Car Mileage Research Articles

Examining failures in rubber-cord couplings within ER2 series electric trains

The article provides statistics on failures of rubber-cord couplings of electric trains of the ER2 and ER2T series and of the diesel trains over the past 7 years. According to statistics, over the past 7 years, 107 rubber-cord couplings have failed. Of these, the largest number of cases of failure of rubber-cord couplings occurred on rolling stock of the ER2 series. Examining failed rubber-cord couplings, it was revealed that the cause of its failure was a rupture of the side surface. Replacing a rubber-cord coupling is a labour-intensive and costly process. Accordingly, the question arises: what causes the problem and what measures should be proposed to reduce the failures. For these purposes, the work presents a number of experiments in order to identify possible causes of failure of the rubber-cord coupling. The article presents studies of the heating temperature of rubber-cord couplings in operation on motor cars, as well as a number of studies of failed rubber-cord couplings removed from motor cars. During the research, such parameters as the date of the last repair and the date of failure of the rubber-cord coupling were taken into account. The number of days the motor car was in general operation was taken into account until the failure of the rubber-cord coupling, as well as the mileage of the motor car after the repair. Measurements were carried out of the geometric parameters of the rubber-cord coupling: outer and inner diameter, thickness of the side of the rubber-cord coupling. The torque of the rubber-cord coupling acting at speeds from 5 to 40 km/h, the forces acting in operation on the rubber-cord coupling were calculated, and torsional and shear stresses were also studied and determined. Research was carried out to determine the hardness of the rubber-cord coupling in the temperature range from –20 °C to 0 °C and from 0 °C to +22 °C, as well as from +22 °C to +60 °C. These parameters were taken since a rubber-cord coupling operates under the mentioned conditions. In conclusion, possible reasons for the failure of rubber-cord couplings are given, and recommendations for reduction of their frequency are proposed.

Study of the Technical and Operational Parameters of Injectors Using Biogas Fuel

Using biogas fuel in a modern internal combustion engine equipped with gas equipment of the fourth and fifth generations can create several difficulties. This is due to the low heat of combustion of untreated biogas, the presence of moisture, and the specifics of the injectors. The main problem of the studies we considered is that there are no data on the operating parameters of biogas fuel injectors. Studies on the parameters of the Matrix, Barracuda, Valtek, Hana, and Keihin injectors in relation to biogas fuel were carried out according to performance indicators, the linearity of operation, the resistance of the injectors, the ability to maintain factory parameters, and service life. According to the indicators of performance and linearity of work, Valtek injectors have the highest deviation in productivity and linearity of work, with an average of 38.8%, and the lowest deviation of Barracuda injectors is 7.5%. Keihin (15.3%) and Hana injectors (19.1%) also showed good performance indicators, and therefore can be used effectively for biogas fuel systems. As a result of research on the response time of the injectors, it was established that the best indicators were found for Hana (1.75 ms) and Keihin (1.99 ms) injectors. Valtek injectors showed good response rates (2.07 ms), as did Barracuda injectors (2.19 ms), but the highest response time was found in Matrix injectors, with 2.44 ms. Keihin injectors had the lowest average resistance value of 1.25 ohms, and Valtek injectors had the highest resistance value of 3 ohms. According to the research results, Keihin, Matrix, and Barracuda injectors provide the best ability to maintain factory performance when using biogas fuel at 2 to 5%, and Valtek had the worst performance up to 20%. Keihin, Barracuda, and Hana experimental injectors had the highest service life, which is from 200 to 250 thousand km of car mileage. The lowest indicators were found for Valtek and Matrix injectors, the service life of which varies from 70 to 100 thousand km of mileage.

Improving the system of protection of the rights of buyers of vehicles

The subject of the study is the existing system of protection of the rights of buyers of vehicles, which includes the prevention of offenses involving liability for misleading consumers about consumer properties or quality of goods (Article 14.7 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation) and for causing property damage by deception or abuse of trust (Article 7.27.1. of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation), the commission of which involves, including for example, with the correction or reduction of the recorded mileage of the car. The connection of these actions with the technical condition of vehicles and road safety is considered, since any unauthorized actions with the technical condition of the vehicle are associated with a decrease in the level of safety of road users. The prevalence of this phenomenon requires an adequate response from the state's law enforcement system and the establishment of legislative barriers for this activity. The research methodology is based on general scientific (logical, systematic, analysis, generalization) and private scientific (comparative, formal legal) methods. The scientific novelty of the study lies in an integrated approach to studying the existing procedure for protecting the rights of buyers of vehicles at risk of being misled about the quality of the goods. The article substantiates the need to create a legal mechanism at the state level and on its basis an open mileage accounting system for used cars for citizens, which allows them to track their history from the moment they go on sale. It is proposed to give a legal assessment of the actions and establish liability for persons who, through the provision of services for correcting car mileage data, contribute to deceiving consumers, causing property damage to buyers, and are in direct connection with the decisions of vehicle owners on their maintenance and repair, which affects road safety.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ И ПРОЦЕССОВ СТАРЕНИЯ МАТЕРИАЛА НА СИЛОВЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ ПОГЛОЩАЮЩИХ АППАРАТОВ ВАГОНОВ

Improving the dynamic qualities, traffic safety and increasing the inter-repair mileage of cars are urgent tasks of car-building industry. The most dangerous loads acting on the car are longitudinal loads during emergency driving modes, to reduce which inter-car shock absorbers (absorbing devices) are provided; their effectiveness must be ensured throughout the whole car life. The performance of polymer car absorbing devices depends primarily on the durability of the polymer, which is a kinetically activated process accelerated by repeated deformations and elevated temperature. The mechanism of the material ageing process depends on the structure of the material. Based on experimental laboratory studies and comparative field tests, ageing of elastomers of different classes have been identified, the dependences of the power characteristics of R-5P absorbing apparatus with two types of solid elastomer (based on rubber and a mixture of elastic thermoplastic with polyvinyl chloride plastic) have been constructed at normal and low temperatures, as well as after 6 years of operation. Recommendations are given to increase the resistance to crystallization and to ageing of polymer elements of absorbing devices. It is advisable to use the characteristics obtained in the paper when modeling the operation of absorbing devices with a solid elastomer, taking into account the operating time.

ДИНАМИКА НОРМ РАСХОДА МОДЕРНИЗИРОВАННЫХ РЕМОНТНЫХ КОМПЛЕКТОВ ТУРБОКОМПРЕССОРОВ ПРИ НЕУСТАНОВИВШЕМСЯ ПОТОКЕ ОТКАЗОВ

The solution of the issues discussed in the article is caused by the modernization of the bearing assembly of the TKR 7N-1 turbocharger of the KAMAZ automobile engine during its repair. Improving the reliability of an upgraded turbocharger changes the nature and quantitative characteristics of its failure rate. The case under consideration differs in that the unsteady flow of failures has a positive trend, when over time the reliability indicators of the fleet improve. The probability of failures at different intervals of car mileage is determined according to the laws of mathematical statistics as the probability of a random variable falling into a given interval. The probabilities of the second and subsequent failures are defined as conditional probabilities, taking into account the probabilities of previous failures. The nature of the change in the need for repair kits has been established: its initial decrease and subsequent wave-like stabilization. Based on the revealed patterns, the annual consumption rates of repair kits are calculated.

APPLICATION OF VIBRATION DIAGNOSTICS OF AXLE BOXES OF FREIGHT CARS TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FAILURES

The research presented in this study advocates for the adoption of vibration diagnostics as a method to mitigate the risk of axle box failures in freight cars, emphasizing its significant impact on enhancing the safety of railway transportation. The authors assert that employing vibration diagnostics for axle boxes in freight cars results in a noteworthy 2.5-fold reduction in risks within the realm of railway transport.The practical implications of the developed diagnostic method extend to its capacity for assessing the safety of railway transport, offering a valuable tool for risk evaluation. Experimental studies conducted as part of this research further validate the effectiveness of the method, revealing a substantial decrease in the risk of axle box failures by a factor ranging from 1.125 to an impressive times. This empirical evidence solidifies the credibility and applicability of vibration diagnostics in averting potential failures in axle boxes.From an economic standpoint, the implementation of vibration diagnostics for axle box units demonstrates a tangible impact, with cost savings ranging from 13 to 44 thousand UAH corresponding to the operational mileage of a freight car. This underscores not only the safety benefits but also the economic advantages associated with the utilization of vibration diagnostics in the maintenance and operation of railway transport.The findings of this research contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the capabilities of vibration diagnostics as a powerful and effective tool in ensuring the safety of railway transportation. By highlighting the practical applicability of the method and supporting its success through empirical data, the authors advocate for its widespread adoption as a means to bolster the safety and efficiency of freight transportation by rail. In essence, this study provides a robust foundation for the integration of vibration diagnostics into routine maintenance practices, offering a proactive approach to minimizing risks and optimizing the performance of axle box units in freight cars.

Recommendations for determining the customs value of vehicles

Introduction. The paper examines the procedure for importing vehicles into the customs territory of Ukraine during martial law. The implementation of the new customs clearance formula is analyzed, and the recommended adjustment factors for coding the model year of production of vehicles based on the international standard and the recommended adjustment factors based on environmental standards are considered. Martial law conditions pose complex challenges to the state and require significant changes in the methods of managing economic processes and foreign economic activity. As a result, a number of amendments to legal acts have been adopted to regulate the export and import activities of business entities under martial law. The purpose of the paper is to study the procedure of importation of vehicles into the customs territory of Ukraine during martial law, analyzing the problems that may be encountered when using the existing form of customs clearance of vehicles, as well as to identify opportunities and prospects for the introduction of a new customs clearance formula and the benefits of its use. Results. To improve the customs clearance procedure for cars, it is proposed to improve the existing taxation system by applying a new customs clearance formula that will depend on the age, type, engine size and exclusivity of the car. At the same time, car owners will pay excise tax and value added tax, but the cost of the car will not be taken into account in the customs clearance formula. In addition, the state pension insurance fee will be canceled at the first registration of passenger cars. As a result, this will reduce the cost of registration. Import duty will also be canceled, which will reduce the cost of customs clearance by 10%. Amendments to the Customs Code of Ukraine create preconditions for customs clearance of vehicles through the Unified State Web Portal of Electronic Services. This should reduce the time for customs clearance and become a convenient tool for citizens, which is also a positive development. Such a customs clearance formula will have a positive impact on eliminating the possibility of corruption and other illegal actions at customs related to the unjustified increase in the customs value of a car. The new model will also prevent the indication of non-existent damages and malfunctions of cars, changes in modifications, creation of fake car sale and purchase agreements, artificial increase or decrease of car mileage, etc. Conclusion. The proposed actions will radically change the import of vehicles and make the procedure simpler and more efficient. All that is needed is to fix all the shortcomings, think carefully about the sequence of stages, improve them, and turn the idea into reality.

Is car traffic close to saturation in France?

After decades of uninterrupted growth, car traffic temporarily levelled off during the 2000′s in France, before coming back to growth after 2008. However, there are reasons to believe that car traffic growth is potentially limited, among which completion of the diffusion process for car ownership, limited travel time budgets, decreasing returns of additional car travel. In this study, we implement a disaggregate model at the household level to project future car ownership and car mileage per household in France, along with total car traffic, accounting for demographic growth. Our model relies on a sequential approach using panel data, with an ordered response probit model for the number of vehicles, including saturation thresholds by vehicle rank, and a log-linear model for car mileage, conditional on the number of vehicles, both with correlated random effects. A time trend is also incorporated to account for the decreasing household car mileage that was noticed over the last twenty years, which is not entirely explained by decreasing household size and the gradual decline of income growth. Assuming this trend to go on, total car traffic in France would grow only a little by 2050, despite demographic growth, and start decreasing from 2040. We discuss these results by questioning the structural nature of this trend.

The impact of modal shift on passenger car CO2 emissions in Tampere region

Reducing emissions from transport is an important part of climate change mitigation. In Finland, Tampere region has set ambitious modal shift targets to reduce transport emissions. This research analyses how much CO2 emissions from passenger cars would decrease in Tampere region, if the modal split targets would be achieved in 2030. Finnish car fleet model SALAMA is used to model car fleet development and calculate changes in the car fleet CO2 emissions to 2030. In addition, Finnish National Travel Survey data is used to analyse current mobility habits and to calculate, how much could annual passenger car mileage decrease, if the modal split target would be achieved. The results show that even though electrification of car fleet has a major effect on the emissions of the car fleet, drastic emission reduction requires also that the total passenger car mileage starts to decrease.

Statistical analysis of the predictors of annual electric vehicle mileage

This study evaluates the impact of technical and economic factors related to electric vehicles and the impact of socio-demographic factors related to electric vehicle owners on annual electric vehicle mileage from a statistical perspective. The data set was analyzed using regression and correlation analyses using Ms Excel and several Python libraries. The influence of the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents was estimated as minimal and requiring reassessment. It was shown that among the socio-demographic factors considered, only the age of vehicle owners correlates with the annual mileage of electric vehicles. It is shown that technical and economic parameters are much more closely related to the annual mileage of electric cars than socio-demographic parameters. Significant factors among the technical and economic ones were battery capacity, power consumption of the electric car, and the size of the respondent's locality.

Statistical analysis of the predictors of annual electric vehicle mileage

This study evaluates the impact of technical and economic factors related to electric vehicles and the impact of socio-demographic factors related to electric vehicle owners on annual electric vehicle mileage from a statistical perspective. The data set was analyzed using regression and correlation analyses using Ms Excel and several Python libraries. The influence of the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents was estimated as minimal and requiring reassessment. It was shown that among the socio-demographic factors considered, only the age of vehicle owners correlates with the annual mileage of electric vehicles. It is shown that technical and economic parameters are much more closely related to the annual mileage of electric cars than socio-demographic parameters. Significant factors among the technical and economic ones were battery capacity, power consumption of the electric car, and the size of the respondent's locality.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ ЯКІСНИХ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ РУХОМОГО СКЛАДУ НА СОБІВАРТІСТЬ ВАНТАЖНИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ

The article presents the results of a study of the impact on the cost of freight transportation of qualitative indicators of the use of rolling stock. The cost of transportation is a complex economic indicator. This indicator evaluates the costs of all types of resources for transportation. Reducing the cost of transportation indicates a reduction in resource costs. The cost of freight transportation is influenced by the type of traction, labor productivity, material consumption and energy intensity of transportation. The change in the qualitative indicators of the use of rolling stock has a significant impact on the economic indicators of the operational activities of railway transport. The cost of freight transportation can be reduced with the efficient use of rolling stock. This is possible by increasing the dynamic load of the loaded car, the mass of the train, the productivity of the freight car and the locomotive, sectional speed, and the average daily mileage of the freight car and the locomotive. Two areas of research are distinguished on the basis of determining the cost of transportation. The first direction is to identify the relationship between costs and traffic volumes. The second direction is to identify the dependence of costs on individual meters. The impact of qualitative indicators of the use of rolling stock on the cost of freight transportation is determined by the method of unit cost rates. This method establishes the dependence of the cost of freight transportation on the qualitative indicator of the use of rolling stock. As a result of the study, qualitative indicators of the use of rolling stock have been identified, which have a significant impact on the cost of freight transportation. The results of the study can be used for further development of technical and operational measures to improve the efficiency of the railway transport of Ukraine.

RMetS Climate Change Forum 2022: a vision for 2050 and implications for action

<scp>RMetS</scp> Climate Change Forum 2022: a vision for 2050 and implications for action

Application of Machine Learning Classifier in Automobile Domain

Over the last decade, machine learning has seen widespread application in several domains. Automobile or transportation industry has leveraged different predictive analytics techniques to cater customer requirements, user satisfaction, manufacturer profit analysis etc. In this paper, KNN algorithm is applied on a standard dataset which has been taken from UCI machine learning repository. The automobile dataset contains information regarding car mileage, engine, weight, price etc. As kNN classifier was applied on this benchmark dataset, accuracy was determined from confusion matrix to gain valuable insights.

Potentials of Light Electric Vehicles for Climate Protection by Substituting Passenger Car Trips

For the transformation of the mobility sector, small and light electric vehicles (LEV) show great promise, owing to their efficiency and low vehicle weight resulting in low energy consumption and lower greenhouse gas emissions per driven kilometer. The presented study focuses on the theoretical potential of substitutability of passenger car trips in Germany by varied LEVs based on the “Mobilität in Deutschland 2017” (“Mobility in Germany 2017”) dataset, for the year 2030. A detailed approach for identifying substitutable car trips was developed, reflecting age, trip purpose, number of passengers, and other decision criteria. By conducting a life cycle assessment of the considered LEVs and passenger cars, potential emission savings were analyzed. In the considered baseline scenario, it is found that emissions could be reduced by 44 % with 50% of passenger car mileage being substituted by LEVs. This study, thereby, gives way to further research on LEVs, and would urge both policy makers and general users to steer towards comprehensive measures that encourage a switch from cars to LEVs.

Engine RPM and Battery SOC Activation Optimization in Hybrid Vehicle Energy Management System Utilizing BPNN - Genetic Algorithm and BPNN – Particle Swarm Optimization

The energy used in the hybrid vehicle needs to be regulated to gain further mileage and lower fuel consumption. It is achieved by selecting the correct levels of hybrid energy management system (EMS) parameters (i.e., vehicle speed, engine RPM, and activation State of Charge (SOC) of battery). This study focused on the modeling and optimization of Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS)’s series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) car mileage and fuel consumption by comparing the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) method – genetic algorithm (GA) and BPNN – particle swarm optimization (PSO). The BPNN was used to model the character of ITS’s series PHEV EMS and predict mileage and fuel consumption. The BPNN’s model obtained the best EMS parameters, most extended mileage, and minimum fuel consumption. The result of the validation experiment showed that both the integration of BPNN - GA and BPNN - PSO were able to predict and optimize the multi-objective characteristic with the same results.

전기자동차(Electric Vehicles)의 자동차 마일리지세 과세 방안 연구

Many major overseas countries, including South Korea, have long relied on so-called vehicle fuel taxes for fuel consumption, such as the oil flow tax, for most of their road finances. However, with the spread of fuel-efficient vehicles and the advent of the era of electric vehicles that do not consume fuel such as gasoline, tax revenues from vehicle fuel taxes are expected to plummet. Already, the United States and EU member countries are anticipating the advent of the EV era, and from the perspective of sustainability, they will add a tax on automobile fuel consumption in order to seek financial resources for roads. Convert to This is in progress.&#x0D; In the transition and conversion to taxation and charging of automobile mileage tax, the issue is whether the automobile mileage tax is to be levied as a tax or a contribution. In particular, in the case of charges, there is a problem as to whether they are non-tax charges, beneficiary charges, or user charges. In the United States, tax and non-tax contributions have been determined through extensive judicial precedents of various government agencies. As a result, there is a relationship between burden and revenue in ensuring the legitimacy of user fees or charges in fiscal revenue raising at levels including federal and state, and rules have been established to pay those who receive special benefits.&#x0D; Also, in the conversion to automobile mileage taxation, there is a Big Brother concern due to the aggregation of citizens' automobile driving information through collection procedures. In the United States, there are concerns that the automobile mileage tax system will act negatively on the privacy interests of citizens who are motorists. The car mileage tax charging and collection model program based on cutting-edge technology is characterized by the structure of private-public cooperation projects supervised by the government. It is said that it is necessary to prevent infringement of the privacy of the management body in advance and to prevent leaks.

A qualitative case study examining individuals’ perceptions of mode choice and the possibility to reduce car mileage for everyday leisure trips

In the transition to more sustainable travel behaviour, there is a need to reduce car mileage for all sorts of trips including everyday leisure trips for social and recreational purposes. In this case study, qualitative interviews were conducted to improve and deepen the understanding of transport mode choice for such trips. The analyses of factors affecting mode choice for everyday leisure purposes and how individuals reason about reducing car mileage for leisure trips reveal that factors matter to different extent depending on types of persons and trips. The interviewees’ descriptions of how reducing car mileage would be more or less possible resulted in the identification of four typologies, based on the two dimensions willingness to change and perception of feasibility. A segmentation based on these four typologies demonstrates that all kinds of measures are needed and helps identify policy measures that are relevant for and accepted by different groups of people. For example, the results imply that for the group with high willingness to change and low perception of feasibility a combination of soft and infrastructure ‘pull’ measures is appropriate, whereas the group with low willingness to change and high perception of feasibility needs a combination of both ‘pull’ and ‘push’ measures.

Operational management of the bus fleet maintenance and repair system

Introduction. Recently, due to the increase in the number of vehicles, including public transport, there is a need to streamline the system of maintenance and repair, taking into account the mass of incoming applications for these operations. A decrease in productivity may occur due to an unclear distribution of work by performers, inconsistency of their actions in time and irrational use of technological equipment. The purpose of the research is to develop a system for organizing maintenance and repair of rolling stock based on the principles of centralization and cooperation with other production structures. To achieve this goal, statistical methods, methods of the theory of random processes and queuing theory are used. The concentration of production occurs either due to the growth of the share of large enterprises in the total volume of production of the region / industry (transportation of passengers of the metropolis) or due to the growth of the size of the manufacturing enterprises themselves. The process of concentration can be argued from the standpoint of the principles of synergetics.Materials and methods. The article discusses the operational management of the system of maintenance and repair of the bus fleet. The division of tasks of the technical service of a motor transport enterprise into four complexes is presented. Two ways of drawing up a schedule are analyzed: calendar and by actual mileage of cars. The analysis revealed the advantages and disadvantages of each of the options. The advantages and disadvantages of universal and specialized posts are analyzed, indicating ways to eliminate the identified shortcomings. The positive effect of centralization of management of the specified complexes of tasks for maintenance and repair of rolling stock is substantiated.Results. A scheme for servicing applications for routine repairs with decentralized and centralized systems for managing the production of routine repairs of rolling stock is proposed. The basic principles of functioning of a centralized production management system are described. A general structural scheme of centralized specialized production is proposed. The structural composition of the pre-production complex is presented, with a description of each unit included in its system: a complete set group, an intermediate warehouse, a transport section, a washing and defect section, a tool section. The tasks of the operational management department and the information processing and analysis department, which are part of the control center of a centralized specialized production, are outlined.Discussion and conclusions. The results of the study are intended for the enterprises of passenger transport. This study is an integral part of the development of a common system of centralization and cooperation of maintenance of rolling stock.

Investigation of Accuracy and Response Time in GPS-based Car Mileage Monitoring Device

Nowadays, newly invented vehicle equipped with smart mileage monitoring system where notification is given when maintenance mileage reached. However, this feature is not own by old car owner. Furthermore, the available monitoring device or system in market is expensive and not accurate. Thus, in this research a Car Mileage Monitoring device with features such as mileage monitoring, maintenance service notification and car tracking system is design and develop. The objectives of this research are to investigate the accuracy percentage of the mileage monitoring system and the response time of the tracking system. In addition, a mobile application is to be fabricated to integrate with the device. In this research, STM32F103C microcontroller (Blue Pill) and A7 GPS+GSM/GPRS module is used. Moreover, Haversine formula is used to calculate distance between two coordinates. The results show that, the average percentage of accuracy for car mileage monitoring system is 91.38%. For response time, the maximum time taken is 24.54 seconds and minimum response time is 13.22 seconds. Furthermore, a mobile application with pop up maintenance notification, car tracking button and mileage reading monitor is developed. In short, the device developed is a reliable device in mileage monitoring where it has a high accuracy percentage when compare to car odometer. Besides, the device is also useful in car tracking where the response time is very short. And lastly, the device fabricated is integrated with a smart maintenance notification where notification is sent when the maintenance limit reach.