Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Amount and Glycemic Index on Blood Lipidomic Signatures and Diurnal Postprandial Glucose Responses: The OmniCarb Trial.

Microparticulated whey protein (MWP) was created with the purpose of being used as a fat substitute in various foods. Over the years, it has been demonstrated that its use can also be applied to modulate sensory, textural, and stability characteristics. Several mechanisms can be applied for its production, but in general it is necessary to apply heat and shear to denature the proteins and control the size of the aggregates formed. The composition of the protein solution being microparticulated is also a fundamental factor affecting the characteristics of the MWP; parameters such as type of protein, protein concentration, salt and carbohydrate content, as well as pH adjustment, and the intensity of thermal treatment and shear applied are essential in the process. We present an updated review on whey protein microparticulation, compiling the physico-chemical and processing literature data on the subject matter.

Metabolic profiling of different developmental stages of Coriandrum sativum L. leaves using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

UVC light-induced metabolic modifications at the level of the plant cells and tissue determined by FTIR and Raman spectralomics.

Triazine herbicide prometryn impaired trophic link between phytoplankton and zooplankton Brachionus plicatilis by diminishing polyunsaturated fatty acids contents.

Ketogenic diet modulates AMPK-mTOR pathway in breast cancer.

Organic wastes from banana, beetroot, and pineapple peels were used in the production of Table wine through fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The obtained wine was subjected to Physico-chemical analysis namely pH, specific gravity, moisture, alcohol, protein, vitamin C, carbohydrate, tartaric acid, chloride, calcium and total phenol contents using established procedures. Further, sensory evaluation of the wine was carried out and the data obtained were statistically analyzed using Kruskal – Wallis test. In addition, the revenue generating potential of the prepared wine was also quantified. The results of Physico–chemical analysis and sensory evaluation parameters were within the standard acceptable ranges. The profit gained for 1 quintal of peel wastes of banana, pineapple and beetroot used for wine preparation @ Rs. 300/750ml were 73,640, 84,480 and 82,920 rupees, respectively. In this study, a better and more profitable market for pineapple peel waste followed by banana peel waste and beetroot peel waste was realized.

Polysaccharides from diverse plant species have been consumed since ancient times to meet human energy needs. In recent years, plant-derived polysaccharides have gained scientific interest for their potential medicinal properties. Multiple studies indicate that these compounds exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. This study evaluated the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of polysaccharides extracted from Allium sativum (ASP) and Allium cepa (ACP). Polysaccharides were isolated by hot-water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation. The extracts were chemically characterized through phytochemical tests and FT-IR analysis. Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were assessed using DPPH radical scavenging, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition assays, and an in vitro glucose uptake assay. Polysaccharides from both species were pale yellow in color. Total carbohydrate content was 76.12% for ASP and 72.93% for ACP. FT-IR analysis indicated the presence of reducing sugars and pectic polysaccharides. ASP showed stronger DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 85.7 ± 1.06 μg/mL) than ACP (IC50 = 99.38 ± 1.39 μg/mL), though both were less potent than ascorbic acid. ASP also demonstrated greater α-amylase inhibition (IC50 = 61.57 ± 0.86 μg/mL) compared with ACP (IC50 = 72.82 ± 2.51 μg/mL). α-Glucosidase inhibition was similar between ASP (IC50 = 69.56 ± 1.31 μg/mL) and ACP (IC50 = 68.61 ± 2.09 μg/mL). Both extracts enhanced glucose utilization in a dose-dependent manner, with ASP showing the highest glucose stimulation at 758.3 μg/mL, significantly increasing glucose uptake relative to untreated controls. Polysaccharides from Allium species exhibit promising potential to be used in diabetes therapy. Further in vivo studies and clinical trials are required to confirm these findings.

Plants were exposed to four irrigation salinity levels (2, 4, 6, and 8 dS m⁻¹). Growth characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, soluble carbohydrates, proline accumulation, anthocyanin content, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were evaluated. Metabolic alterations induced by salinity stress were further analyzed using LC-MS and GC-MS techniques. Moderate salinity (6 dS m⁻¹) significantly increased biomass and fresh weight by 11.58% and 38.99%, respectively, compared with the baseline salinity treatment (2 dS m⁻¹). Soluble carbohydrate and proline contents also increased markedly under moderate salinity conditions, indicating osmotic adjustment responses. Anthocyanin accumulation was highest at 4 dS m⁻¹, whereas DPPH radical scavenging activity progressively increased with increasing salinity. In contrast, high salinity (8 dS m⁻¹) significantly reduced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents. Metabolomic analyses revealed salinity-induced changes in organic acids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant-related metabolites, including scopoletin, hydroxycaffeic acid, ferulic acid, and ascorbic acid. The results demonstrate that M. incana exhibits physiological and metabolite-associated responses under moderate salinity conditions through osmotic regulation and enhanced antioxidant-related metabolism. These findings provide new insights into salinity-responsive biochemical metabolic in ornamental Brassicaceae species.

Structure-reactivity relationships in the mild reductive depolymerization of technical hydrolysis lignins.

Limited research has been conducted on the application of brief exposure of light-emitting diode (LED) technology in seed priming to enhance early growth of legumes. This study aimed to evaluate whether priming of seeds with blue, red, or dual blue/red LEDs could promote early growth and drought tolerance in Lupinus termis L. A 4×4 factorial design (seed priming, drought) was conducted. Four concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 were prepared at 0, 5, 10, and 20% to simulate drought stress. The vigor index increased by 29.97%, length by 34.61%, fresh weight by 85.63%, and total chlorophyl content by 50%, respectively, in seedlings germinated from unstressed seeds primed with red LED compared to control treatment. Also, red LED priming led to enhancements in root anatomical features, showing increases in root diameter and cortex thickness by 20.21% and 36.71%, respectively. In response to drought, priming with red LED resulted in the highest increase in the contents of total carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, and total antioxidant capacity by 75.29%, 69.32%, 30.06%, and 72.04%, respectively compared to the control seedlings. Our findings indicate that brief exposure of seeds to red or dual blue/red LEDs prior to sowing may enhance growth, stimulate antioxidant systems, and improve tolerance to drought stress.

This study investigated the biotechnological potential of eleven Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (1P–11P) isolated from artisanal and commercial sourdoughs originating from the Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine. The strains were cultivated under laboratory conditions on YPD medium, and several physiological, biochemical, and technological parameters were evaluated, including biomass production, protein and carbohydrate content, antioxidant activity, enzymatic activity, and dough leavening performance. The obtained results demonstrated significant differences among the strains (p ≤ 0.05). Biomass production ranged from 2.73 to 6.53 g·L-1, with the highest value recorded for strain 6P. Protein content varied between 41.02% and 57.92% dry weight, with strains 2P and 4P showing the highest levels. The strongest total antioxidant activity was observed in strains 1P and 2P. Superoxide dismutase activity reached its maximum in strains 3P and 4P, while catalase activity was highest in strain 9P, isolated from commercial sourdough. Regarding technological performance, strains 9P and 10P exhibited superior dough leavening ability, characterized by rapid fermentation and efficient CO₂ retention within 90–120 minutes. Overall, artisanal sourdough isolates demonstrated better performance than commercial strains in most evaluated parameters, highlighting their potential for sustainable applications in baking and microbial biotechnology

The green bug aphid, Schizaphis graminum, is one of the most serious pests of wheat which cause considerable yield loss in wheat fields. At present, beneficial microorganisms such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) need to be incorporated into wheat production to diminish the high risk of heavily insecticide application for environment and health hazards. This study aimed to assess the influence of several PGPR strains, Pseudomonas geniculata, Azospirillum oryzae, Pseudomonas brassicacearum, and Azotobacter chroococcum, applied as seed treatments of wheat, on the life tableparameters and foraging behaviour of the green aphid, S. graminum. We investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of wheat plants under aphid stress to elucidate the induced resistance conferred by PGPRs. Preference tests revealed that plants treated with A. chroococcum were the least favoured by aphids at 24h post-infestation. Furthermore, biological parameters of the aphids exhibited significant variation across treatments, with the highest values recorded in the control group and the lowest in plants treated with A. chroococcum. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of the aphids was diminished following the application of PGPR, with the lowest rm observed in the A. chroococcum treatment. The highest concentrations of proteins, carbohydrates, total phenols, and antioxidant enzymes were detected in infested plants treated with A. chroococcum 72h post-infestation. According to our results, A. chroococcum emerged as the most effective treatment for enhancing both antixenosis and antibiosis resistance in wheat against S. graminum, suggesting its significant potential for integration into pest management strategies in wheat cultivation.

Indonesia has the most sago plantations in the world, which means that sago can be used for a wide range of things, including food, animal feed, fuel, fiber, and fertilizer. However, Indonesian sago starch can’t be used more widely in either domestic or international markets because there isn’t enough information about its chemical composition and contaminant levels. This study examines the chemical composition and heavy metal levels of sago starch from various regions of Indonesia. The results show that the chemical properties of sago starch vary from province to province. For example, the carbohydrate content ranges from 84.26% to 94.93%, while the fat and protein content are relatively low. There are also reports of differences in the amounts of amylose and amylopectin. The levels of heavy metals are very low and meet international safety standards, which means that Indonesian sago starch is safe to eat. Sago starch from Indragiri Hilir, Banjarmasin, and Lingga exhibits chemical properties similar to those from Meranti, Indonesia’s primary sago-producing region, suggesting their potential as alternative sources. The appropriate amounts of amylose and amylopectin in these areas make it suitable for food products that require very high flexibility. These results support improving the use of sago starch and help raise the quality and safety standards for Indonesian sago products.

This study was conducted under field conditions at Harran University's Osmanbey Campus. Experimental plots were established using a randomized block design. Parameters such as chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, total soluble protein, carbohydrate content, and antioxidant components were evaluated across different fertilizer applications.The results indicated that groups treated with 300kg ha⁻¹ DAP (Diammonium phosphate) fertilizer showed the highest values for chlorophyll and protein synthesis, whereas groups treated with 100 t ha⁻¹ farmyard manure achieved the highest results for carbohydrate and antioxidant production. While chemical fertilizers enriched in nitrogen positively influenced photosynthesis and protein biosynthesis, farmyard manure was found to enhance antioxidant defence mechanisms due to its organic component richness. Lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels remained relatively stable across treatments, though higher values were noted under intensive organic fertilization. The findings suggest that integrating organic amendments with strategic mineral fertilization optimizes cotton physiological health and productivity, offering a sustainable alternative to purely chemical regimes.

The microalga Chlorella vulgaris was cultured under the aerial-phase conditions with or without nitrogen to investigate the effects on lipid production. Under the three culture conditions (liquid conditions without nitrogen; aerial-phase conditions with and without nitrogen), oxygen production decreased during the culture period, indicating that photosynthetic activity was suppressed. The carbohydrate content was lower in the algal cells cultured under aerial-phase conditions than under non-aerial conditions, suggesting that carbohydrate biosynthesis was suppressed and that accumulated carbohydrates were used for lipid biosynthesis. The dry cell weight under aerial-phase conditions with or without a nitrogen source increased 2.9- and 2.4-fold over 14 days, respectively, while lipid content increased 5.1- and 5.9-fold. C. vulgaris underwent cell division and produced biomass and lipids under both nutrient-depleted and nitrogen-supplemented conditions. Aerial-phase cultivation with nitrogen could simultaneously achieve growth and lipid accumulation, supporting the potential for sustainable biodiesel production using C. vulgaris under the aerial-phase conditions.

Malic Acid and Allied Exogenous Chemicals Induces Desaturase Gene Expression and Elevates PUFA Production in Marine Microalgae Isochrysis sp.

This work explores the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of trifluridine (TRFD) against S. aureus. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentrations (MBIC50) for TRFD were observed at 1.562mg L-1 and 1mg L-1 for ciprofloxacin-susceptible S. aureus (CSSA) and at 0.0625mg L-1 and 0.14mg L-1 for ciprofloxacin-resistant S. aureus (CRSA). Synergistic and partial synergistic antimicrobial effects of TRFD combined with ciprofloxacin (CIP) were observed against CSSA and CRSA, respectively, along with synergistic and indifferent antibiofilm effects. The TRFD + CIP significantly increased plasma membrane damage and generated ROS, affecting staphyloxanthin production, partially reducing slime production, and inhibiting the cell surface hydrophobicity and pellicle production. TRFD + CIP also reduced the carbohydrate and eDNA contents of extracellular polymeric substances. TRFD + CIP treatment decreased icaR, fnbA, and clfB expression and increased icaA, efb, and map expression. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the TRFD + CIP-treated S. aureus biofilm and planktonic cells with deformities and debris.

The role of elevation, tree height, and crown position on the carbon balance of trees at the southern Andes treeline.

The immunomodulatory mechanisms of Fu brick tea polysaccharides (FBTPs) remain poorly defined, particularly regarding their structure-bioactivity relationship and the causal involvement of the gut microbiota. To address this, we investigated structurally distinct FBTPs prepared via an optimized ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction protocol (designated UAEPS). Characterization revealed that UAEPS possesses unique structural features, such as a lower molecular weight and higher carbohydrate content, distinguishing it from polysaccharides obtained via traditional method (HWEPS). Functionally, UAEPS exhibited potent in vitro bioactivities, including significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective effects. In immunosuppressed mouse model, UAEPS restored immune homeostasis, attenuated multiorgan damage, and reshaped the gut microbiota, with marked enrichment of Lactobacillus. The causal role of the gut microbiota was further confirmed by a fecal microbiota transplantation experiment, where recipients mirrored the protective immunomodulatory effects. Collectively, UAEPS represents structurally distinct FBTPs whose immunomodulatory activity is mediated through gut microbiota remodeling.