emission reduction technology after observation; the carbon emission reduction intensity is the least, and the electricity demand is also the least. (4) With the increase of price competition coefficient, the carbon emission reduction intensity, electricity demand, electricity producers and electricity retailer profit increase. However, as the competition coefficient of carbon reduction technology increases, these equilibrium solutions decline. We verify the above conclusions using multi-agent simulation.

Comprehensive analysis of carbon emission reduction technologies (CRTs) in China's coal-fired power sector: A bottom-up approach

Carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction technologies (CRTs) in the coal-fired power sector play an imperative role in the mitigation of environmental challenges and reducing CO2 emissions to help achieve the 2 °C target. However, a compelling necessity persists for a unified framework that can effectively and accurately estimate the costs and potentials associated with CRTs, arising from the diversity of technologies and unit types. Therefore, this study employs a bottom-up approach to analyze the costs and potential of 25 advanced CRTs in the coal-fired power sector, excluding CO2 capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), across 19 types of coal-fired power units. This analysis amalgamates the CO2 reduction supply curve (CRSC) approach with levelized cost of CO2 reduction (LCOC) and a broken-even analysis which could reflect the sector's average carbon reduction cost. The outcomes reveal the following key insights: (1) These technologies collectively harbor a substantial CO2 conservation potential amounting to 925.61 Mt CO2, with a broken-even price of CNY 410.1/tCO2. This reduction could potentially lower 20%–25 % of CO2 emissions in China's power system in 2022, highlighting the crucial role of CRTs in achieving a low-carbon transition and national climate targets; (2)Steam turbine flow path retrofit (T8) not only offers a relatively high CO2 reduction potential (>60 Mt CO2), but also features a low cost (<CNY 150/tCO2) and high profit (>CNY 0.85/MWh). Prioritizing the development of this technology can significantly accelerate the low-carbon transition of coal power; (3) Carbon price have a paramount influence on the cost-effectiveness of CRTs and driving their adoption.

Impacts of dual carbon emission reduction technology and technology spillovers of deterioration reduction on supply chain system's performances considering government incentives and contract design

Investments in carbon emission reduction and deterioration reduction are important aspects for the firms to construct a low-carbon supply chain systems of deteriorating products with the increasing preferences of customers for environmentally friendly and fresh products. In this study we develop a two-echelon supply chain system consists of one manufacturer and one retailer. The manufacturer implements dual carbon emission reduction technology to strengthen the carbon emission reduction efficiency under cap-and-trade regulation and both manufacturer and the retailer invest in deterioration reduction technology to reduce the deterioration and increase the stock level of the fresh items. To increase the demand, the retailer takes the responsibility of promoting the low-carbon and fresh products among the customers. Deterioration reduction technology spills over from the manufacturer to the retailer. Then a differential game model is formulated and the equilibrium strategies are analysed by Stackelberg differential game approach in long term scenario. Numerical analysis has been done to analyse the theoretical results more rigorously by MATLAB software and sensitivity of some major parameters on the demand and profits of the manufacturer and the retailer have also been done to obtain some managerial insights. The impacts of implementing dual carbon emissions reduction technology and the effects technology spillovers are discussed. The results show that when the manufacturer invests in dual carbon emission reduction technology over single reduction technology, it increases the emission reduction level and hence the environmental performance and also the demand and hence economic profits of the both the supply chain members. If the deterioration reduction technology spills over from the manufacturer to retailer, it increases the profit of the manufacturer but the retailer will be beneficial when his/her marginal profit will be high. In addition, we have incorporated government subsidy on manufacturer's emission reduction investment and a cost-sharing contract on the promotional effort of the retailer in our work and then found that joint impacts of them on the supply chain system. We have shown that these two incentives provide the pareto improved solution for the supply chain system and take the supply chain members to a win-win situation as economically and environmentally. The discussions of the results of this study can be beneficial for the industries which produced deteriorating products and emits high carbon during the production process in terms of taking optimal decisions. It also gives a lesson to the government how to inspired the practitioners towards developing a sustainable system.

Reduced interest option pricing for green bonds

PurposeThis paper originally proposed the fuzzy option pricing method for green bonds. Based on the requirements of arbitrage equilibrium, this paper draws on Merton's corporate bond option pricing model.Design/methodology/approachDescribing the asset value behavior of green bond issuing enterprises through diffusion-jump processes to reflect the uncertainty brought by carbon emission reduction policies and technologies, using approximation methods to get the analytical pricing formula and then, using a fuzzification technique of Choquet expectation under λ-additive fuzzy measures after considering fuzzy factors, the paper provides fuzzy intervals for the parity coupon rates of green bonds with different subjective levels for investors.FindingsThe paper proposes and argues the classical and fuzzy option pricing methods in turn for both corporate ordinary bonds and green bonds, considering carbon risk or climate risk. It implements the scenario analysis varying with industry emission standards and discusses the sensitiveness of the related key parameters of the option.Practical implicationsThe fuzzy option pricing for the green bonds provides the scope of the variable equilibrium values, operational theoretical supports and some policy implications of carbon reduction and promoting green funding.Originality/valueThe logic of introducing the fuzziness of the option pricing for the green bonds lies with considering the existence of fuzzy information about the project supported by the green bond and the subjectivity of investors and it also responds to changes in technological uncertainty and policy uncertainty in the process of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.”

Comprehensive Evaluation of Decarbonization Technologies: A Case Study of Residential Buildings in Zhuzhou City, China

Efficient carbon emission reduction technologies in buildings are necessary for achieving the “Dual carbon” goal in China. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation model is proposed to assess the effect of carbon emission reduction based on the analytic hierarchy process–entropy weight–coefficient of variation model which takes newly built residential buildings in Zhuzhou City as the research object. The results show that the preferred materials for the roof and exterior walls of the building’s envelope structure were flame-retardant extruded polystyrene boards, and porous shale bricks were preferred as the main materials for the exterior walls. In addition, the rooftop solar photovoltaic system and energy-saving air conditioning technology were suitable in terms of being renewable and were better utilized. In the end, carbon emissions were significantly reduced when using the building decarbonization technologies. This study provides a new reference for choosing materials and technologies for the design of residential buildings in Hunan Province and even other regions with hot summers and cold winters.

Digitalization and carbon emission reduction technology R&D in a Stackelberg model

ABSTRACT This paper constructs a four-stage sequential game model considering digitalization and carbon emission reduction decisions, examines the effects of digitalization on firms’ emission reduction and carbon emission reduction technology R&D, and analyzes the optimal digitalization level. The results show that emissions reduction is correlated with the digitalization level, the cost-reduction effects, and the carbon tax rate; technology R&D benefits from digitalization support; there exists an optimal digitalization level that is nonlinearly affected by the carbon tax rate, and the digitalization level that satisfies the maximization of social welfare is higher, so the government should provide digitalization incentives.

Effect of risk aversion on the performance of supply chain and carbon reducing initiatives under asymmetric information

AbstractThis paper considers a supply chain in which the risk‐averse manufacturer invests in carbon emission reduction (CER) technology and the risk‐averse retailer makes green sales efforts to reduce carbon footprint. The results show that when the information is symmetrical, the two‐part tariff contract can eliminate the double‐marginalization effect. Moreover, when the information is asymmetric, the manufacturer encourages retailer to report true market size and improve green sales effort by providing an incentive contract. This menu of contract ensures the manufacturer obtains more utilities with low carbon emissions. In addition, through the analysis of risk aversion coefficients, we find that under centralized decision, with the improvement of risk aversion awareness, both supply chain players will reduce the green efforts. However, under asymmetric information, compared with the manufacturer, the retailer's higher risk aversion will have an opposite effect on the equilibrium decision‐making, utilities, and carbon footprint of the supply chain.

Electric vehicle subsidy structure considering network externality under carbon neutrality constraints

PurposePromoting electric vehicles (EVs) is an effective way to achieve carbon neutrality. If EVs are widely adopted, this will undoubtedly be good for the environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of network externalities and subsidy on the strategies of manufacturer under a carbon neutrality constraint.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the authors propose a game-theoretic framework in an EVs supply chain consisting of a government, a manufacturer and a group of consumers. The authors examine two subsidy options and explain the choice of optimal strategies for government and manufacturer.FindingsFirst, the authors find that the both network externalities of charging stations and government subsidy can promote the EV market. Second, under a relaxed carbon neutrality constraint, even if the government’s purchase subsidy investment is larger than the carbon emission reduction technology subsidy investment, the purchase subsidy policy is still optimal. Third, under a strict carbon neutrality constraint, when the cost coefficient of carbon emission reduction and the effectiveness of carbon emission reduction technology are larger, social welfare will instead decrease with the increase of the effectiveness of emission reduction technology and then, the manufacturer’s investment in carbon emission reduction technology is lower. In the extended model, the authors find the effectiveness of carbon emission reduction technology can also promote the EV market and social welfare (or consumer surplus) is the same whatever the subsidy strategy.Practical implicationsThe network externalities of charging stations and the subsidy effect of the government have a superimposition effect on the promotion of EVs. When the network effect of charging stations is relatively strong, government can withdraw from the subsidized market. When the network effect of charging stations is relatively weak, government can intervene appropriately.Originality/valueComparing previous studies, this study reveals the impact of government intervention, network effects and carbon neutrality constraints on the EV supply chain. From a sustainability perspective, these insights are compelling for both EV manufacturers and policymakers.

Study on the diffusion of CCUS technology under carbon trading mechanism: Based on the perspective of tripartite evolutionary game among thermal power enterprises, government and public

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS), as a carbon emission reduction technology, is an important way for China to achieve the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”. Therefore, it is crucial to explore how to diffuse CCUS technology. Under the guidance of considering the carbon trading mechanism, this paper establishes a tripartite evolutionary game model of thermal power enterprises-government-public, discusses the evolutionary stability of each stakeholder and the dynamic evolution process of the system; then the simulation parameters are determined by the optimal power generation decision-making model based on Gounod's equilibrium; finally, the system dynamics (SD) model based on the evolutionary game is used for the simulation of the system's evolution paths, and the sensitivity analyses of the important parameters are carried out. The conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) Currently, the diffusion of CCUS technology in China is in the development stage, corresponding to the system equilibrium state of {investment, no incentives, no participation}, i.e., investment by thermal power generating enterprises, no incentives from the government, and no participation from the public. (2) The carbon trading market has guidance for the deployment of CCUS technology, and an appropriate reduction of carbon allowances and an increase in the unit price of carbon trading can stimulate the willingness of thermal power enterprises to invest in CCUS technology. (3) The choice of equilibrium strategy for thermal power enterprises is influenced by parameters and other stakeholders' initial strategies. Lower investment costs, higher carton emission reduction efficiency, moderate increases in penalties and subsidies, as well as a higher probability of government incentives and public participation in monitoring will increase the probability of thermal power enterprises investing in CCUS technology, and facilitate the evolution of the developmental stage {Investment, No incentive, No participation} to the ideal stage {Investment, Incentive, Participation}.

(Invited) A Sustainable Future Fueled By Science: Recent Advances in Power-to-X Activities at Topsoe

Topsoe aims at being recognized as the global leader in carbon emission reduction technologies by 2024, by developing a wide range of energy-efficient solutions to produce sustainable transportation fuels, such as ammonia, methanol, and hydrogen. With over 80 years of expertise in heterogeneous catalysis and its application to industrial chemical processes, Topsoe is now striving to develop strong Power-to-X solutions to fuel the transition towards a sustainable chemical industry and energy infrastructure. One of the key-technology that Topsoe has envisioned for such transition is the solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) technology, well-recognized as the most energy-efficient amongst the electrolysis solutions. Here, Topsoe’s expertise in heterogeneous catalysis also plays a role in ensuring an effective downstream catalytic conversion of SOEC products (H2, CO, or syngas) into green fuels and chemicals. To tackle climate change at the pace that our times impose, Topsoe is committing to a goal of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2040. To reach such an ambitious goal, a large industrial scale application of the SOEC technology is necessary. Accordingly, Topsoe has announced the construction of a SOEC manufacturing facility in Denmark to produce electrolysis stacks and modules with a capacity of 500 MW per year, planned to be operational in 20251.In this presentation, Topsoe will provide an overview of its initiatives, lines of work and results in the field of SOECs, spanning from the thorough investigation of materials properties and electrode microstructure to the design and realization of a MW-sized electrolyzer plant. An extensive R&D effort is also directed towards increasing the lifetime of Topsoe’s fuel electrode-supported Ni/YSZ based cells, aiming at the development of robust and durable electrodes. The presentation will give examples of the analysis of electrode nano- and micro-structures by advanced characterization techniques, while illustrating the valuable role of impedance spectroscopy for the electrochemical characterization of the state-of-the-art cell performance. Finally, the presentation will also showcase results of stack testing applying Topsoe's stack technology for H2 production, as well as an update and outlook of Topsoe's efforts in upscaling its SOEC capacity. P. Blennow, T. Heiredal-Clausen, J. Rass-Hansen, J. B. Hansen; M. Hultqvist, and P.-G. Moses, in Proceedings - 14th Europrean Solid Oxide Fuel and SOE Cell Forum, p. A0304 (2022)

Recycling Strategy of Green Closed-Loop Supply Chain Under Urban and Rural Low-Carbon Planning

Abstract The low-carbon ecological city aims to harmonise sustainable urban development with low-emission planning approaches. Emissions from business production processes are central to low-carbon planning. This paper explores three closed-loop supply chain recycling models - manufacturer, retailer, and third-party -considering carbon trading and emission reduction technology investment. Respective Stackelberg game models are developed incorporating carbon emission reduction costs, recycling costs, carbon trading price, emission intensity, and recycling price. The influence of these variables on carbon emission reduction and profit is examined through numerical analysis. Results indicate the government’s free carbon quota does not impact per-unit carbon reduction or manufacturer profit, nor optimal recycling mode selection. Under specific remanufacturing emission intensity and production cost saving conditions, carbon quota trading can substantially incentivise manufacturers to invest in emission reduction and recycling. With carbon trading and emission reduction technology investment, manufacturer recycling optimises economic and environmental benefits when remanufactured products provide high production cost savings. This fosters sustainable development supporting low-carbon planning.

Long-term emission reduction strategy in a three-echelon supply chain considering government intervention and Consumers’ low-carbon preferences

This paper investigates a three-echelon supply chain that consists of a supplier, a manufacturer, and a retailer. Owing to the government intervention and consumers’ low-carbon preferences, the market share is influenced by the carbon emission reduction technology improvement of the supplier and manufacturer and the low carbon advertisement of the retailer. We then construct the differential game model of three-echelon supply chain from the perspectives of decentralized, governmental intervention, supplier cost sharing and governmental intervention, and retailer cost sharing and governmental intervention. Main results are as follows: (1) the manufacturer and supplier's active investment in emission reduction technologies and retailer's advertisement will consistently increase the profits of supply chain members; (2) given that the government subsidizes the manufacturer's carbon emission reduction technology through tax exemption or tax reduction, the manufacturer will always fall into a prisoner's dilemma once the government's carbon emission limit exceeds a certain threshold range; (3) consumer preferences will have a positive effect on manufacturer and supplier's emission reduction strategies, whereas it has nothing to do with retailer's advertisement, and retailer's investment in advertising only depends on manufacturer's subsidy policy; (4) compared with decentralized scenario, Pareto improvement can always be realized whether the manufacturer chooses to cooperate with the supplier or retailer. Our results can provide theoretical basis for the carbon emission strategy of three-echelon supply chain members in low-carbon environment.

Emission reduction technologies for shipping supply chains under carbon tax with knowledge sharing

In response to the gradually increasing pressures of global climate change, governments and enterprises around the world are taking proactive measures to encourage the shipping industry to reduce emissions. Meanwhile, knowledge sharing plays an important role in uncertain market environment and has a profound impact on the development of emission reduction strategies. This paper constructs a shipping supply chain consisting of the port and liner company, and explores the impact of carbon tax policies on carbon emission reduction technologies. By using the Stackelberg game model, the benefits of port and liner company are compared and analyzed in order to explore the interrelationship between knowledge sharing and the use of emission reduction technologies. The results of the study show that: (1) Under the conditions of different emission reduction technologies, the state of knowledge sharing has a significant impact on carbon emission benefits, and the determination of the optimal reduction technology is affected by both knowledge sharing and carbon tax rate. (2) Although the impact of knowledge sharing on total carbon footprint is not obvious, it can effectively reduce the redundant carbon footprint. (3) The inclusion of consumers’ green preferences and knowledge sharing in the model is conducive to the port and liner company to realize mutual benefits and win-win situation. The findings of this paper provide a reference for the adoption of emission reduction technologies by shipping supply chain stakeholders under market uncertainty.

Repurchase or pledge? Financing and production decisions of engineering machinery remanufacturing firms

Under carbon cap and trade policy, engineering machinery firms have engaged in remanufacturing and invested in carbon emission reduction technologies. However, they often struggle with a lack of funding, but carbon quota financing offers a solution. Taking a capital-constrained engineering machinery remanufacturer as the research object, this paper first formulates four decision models, i.e. (no capital constraints, no financing), (capital constraints, no financing), (capital constraints, carbon quota repurchase financing) and (capital constraints, carbon quota pledge financing), then the equilibrium results are compared. Finally, the numerical simulations are performed to study the impact of carbon emission reduction and quality uncertainty of recycled products. The results show that if remanufacturers possess adequate carbon quotas, carbon quota pledge financing can always improve profits effectively, otherwise, the effectiveness of financing strategies depends on the difference between extra profits and financing costs. Both financing strategies can increase the output of new products and reduce that of remanufactured products. Increasing the quality threshold of recycled products is beneficial for remanufacturing, environmental protection and profits. Investing in carbon emission reduction benefits remanufacturing and the environment, however, it reduces remanufacturers' profits in the short term.

The Impact of the Digital Economy on Regional Carbon Emissions: Evidence from China

As a high-tech, energy-efficient mode of economic development, the digital economy has a strong impact on regional carbon emissions and sustainable development. With a sample of panel data from 30 provinces in China ranging from 2011 to 2021, this study employs an expanded STIRPAT model to examine the impact of the digital economy on regional carbon emissions. The results reveal that the digital economy significantly inhibits regional carbon emissions, and specifically, a 1% increase in the level of digital economy development leads to a decline of approximately 1.09% in total carbon emissions. The heterogeneity analysis indicates that the digital economy has a more significant inhibitory effect on carbon emissions in the eastern region and areas with a higher level of development of the digital economy. The mechanism analysis shows that the digital economy can inhibit regional carbon emissions by affecting energy efficiency and changing the energy structure. A further study shows that the digital economy has a spatial spillover effect on the reduction in carbon emissions. Therefore, the government should fully leverage the potential of the digital economy to promote carbon emission reduction, promote the development and innovation of carbon emission reduction technology, continuously improve energy utilization efficiency, and achieve the mutually beneficial goal of economic benefits and emission reduction.

Carbon Emission Model and Emission Reduction Technology in the Asphalt Mixture Mixing Process

This paper attempts to develop a calculation model to estimate the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions during the mixing process of asphalt mixtures and explore energy-saving and emission reduction technologies. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the mixer’s working mechanism, mixing quality requirement, and theoretical deductions, a CO2 emission model for the mixing process of asphalt mixtures is established. The model highlights the significant impact of mixing time on both mixing quality and carbon emissions. The model demonstrates that the mixing quality improves with an increase in mixing time, but the degree of improvement diminishes after an initial significant enhancement, eventually stabilizing. Importantly, excessive mixing time does not significantly improve the mixing quality; conversely, an extended mixing time has a notable impact on carbon emissions. Results show that when the deviation of the asphalt content is changed from 0.3% to 0.2% for a 5% asphalt content mixture, the mixing time and resulting CO2 emissions increase by 14%; similarly, when the deviation is 0.1%, the mixing time and resulting CO2 emissions increase by nearly 40%. Additionally, the agitator’s capacity also significantly influences the CO2 emissions. For a project of a given scale, increasing the agitator capacity leads to a reduction in total carbon emissions during the mixing process. Compared to a type 1500 agitator, employing agitators of types 3000, 4000, and 5000 can achieve reductions in total CO2 emissions by 26.3%, 32.9%, and 36.8%, respectively. Therefore, for large-scale engineering projects aiming to minimize CO2 emissions during the mixing process, it is essential to determine the optimal mixing time to avoid excessive mixing and select a larger capacity agitator, preferably type 4000 or higher. These findings could support the development of effective emission reduction measures in the field of road construction, thereby contributing to the achievement of emission reduction targets and promoting the advancement of sustainable road development.

Research on Supply Chain Emission Reduction Decisions Considering Loss Aversion under the Influence of a Lag Effect

Considering that a lag effect exists in R&amp;D investment, investigating the impacts of manufacturers’ resulting loss-averse behavior on R&amp;D investment in carbon emission reduction technologies is important. This paper establishes three differential game models, namely centralized decision making, decentralized decision making with the manufacturers’ rational preferences, and decentralized decision making with the manufacturers’ loss-aversion preferences. The models are used to analyze the mechanism of the lag effect and loss aversion on manufacturers’ R&amp;D investment in emission reduction, based on a two-level supply chain consisting of manufacturers and retailers. This study finds that: (1) The lag effect can encourage manufacturers to invest in the R&amp;D of emission reduction technologies. (2) There is a threshold value for the lag time, and only when the lag time is higher than this threshold value will manufacturers display loss-averse behavior. (3) When manufacturers’ degree of loss aversion is small, loss-averse behavior has a negative effect on their investment in the R&amp;D of emission reduction technologies, while the opposite has a positive effect.

The Topsoe Perspective: From Electrode Nanostructures to MW Scaled SOEC Systems

Topsoe has the strategic vision of becoming global leader in carbon emission reduction technologies by 2024. This will be reached via Topsoe’s range of energy-efficient technologies to produce clean transportation fuels as well as ammonia, methanol and hydrogen, which are universally seen as the most important fuels and chemicals of the future. Topsoe develops solutions for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors such as steel, cement, chemicals, shipping, and aviation. For example, in 2022 Topsoe helped reduce their customers CO2 emissions by more than 16 million tons, corresponding to 21% of the annual Danish CO2e emission. For decades, Topsoe has provided energy efficient solutions in the chemical industry employing heterogenous catalysis, but now Topsoe will supplement these products with Power-to-X solutions. A key technology in these Power-to-X plants will be the electrolysis system. Topsoe offers the most energy efficient electrolysis solution, namely the solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) technology for its Power-to-X solutions. Topsoe’s expertise in heterogenous catalysis contributes to seamless downstream processing of products (H2, CO or CO+H2) from the electrolysis system and ensures efficient conversion from renewable energy to valuable e-fuels. To reach the ambitious carbon emission reduction targets, an increase in electrolysis capacity is required. To enable this, Topsoe has announced the building of an SOEC manufacturing facility in Denmark. When operational in 2025, the facility will produce electrolysis stacks and modules with a capacity of 500 MW*) per year with the first agreement (a reservation of 500 MW capacity) already announced 1.In this presentation we will provide an overview of Topsoe’s expertise, results, and initiatives in the field of SOEC. This will span from studies of materials properties, electrode nanostructures, electrochemical performance of cells and stacks, to the design of MW-sized systems, and towards commercialization of our TOPSOE SOEC electrolyzer plants as illustrated in Figure 1.The TOPSOE™ SOEC technology is applies fuel electrode supported Ni/YSZ based cells. In line with reports in literature 2–6, we acknowledge that he SOEC technology is still not as mature as is low temperature equivalents, and as such significant R&D work is ongoing on increasing the lifetime of the cells. Recognizing the importance of high performing and durable electrodes; we will in this presentation give examples on studies of electrode nano- and microstructures applying advanced characterization techniques and illustrate the use of impedance spectroscopy for electrochemical characterization of SoA SOEC cell performance. Furthermore, stack test results applying Topsoe’s stack technology for H2O electrolysis will be presented. Finally, the presentation will provide a status of and outlook for Topsoe’s upscaling of SOEC production capacity.As a concluding remark, Topsoe’s TSP-2 SOEC stack technology platform for production of H2 is being up-scaled now and ready for commercialization. Optimizing the TSP-2 platform will continue at Topsoe, by extensive R&D efforts in SOEC for the development of future even higher performing and more durable cells, stacks and modules. This is done while up-scaling and commercialization the present TSP-2 SOEC technology to provide inexpensive green H2 to fuel the green transition already now. Figure 1 : Illustration of Topsoe’s activities in SOEC spanning from fundamental studies of electrodes; exemplified by the TEM image of fuel electrode/electrolyte interface (top); to performance measurements scaling from cells, to stacks and systems; illustrated by key numbers from the Topsoe TSP2-stack platform (bottom) References P. Blennow, T. Heiredal-Clausen, J. Rass-Hansen, J. B. Hansen; M. Hultqvist, and P.-G. Moses, in Proceedings - 14th Europrean Solid Oxide Fuel and SOE Cell Forum, p. A0304 (2022).M. B. Mogensen, M. Chen, H. L. Frandsen, C. Graves, J. B. Hansen, K. V. Hansen, A. Hauch, T. Jacobsen, S. H. Jensen, T. L. Skafte and X. Sun., Clean Energy, 3, 175–201 (2019).M. Riedel, M. P. Heddrich, and K. A. Friedrich, Fuel Cells, 20, 592–607 (2020).M. Trini, A. Hauch, S. De Angelis, X. Tong, P. V. Hendriksen and M. Chen, J. Power Sources, 450, 227599-227609 (2020).Y. Shang, A. L. Smitshuysen, M. Yu, Y. Liu, X. Tong, P. S. Jørgensen, L. Rorato, J. Laurencin, and M. Chen, J. Electrochem. Soc., submitted (2022).M. B. Mogensen, A. Hauch, X. Sun, M. Chen, Y. Tao, S. D. Ebbesen, K. V. Hansen, and P. V. Hendriksen, Fuel Cells, 17 (2017). *) Agreement between First Ammonia and Topsoe A/S announced Sept. 14th 2022; see https://blog.topsoe.com/topsoe-and-first-ammonia Figure 1

The carbon reduction effects of stepped carbon emissions trading and carbon capture and storage on hybrid wind-PV-thermal- storage generation operating systems.

To accelerate the low-carbon transformation of the power industry, a range of carbon emission reduction policies and technologies have emerged. However, the current China's carbon emissions trading (CET) policy is inadequate in encouraging power generation enterprises to take proactive measures towards emission reduction due to challenges like fixed and low carbon prices. The high proportion of renewable energy in electricity consumption also faces significant challenges due to the unpredictable nature of wind and PV energy. Therefore, this paper applies stepped CET mechanism, energy storage system (ES) system and carbon capture and storage (CCS) mechanism together to hybrid renewable energy system, aiming to study their synergistic carbon emission reduction effect. Firstly, the paper constructs the stepped CET model considering incentives and penalties. Secondly, the stepped CET model, ES system and CCS are jointly introduced into the hybrid renewable energy system. Finally, a scenario analysis is conducted to investigate the synergistic effect of various carbon emissions reduction policies and technologies in the operation of power generation systems. The results show that: i) compared with traditional CET, the stepped CET increases renewable energy consumption by 0.12% and reduces carbon emissions by 0.6%; ii) the introduction of stepped CET and ES equipment together consumes an additional 36.1% of renewable energy and reduces carbon emissions by 32.4%; iii) based on stepped CET model and ES equipment, the introduction of CCS system reduces carbon emissions by 29.4%.

Carbon Neutrality: A Review

Abstract The introduction of the idea of “carbon neutrality” gives the development of low carbon and decarbonization a defined path. Climate change is a significant worldwide concern. To offer a theoretical foundation for the implementation of carbon reduction, this research first analyzes the idea of carbon footprinting, accounting techniques, and supporting technologies. The next section examines carbon emission reduction technologies in terms of lowering emissions and raising carbon sequestration. Digital intelligence technologies like the Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence will be crucial throughout the process of reducing carbon emissions. The implementation pathways for increasing carbon sequestration primarily include ecological and technological carbon sequestration. Nevertheless, proving carbon neutrality requires measuring and monitoring greenhouse gas emissions from several industries, which makes it a challenging undertaking. Intending to increase the effectiveness of carbon footprint measurement, this study created a web-based program for computing and analyzing the whole life cycle carbon footprint of items. The practical applications and difficulties of digital technologies, such as blockchain, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence in achieving a transition to carbon neutrality are also reviewed, and additional encouraging research ideas and recommendations are made to support the development of carbon neutrality.