Carbon Capture Utilization Research Articles

Effective performance of ilmenite oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane in a fluidized bed reactor

Extremely high human activities using fossil fuel burning process that leads to the need of urgent implementation of carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS). Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is considered a competent strategy for cost effective CCUS due to the improvement in combustion efficiency and emission reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Ilmenite ore is a potential material to be applied as an oxygen carrier (OC) for Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC). In this study, calcined ilmenite under 1000 °C was applied as the oxygen carrier to react with coal or biomass gasified syngas which is composed of H2, CO, and CH4 in a fluidized bed reactor. Various operating parameters were tested along with the oxygen carrier property analysis, kinetics study, and reaction mechanism prediction. The results showed that the calcined ilmenite performed 88.7, 64.2, and 79.2% conversion of H2, CO, CH4, respectively. In the fluidized bed reactor, increasing syngas concentration, operating temperature, and superficial velocity caused higher reaction rate and oxygen carrier utilization. Application of 25% CO + 15% H2 as complex syngas achieved the highest oxygen carrier utilization. However, the implementation of CO and CH4 led to the carbon deposition and further blocking the surface of oxygen carrier. Moreover, the application of oxygen carrier in a higher redox cycle resulted the reduction of its performance due to the sintering and poor surface properties.

Novel process design and techno-economic simulation of methanol synthesis from blast furnace gas in an integrated steelworks CCUS system

A novel process design and techno-economic performance assessment for methanol synthesis from Blast Furnace Gas (BFG) is presented. Methanol synthesis using BFG as a feedstock, based on direct CO2 hydrogenation at commercial scale was simulated using Aspen Plus software to evaluate its technical performance and economic viability. The applied process steps involve first conditioning BFG using adsorption based desulfurisation, water-gas shift, dehydration, then separation of components into N2, CO2 and H2 rich streams using pressure swing adsorption. The H2 stream and a fraction of the CO2 stream are fed to a methanol synthesis system, while the remaining CO2 may be considered for geological storage in a Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) case, or not in a Carbon Capture Utilization (CCU) case. Techno-economic analysis confirms methanol production from BFG is economically attractive under certain conditions, with Levelized Cost of Methanol production (LCOMeOH) calculated to be 344.61 £/tonne-methanol, and costs of CO2 avoided of − 20.08 £/tonne-CO2 for the CCU process and 9.01 £/tonne-CO2 for the CCUS process when using a set of baseline engineering assumptions. Sensitivity analysis of the process simulation explores opportunities for optimising the methanol synthesis system in terms of the impact of reactor size and/or recycle ratio on LCOMeOH. Economic viability of the CCU(S) processes is also found to be highly dependent on the cost of the feedstock BFG. Future cost savings as compared to business-as-usual steel production by 2030 in consideration of expected increases in the carbon price are estimated to be 10.59 £/tonne-steel for CCU and 24.61 £/tonne-steel for CCUS.

Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) – it’s happening now! However, are there still any challenges?

These days we see a growing interest and more concrete project plans for CCUS in many European countries but with a pathway to “Net Zero”, we are fare from on-track! This definitely implies a stronger push for CCUS in Europe.Although we can show 26 years of permanently stored CO2 in deep geological formations offshore Norway, heavily studied and monitored, there are still many questions about whether CCS is a safe and viable technology. Based on this experience and many years of research and development, we can conclude that this is a viable and safe technology.We know that we have a large storage resources for CO2 on land and offshore in Europe, and we have large CO2 emissions that need to be captured. If CCUS is to achieve the economies of scale necessary to reduce costs and develop technology, cooperation is needed. Like other technologies that are expensive at the start, CO2capture needs to be more efficient and by that less expensive and we need an effort to speed up the mapping and characterization of safe CO2 storage capacity. However, CCUS is the lowest cost, or only, option for many industries to decarbonize, and these industries will be fully exposed to the carbon price by 2023, so CCUS is essential to deliver large-scale and permanent removal of CO2.To contribute to the development of technology for capture, transport, and storage of CO2, with the ambition of achieving a cost-effective solution, the Norwegian government decided in 2020 to develop a full-scale carbon capture and storage project, called Longship.As a result of this decision, we now see that the next phase for CCS is already underway with a growing interest in new areas for CO2storage and more industrial demonstration projects for emission reductions. On the Norwegian continental shelf, three licenses for offshore storage of CO2have been awarded in recent years, these involve 5 companies, and new license applications and new companies are on the way. These companies have presented clear projects involving the entire business chain.We have the knowledge and the technology is ready, so why isn't the CCUS flying? Perhaps it is about setting clear political goals, transporting CO2across national borders, removing potential regulatory barriers and developing new business models. Easy? Let's talk about it and cooperate.

Thermal integration of waste to energy plants with Post-combustion CO2 capture

Waste-to-Energy (WtE) is becoming an important application sector for carbon capture utilization and storage (CCS) due to its role in urban waste management and its inherent potential of achieving negative emissions. This study is built upon a series of modelling activities, with three representative WtE plant steam cycle configurations selected to integrate monoethanolamine (MEA) based Post-combustion CO2 Capture (PCC). With 60% biogenic carbon in the fuel, a set of key performance indicators of the investigated WtE plant configurations are presented. Results show that there is significant potential for heat recovery from the PCC process to provide heat for District Heating (DH). With advanced heat recovery, the energy utility factor (EUF) of WtE plant could be higher than that for WtE plant without PCC. Results also show that optimised process design can be used to enable ultra-high CO2 capture (99.72% in this study) to be achieved with only a marginal increase in specific reboiler duty when compared with 95% capture. This study also highlights the importance of differentiating carbon intensities for different product bases: electrical or thermal or waste, which are important when comparing WtE CCS with other carbon saving technologies. The findings of this study provide valuable information for the future implementation of carbon dioxide capture technology in the WtE sector.

The effect of surface wettability on calcium carbonate precipitation in packed beds

Multiphase flow processes taking place in Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) processes are accompanied by scale deposits which increase operational cost and reduce efficiency of processes. Over the years, the effect of several parameters, including pH, temperature, initial supersaturation ratio, (SRi), with respect to calcium carbonate phase, the presence of foreign substances and solid substrates etc. on the prevalent mechanisms of scale, was investigated. Scale formation from fluids is in principle heterogeneous and may be affected by surface wettability. In the present work, for the first time, calcium carbonate precipitation was investigated in beds, packed with hydrophilic and hydrophobic of 1.5 mm diameter sphere at SRi values equal to 537, 222 and 86. Homogeneously hydrophobic and hydrophilic, and fractionally wet beds were tested. Solutions supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate in the absence and in the presence of n-dodecane were injected into the columns. Except for solutions with SRi=537, with respect to calcite, where spontaneous precipitation prevailed, in the absence of n-dodecane, precipitation rates and the total mass of calcium carbonate precipitate, for the same time, were lower in the case of hydrophobic beds. In the presence of oil-water interfaces, for similar SRi values, hydrophobicity resulted in higher total mass of calcium carbonate precipitate, in comparison with the respective precipitated in the hydrophilic beds. Fractional wettability affected fluid flow and the precipitation process. In the absence of n-dodecane, the total calcium at the outflow curve lied in between the corresponding curves of the hydrophobic and the hydrophilic beds. In the presence of oil-water interfaces, fractional wettability resulted in the formation of shells consisting of small calcite crystals surrounding the hydrophobic spheres, while larger crystals were formed on the hydrophilic spheres. This study reveals the importance of pore surface wettability, its homogeneity and distribution on the formation of calcium carbonate scale during the flow of supersaturated solutions with respect to calcite and in the presence of oil/water interfaces created after oil displacement.

The Environmental Impacts of Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage on the Electricity Sector: A Life Cycle Assessment Comparison between Italy and Poland

Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a set of technologies aimed at capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from point-source emitters to either store permanently or use as a feedstock to produce chemicals and fuels. In this paper, the potential benefits of CCUS integration into the energy supply sector are evaluated from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective by comparing two different routes for the CO2 captured from a natural gas combined cycle (NGCC). Both the complete storage of the captured CO2 and its partial utilization to produce dimethyl ether are investigated. Moreover, the assessment is performed considering the region-specific features of two of the largest CO2 emitters in Europe, namely Italy and Poland. Results shows that the complete storage of the captured CO2 reduces Global Warming Potential (GWP) by ~89% in Italy and ~97%, in Poland. On the other hand, the partial utilization of CO2 to produce dimethyl ether leads to a decrease of ~58% in Italy and ~68% in Poland with respect to a comparable reference entailing conventional dimethyl ether production. A series of environmental trade-offs was determined, with all the investigated categories apart from GWP showing an increase, mainly connected with the higher energy requirements of CCUS processes. These outcomes highlight the need for a holistic-oriented approach in the design of novel implemented configurations to avoid burden shifts throughout the value chain.

Latest eco-friendly avenues on hydrogen production towards a circular bioeconomy: Currents challenges, innovative insights, and future perspectives

The worldwide economic development, population expansion, and technological advancements contribute to a rise in global primary energy consumption. Since fossil fuels now provide around 85% of the energy requirement, a significant quantity of greenhouse gases is released, leading to climate change. To meet the pledges of the Paris agreement, a promising and potential alternative to fossil fuels needs to be commercialised. Therefore, numerous industries recognise hydrogen (H2) as a clean and stable energy source for decarbonisation or de-fossilisation. Around 90% of the world's H2 produced is grey in nature and produced from reforming fossil-based fuels. However, the future of H2 energy lies in its green, blue, and turquoise spectra due to the carbon capture scheme and corresponding clean and sustainable H2 production methodology. The fundamental goal of this research is to learn more about various low-carbon H2 generating systems. In comparison to fossil-based H2, green H2 is a costly option. Blue H2 offers several appealing characteristics; however, the carbon capture utilisation and storage (CCUS) technology are expensive and blue H2 is not carbon-free. The current CCUS technology can only store and catch between 80 and 95% of CO2. Further, it examines worldwide actions related to the H2 development policy. In addition, a debate based on the colour spectrum of H2 was established to classify the purity of H2 generation. Further, the existing obstacles, advancements, and future directions of low-carbon H2 production technologies, including fossil fuel-based and renewable-based H2, are explored to foster the growth of the low-carbon H2 economy.

CO2 Plume Geothermal (CPG) Systems for Combined Heat and Power Production: an Evaluation of Various Plant Configurations

CO2 Plume Geothermal (CPG) systems are a promising concept for utilising petrothermal resources in the context of a future carbon capture utilisation and sequestration economy. Petrothermal geothermal energy has a tremendous worldwide potential for decarbonising both the power and heating sectors. This paper investigates three potential CPG configurations for combined heating and power generation (CHP). The present work examines scenarios with reservoir depths of 4 km and 5 km, as well as required district heating system (DHS) supply temperatures of 70°C and 90°C. The results reveal that a two-staged serial CHP concept eventuates in the highest achievable net power output. For a thermosiphon system, the relative net power reduction by the CHP option compared with a sole power generation system is significantly lower than for a pumped system. The net power reduction for pumped systems lies between 62.6% and 22.9%. For a thermosiphon system with a depth of 5 km and a required DHS supply temperature of 70°C, the achievable net power by the most beneficial CHP option is even 9.2% higher than for sole power generation systems. The second law efficiency for the sole power generation concepts are in a range between 33.0% and 43.0%. The second law efficiency can increase up to 63.0% in the case of a CHP application. Thus, the combined heat and power generation can significantly increase the overall second law efficiency of a CPG system. The evaluation of the achievable revenues demonstrates that a CHP application might improve the economic performance of both thermosiphon and pumped CPG systems. However, the minimum heat revenue required for compensating the power reduction increases with higher electricity revenues. In summary, the results of this work provide valuable insights for the potential development of CPG systems for CHP applications and their economic feasibility.

Chemical and Physical Ionic Liquids in CO2 Capture System Using Membrane Vacuum Regeneration.

Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage technologies are essential mitigation options to reach net-zero CO2 emissions. However, this challenge requires the development of sustainable and economic separation technologies. This work presents a novel CO2 capture technology strategy based on non-dispersive CO2 absorption and membrane vacuum regeneration (MVR) technology, and employs two imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs), [emim][Ac] and [emim][MS], with different behavior to absorb CO2. Continuous absorption–desorption experiments were carried out using polypropylene hollow fiber membrane contactors. The results show the highest desorption behavior in the case of [emim][Ac], with a MVR performance efficiency of 92% at 313 K and vacuum pressure of 0.04 bar. On the other hand, the IL [emim][MS] reached an efficiency of 83% under the same conditions. The MVR technology could increase the overall CO2 capture performance by up to 61% for [emim][Ac] and 21% for [emim][MS], which represents an increase of 26% and 9%, respectively. Moreover, adding 30%vol. demonstrates that the process was only favorable by using the physical IL. The results presented here indicate the interest in membrane vacuum regeneration technology based on chemical ILs, but further techno-economic evaluation is needed to ensure the competitiveness of this novel CO2 desorption approach for large-scale application.

Flexibility as the Key to Stability: Optimization of Temperature and Gas Feed during Downtime towards Effective Integration of Biomethanation in an Intermittent Energy System

Biological methanation is the production of CH4 from CO2 and H2. While this approach to carbon capture utilization have been widely researched in the recent years, there is a gap in the technology. The gap is towards the flexibility in biomethanation, utilizing biological trickling filters (BTF). With the current intermittent energy system, electricity is not a given surplus energy which will interfere with a continuous operation of biomethanation and will result in periods of operational downtime. This study investigated the effect of temperature and H2 supply during downtimes, to optimize the time needed to regain initial performance. Short (6 h), medium (24 h) and long (72 h) downtimes were investigated with combinations of three different temperatures and three different flow rates. The results from these 27 experiments showed that with the optimized parameters, it would take 60 min to reach 98.4% CH4 in the product gas for a short downtime, whereas longer downtimes needed 180 min to reach 91.0% CH4. With these results, the flexibility of biomethanation in BTFs have been proven feasible. This study shows that biomethanation in BTFs can be integrated into any intermittent energy system and thereby is a feasible Power-2-X technology.

Simultaneous reduction of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide in circulating fluidized bed combustor during oxy-coal combustion

For stable carbon capture utilization and storage, highly-pure CO2 content and low pollutant emissions must be maintained throughout oxy-coal firing operation; however, studies on combining absorbent addition and oxidant staging combustion to eliminate simultaneous nitrogen oxides (NO, N2O) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) have not been reported. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oxidant staging and limestone addition on the reductions of NO, N2O, and SO2 emissions in an oxy-circulating fluidized bed combustor at 25% and 31% input oxygen. The operating parameters considered in this study were: oxidant compositions; corresponding flow rate ratios; primary, secondary, and tertiary oxidants (PO, SO, and TO, respectively); TO supply heights; and limestone addition. The results revealed that compared to the TO supply heights, increasing TO flow rate was more effective at reducing the nitrogen oxide emissions. Under an optimal flow rate ratio (PO:SO:TO = 70:10:20) and TO height (6.4 m), NO, N2O, and SO2 emissions were ≈7.4, 4.2 and 4.1 mg MJ−1, respectively. The increase in SO2 emission caused by the application of oxidant staging could be effectively decreased by 60.6% without impacting combustion performance via limestone injection into the combustor; effectively facilitating the production of >86 vol% CO2. These findings can serve as valuable references for future designs, and the efficient operation of oxy-coal combustion plants constructed at larger scales, thereby ensuring highly-pure CO2 content and low pollutant emissions.

High technical and temporal resolution integrated energy system modelling of industrial decarbonisation

Owing to the complexity of the sector, industrial activities are often represented with limited technological resolution in integrated energy system models. In this study, we enriched the technological description of industrial activities in the integrated energy system analysis optimisation (IESA-Opt) model, a peer-reviewed energy system optimisation model that can simultaneously provide optimal capacity planning for the hourly operation of all integrated sectors. We used this enriched model to analyse the industrial decarbonisation of the Netherlands for four key activities: high-value chemicals, hydrocarbons, ammonia, and steel production. The analyses performed comprised 1) exploring optimality in a reference scenario; 2) exploring the feasibility and implications of four extreme industrial cases with different technological archetypes, namely a bio-based industry, a hydrogen-based industry, a fully electrified industry, and retrofitting of current assets into carbon capture utilisation and storage; and 3) performing sensitivity analyses on key topics such as imported biomass, hydrogen, and natural gas prices, carbon storage potentials, technological learning, and the demand for olefins. The results of this study show that it is feasible for the energy system to have a fully bio-based, hydrogen-based, fully electrified, and retrofitted industry to achieve full decarbonisation while allowing for an optimal technological mix to yield at least a 10% cheaper transition. We also show that owing to the high predominance of the fuel component in the levelled cost of industrial products, substantial reductions in overnight investment costs of green technologies have a limited effect on their adoption. Finally, we reveal that based on the current (2022) energy prices, the energy transition is cost-effective, and fossil fuels can be fully displaced from industry and the national mix by 2050.

Community acceptance and social impacts of carbon capture, utilization and storage projects: A systematic meta-narrative literature review.

This manuscript presents a systematic meta-narrative review of peer-reviewed publications considering community acceptance and social impacts of site-specific Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) projects to inform the design and implementation of CCUS projects who seek to engage with communities during this process, as well as similar climate mitigation and adaptation initiatives. A meta-narrative approach to systematic review was utilized to understand literature from a range of site specific CCUS studies. 53 peer-reviewed papers were assessed reporting empirical evidence from studies on community impacts and social acceptance of CCUS projects published between 2009 and 2021. Three separate areas of contestation were identified. The first contestation was on acceptance, including how acceptance was conceptualized, how the different CCUS projects engaged with communities, and the role of acceptance in social learning. The second contestation related to communities: how communities were represented, where the communities were located in relation to the CCUS projects, and how the communities were defined. The third contestation was around CCUS impacts and the factors influencing individuals' perceptions of impacts, the role of uncertainty, and how impacts were challenged by local communities, politicians and scientists involved in the projects. The next step was to explore how these contestations were conceptualised, the aspects of commonality and difference, as well as the notable omissions. This facilitated a synthesis of the key dimensions of each contestation to inform our discussion regarding community awareness and acceptance of CCUS projects. This review concludes that each CCUS project is complex thus it is not advisable to provide best practice guidelines that will ensure particular outcomes. This systematic review shared recommendations in the literature as to how best to facilitate community engagement in relation to CCUS projects and similar place-based industrial innovation projects. These recommendations focus on the importance of providing transparency, acknowledging uncertainty and encouraging collaboration.

Potential matching of carbon capture storage and utilization (CCSU) as enhanced oil recovery in perspective to Indian oil refineries.

Carbon capture storage and utilization is not a new technology, but its application to reduce CO2 emissions from the refinery sector is just now emerging as promising mitigation. This study will look closely at opportunities to match CO2 sources with potential sinks by matching carbon-capturing projects at Indian oil refineries with Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) operations at nearby oil fields in India. This study has identified four such pairings of source-sink matching along with the challenges the first of the kind implementation of CCSU technology in specific projects. The study concludes with a discussion on the way forward and policy implications for the commercial use of the CCSU in India.Graphical abstractCCS Carbon Capture Storage; CCU Carbon Capture Utilization, EOR . Source: Authors’ design.

Multi-objective optimization of CO2 recycling operations for CCUS in pre-salt carbonate reservoirs

This study evaluates the potential of recycling carbon dioxide (CO2) in the associated gas in ultra-deepwater pre-salt carbonate reservoirs for Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS). We performed compositional subsurface modeling of a hypothetical field for multi-objective optimization, aiming at minimizing carbon emissions whilst maximizing the project's Net Present Value (NPV). Although no absolute reduction in total CO2 emissions was met with economic improvement, all simulated CCUS scenarios yielded a lower carbon footprint oil, with 43.5% reduction in operational emissions and up to 25.5% increase in NPV. The best CCUS case, a tapered Water Alternating Gas (WAG) design, presented break-even oil price of 39.5 USD/STB and operational CO2 abatement cost of negative 94.8 USD/tCO2 abated, also showing significant reduction in number of squeeze treatments and cost of calcite scale management.

Supercritical CO2 Curing of Resource-Recycling Secondary Cement Products Containing Concrete Sludge Waste as Main Materials.

This study aims to develop highly durable, mineral carbonation-based, resource-recycling, secondary cement products based on supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) curing as part of carbon capture utilization technology that permanently fixes captured CO2. To investigate the basic characteristics of secondary cement products containing concrete sludge waste (CSW) as the main materials after supercritical CO2 curing, the compressive strengths of the paste and mortar (fabricated by using CSW as the main binder), ordinary Portland cement, blast furnace slag powder, and fly ash as admixtures were evaluated to derive the optimal mixture for secondary products. The carbonation curing method that can promote the surface densification (intensive CaCO3 formation) of the hardened body within a short period of time using supercritical CO2 curing was defined as “Lean Carbonation”. The optimal curing conditions were derived by evaluating the compressive strength and durability improvement effects of applying Lean Carbonation to secondary product specimens. As a result of the experiment, for specimens subjected to Lean Carbonation, compressive strength increased by up to 12%, and the carbonation penetration resistance also increased by more than 50%. The optimal conditions for Lean Carbonation used to improve compressive strength and durability were found to be 35 °C, 80 bar, and 1 min.

Accelerating mineral carbonation in hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water using CO2-rich gas

Mineral carbonation is a Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technique that can be used to remove or divert carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and store it in carbonate minerals. Hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water (FPW) is Ca- and Mg-rich wastewater generated by the petroleum industry that can be used to sequester CO2 in benign minerals. Here, we describe the rate and efficiency of mineral carbonation achieved by sparging 10% CO2/90% N2 gas into pH-adjusted FPW, collected from the Duvernay Formation in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Our results indicate that calcite (CaCO3) precipitated at the expense of brucite [Mg(OH)2] dissolution following CO2 injection; as such, no Mg-carbonate precipitates were formed. The carbonation reaction reached steady state within 1 h and 14.2% of the aqueous Ca in the FPW was precipitated as calcite, sequestering 1.56 ± 0.33 g CO2 L−1 of FPW. Our dissolved inorganic carbon measurements, geochemical models, and stable carbon isotope results indicate that CO2 mineralization can be maximized by maintaining solution at pH ≥ 10 during CO2 sparging. If all of the Ca and Mg in the FPW could be carbonated, it would offer a greater CO2 sequestration potential of 12.5 ± 0.3 g CO2 L−1.

The role of sustainable bioenergy in a fully decarbonised society

With the Danish government's goals of decreasing 70% of CO2 emissions by 2030 and reaching a fully decarbonised society in the years after, this paper aims to identify the role of sustainable bioenergy in achieving this goal. The methodology and approach presented are relevant for other countries heading in the same direction. The focus is on strategies to further develop the sustainable biomass resources and conversion technologies within energy and transport paired with CCUS (carbon capture utilisation and storage) to coordinate with other sectors and achieve a fully decarbonised society. By using hourly energy system modelling and a Smart Energy Systems approach, it is possible to create a robust multiple technology strategy and keep the sustainable bioenergy levels. The results are presented as principles and guidelines on how to include the use of sustainable biomass in the individual country as an integrated part of global decarbonisation.

Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage Technology Development in a Region with High CO2 Emissions and Low Storage Potential—A Case Study of Upper Silesia in Poland

The region of Upper Silesia, located in southern Poland, is characterised by very high emissions of carbon dioxide into the air—the annual emission exceeds 33 Mt CO2 and the emission ‘per capita’ is 7.2 t/y in comparison to the EU average emission per capita 6.4 t/y and 8.4 t/y for Poland in 2019. Although in the region there are over 100 carbon dioxide emitters covered by the EU ETS, over 90% of emissions come from approximately 15 large hard coal power plants and from the coke and metallurgical complex. The CCUS scenario for Upper Silesia, which encompasses emitters, capture plants, transport routes, as well as utilisation and storage sites until 2050, was developed. The baseline scenario assumes capture of carbon dioxide in seven installations, use in two methanol plants and transport and injection into two deep saline aquifers (DSA). The share of captured CO2 from flue gas was assumed at the level of 0.25–0.9, depending mainly on the limited capacity of storage. To recognise the views of society on development of the CCUS technologies in Upper Silesia, thirteen interviews with different types of stakeholders (industry, research and education, policy makers) were conducted. The respondents evaluated CCU much better than CCS. The techno-economic assessment of CCUS carried out on a scenario basis showed that the economic outcome of the scenario with CCUS is EUR 3807.19 million more favourable compared to the scenario without CO2 capture and storage.

Resource integration of industrial parks over time

Resource integration allows industries to foster circular operations that lead to the creation of sustainable systems. Industrial parks integrate multiple processes in this manner to achieve greater cumulative economic and environmental benefits that surpasses those achieved by the independent operation of these processes. Over time, technological advancements, market fluctuations, and regulatory modifications can cause the processes and resources that make up a network to change. A multi-period resource integration approach is proposed in this work to understand the design and performance of an industrial park over time. Resource and cash flows within the network are optimized using a mixed integer linear program for a set objective function that considers the time value of money and the interaction of resources across time. Various scenarios can be analyzed by managing specific periods or the entire planning horizon considered. The model identifies the optimal network configuration that meets all specified constraints in each period, thereby planning its design over a time horizon. The approach is illustrated on a natural gas receiving network that implements carbon taxes and caps along with carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) to manage its emissions. The network was optimized from the perspective of two stakeholders, where maximizing the net present value (NPV) of the tax authority (government) resulted in the creation of more emissions, while maximizing the NPV of the park management systematically managed emissions by imposing CO2 reduction targets.