Capital Inputs Research Articles

Governing the Digital Transition: The Moderating Effect of Unemployment Benefits on Technology‐Induced Employment Outcomes

The digital transition shapes work in numerous ways. For instance, by affecting employment structures. To ensure that the digital transition results in better employment opportunities in terms of socio‐economic status, labour markets have to be guided appropriately. The European Pillar of Social Rights can be the political framework to foster access to employment and tackle inequalities that result from the digital transition. Current research primarily examines scenarios of occupational upgrading and employment polarisation. In the empirical literature, there is no consensus on which of these developments prevail. Findings vary between countries and across different study periods. Accordingly, this article provides a theoretical explanation for the conditions under which occupational upgrading and employment polarisation become more likely. Further, this article examines how the use of information and communication technology (ICT) capital in the production of goods and services affects the socio‐economic status of individuals and, more importantly, whether unemployment benefits moderate this effect. Methodologically, the article uses multilevel maximum likelihood regression models with an empirical focus on 12 European countries and 19 industries. The analysis is based on data from the European Labour Force Survey (EU‐LFS), the European Union Level Analysis of Capital, Labour, Energy, Materials, and Service Inputs (EU‐KLEMS) research project, and the Comparative Welfare Entitlements Project (CWEP). The results of the article indicate that generous unemployment benefits are associated with occupational upgrading. This implies that educational and vocational labour market policies need to be developed to prevent the under‐skilled from being left behind and to enable these groups to benefit from the digital transition. Consequently, it is not only the extent to which work involves routine tasks or the skills of workers that determine how technological change affects employment, but also social rights shape employment through unemployment benefits.

Analysis of Key Determinants Influencing Fertilizer Management in Major Field Crops of Telangana, India

Balanced and efficient fertilizer application plays a vital role in achieving sustainable crop production and maintaining long-term soil health. The present study was conducted in 2024. A combination of ex-post facto and exploratory research designs was employed. Six major field crops of Telangana state were purposively selected. For each crop, one cultivating district, two mandals and six villages were randomly chosen resulting in a total of 36 villages and 360 farmers. The study examined 25 independent variables and three dependent variables representing knowledge and attitude towards fertilizer best management practices (FBMPs) and fertilizer management. Findings indicated that most farmers had elementary education, low experience in crop cultivation, low social participation, and medium levels of extension contact, information access, scientific orientation, economic motivation, institutional access, capital availability, and input availability. Sustainability orientation was generally low, and farmers largely followed a crop-based farming system. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences across farmer groups for key determinants such as education, experience, extension contact, information sources, scientific orientation, economic motivation, institutional and capital access, input availability, and farming system. Correlation coefficient revealed that, these factors were also found to be positively and significantly associated with fertilizer management. These findings highlight the need for customized extension interventions and policy measures to strengthen fertilizer management practices and ensure sustainable agricultural productivity.

Unveiling the dynamics of farmer producer organizations in India: a systematic review of status, challenges, and future directions

India, a developing country heavily reliant on the agricultural sector, has witnessed the emergence of farmer producer organizations (FPOs) as a transformative collective model for farmers as an alternative to traditional cooperatives. The FPOs aim to solve the problems encountered by small and marginal farmers, especially those about better access to capital, technical improvements, and efficient inputs and markets. A comprehensive review of the literature in this field is essential because of the rapid advancement of FPO research articles. Scholars have published several review articles on FPO from different perspectives to tackle this issue. However, there is not a considerable number of published studies on FPO that incorporate bibliometric analysis. In the present study, an attempt is made to investigate the FPO publications with bibliometric analysis. This study employs a systematic literature review methodology, focusing on research published between 2002 and 2023. From an initial pool of 3796 research articles, 64 relevant studies from the Scopus database were identified for the study. These papers were analyzed using publication, journal, country, and author productivity, as well as the highest cited documents, co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling analysis, and cluster analysis. The findings reveal that most studies focus on assessing the performance of FPOs, with limited attention to critical areas like institutional support, leadership, and policy execution. The cluster analysis results revealed that agricultural marketing, sustainable agriculture, the impact of membership on performance, women in agriculture, manufacturing, sustainability driving innovation, and technological efficiency of the food supply chain are the emerging themes in the literature. This paper provides policy recommendations on some significant challenges FPOs face, such as streamlining documentation, enhancing market access, ensuring fair tax treatment, allowing fertilizer distribution rights, and promoting farmer-led leadership.

“Olivarez College Paranaque Quality Management System: A Framework for Quality Assurance for Higher Educational Institution Towards International Standards”

The formative years of the 1950s and early 1960s saw much international flow of information and ideas across international boundaries in general planning as well as in educational planning. It was in a context of unprecedented economic growth by the Third World countries that the developed countries formally and equally introduced educational planning. Subsequently, it enjoyed full development in the 1960’s. Among the developed countries, there was the general acceptance that education should be regarded as an investment, as well as a consumption item. All of this was based on the “residual factor” approach to economic development. It was believed as evidenced by the development experiences of Third World countries that economic development is not economic growth alone. There are indeed some non-economic ingredients of economic development. This was borne out by the conviction that more than half the economic growth of the last decade in industrialized countries was due to factors other than increase of simple classical inputs of labor and capital, to improvements in the quality of labor particularly those to scientific research, technological innovation, and education and training. It was for this reason that educational objectives common to all educational plans, more often subsumed in national development plans of Third World countries, centered on the task of orchestrating the tremendous expansion of education systems with dual aim of both universalizing education and providing national economies with qualified manpower needed. Great hopes were placed in educational planning which was made to serve as a framework for setting objectives and priorities, directing educational policies, and optimizing the use of resources. (Miclat, 2005). The study also covers the integration of standards from various accrediting agencies such as PAASCU, PACU-COA, CHED and ISO 21001 in formulating and designing the quality management system (QMS) of the school-subject of study.

Risk Management of Renewable Energy Project Development, Focus on Capital Input and Material Breach

Risk Management of Renewable Energy Project Development, Focus on Capital Input and Material Breach

Does marketization promote economic growth?—Empirical evidence from 26 transition countries

With the market as an important means of allocating resources, marketization reforms are important for promoting economic growth in developing countries. This paper empirically analyses the relationship between the level of marketization and economic growth via panel data of 26 transition countries over the period of 1995–2022. The results show that an increase in the level of marketization has a heterogeneous effect on economic growth in transition countries. Instead, the increase in economic freedom weakens the contribution of labor and capital inputs to economic growth. A deviation of a country’s index of economic freedom from the optimal level of marketization can result in a loss of efficiency in resource allocation. This finding suggests that the promotion mechanism of economic growth by an increase in the level of marketization is constrained by many factors in a country. Therefore, developing countries should pay attention to the market failure caused by the conflict between formal and informal systems in the process of promoting market-oriented reforms. While nonmarket approaches can address market failures, they may also lag behind the needs of economic development. Developing countries should promote market-oriented reforms in light of their own realities and pay attention to the areas and pace of market-oriented reforms.

Measuring Productivity In Food Smme Using The Apc Method

This research was conducted due to the condition of the company which was only founded in June, so that in July the company received few orders and in the following month, namely August, the company received quite a lot of orders and so this research uses a base period in September because the company received 500 orders. pcs and in October the company received a decrease in orders so it experienced a decrease in profits. Therefore this research aims to measure the company's productivity and profitability based on changes in labor, material, energy, capital and total input at UD. Lontong Irfan. The method used involves calculating productivity and profitability indices as well as evaluating price improvement indices to evaluate the impact of changes in input costs. The analysis results show that labor productivity remains stable despite an increase in wages, while material profitability has increased but productivity has decreased. Energy and capital productivity remained stable with no decline in profitability. Although total input productivity decreased, profitability increased, highlighting the complexity of the influence of input variables on a company's overall performance.

Production promotion versus liquidity constraints: Agricultural production loans and farmers' staple crop storage behavior

Abstract Extensive research has documented the benefits of agricultural production loans, yet limited studies address the impacts of liquidity constraints during harvest season due to loan repayment obligations. This study examines how agricultural production loans influence farmers' crop storage decisions. Based on a theoretical two‐period household model, we demonstrate that the net effect of such loans on grain storage behavior is ambiguous, contingent upon the relative dominance of liquidity constraint relief versus production enhancement incentives. Utilizing data from the China National Fixed‐Point Survey (2004–2014), our empirical analysis using fixed‐effect models corroborates the theoretical predictions. Specifically, we find that agricultural production loans negatively affect wheat storage and the storage‐to‐output ratio for wheat. Conversely, these loans positively correlate with storage levels and storage‐to‐output ratios for maize and soybeans. Additionally, our results indicate a negative impact on rice storage but no significant effect on the rice storage‐to‐output ratio. Further analysis reveals that, compared with wheat and rice, maize and soybeans have a higher output return of capital input. Furthermore, we find agricultural production loans raise household income and consumption.

The impact of digital technology on total factor productivity based on innovation input: evidence from small and micro enterprises in Zhongguancun Science Park

ABSTRACT Digital technology (DT) is crucial for enterprises to enhance total factor productivity (TFP). However, it remains a considerable challenge to integrate DT into production for small and micro enterprises (SMEs), and the actual impact of DT on the TFP of SMEs needs further exploration. By considering SMEs in Zhongguancun Science Park between 2012 and 2019 as sample, the research finds that DT has a positive impact on the TFP of SMEs. Specifically, the internet of things (IoT), cloud computing (CM) and electronic commerce (EC) interact with each other to assist SMEs in completing the closed-loop of data collection, data mining, data utilisation and fully exploiting the productive value of data. All three aspects have a positive impact, and the integrative application of various digital technologies has a significant multiplier effect. Mechanistic analysis indicates that the amount and education structure of innovation labour input as well as the amount and components of innovation capital input exhibit a positive effect. This research identifies micro-theoretical mechanisms that allow SMEs to use DT to improve TFP.

Three-medical linkage in China: trend evolution and obstacle identification

Background“Three-medical linkage” is a key concern of the healthcare system reform deepening in China, while it has not achieved the expected outcomes yet. The issues of “no-linkage” or “linkage without moving” have increasingly become a major challenge.MethodsData was obtained from various Yearbooks in China. Coupling coordination degree and gravity models were employed to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution pattern of the “three-medical linkage” in 31 provinces. The combination forecasting method was used to forecast the development trend of the “three-medical linkage.” We constructed the obstacle degree model to identify the main obstacles to coordinated development.ResultsThe overall development of the three systems exhibited a continuous upward trend. The coupling coordination grade of the “three-medical linkage” system has progressed from the disorderly development stage to the transitional stage in most provinces. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Yangtze River Delta regions are the most closely connected. Regional disparities in the degree of coupling coordination will widen in the future. The number of people benefiting from maternity insurance, per capita total health expenditure, and new drug research and development (R&D) costs hindered the coordinated development of the three systems.DiscussionHighlighting the improvement of the “three-medical linkage” is essential. Under the goals of Healthy China and SDG3 (Good Health and Well-being), further efforts are needed to address systemic barriers and institutional deficiencies. The Chinese government should increase capital input to overcome major obstacles and carefully evaluate the imbalance in regional development.

The Impact of Inter-provincial Economic Spillover on Economic Growth from the Perspective of Integration

In the context of globalization and integration, the inter-regional spillover effect has an important impact on China's economic development. The economic growth of the province is deeply influenced by the economic spillover effects from other provinces. This paper first reviews the theories of economic spillovers in development economics and new economic geography. Then, panel data from 1999 to 2019 of 31 provinces in China except Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan were used to analyze the spatial econometric model. It is found that over the past two decades, the marginal contribution rate of economic spillover represented by market potential to economic growth exceeds that of capital, labor and other factors input. And as time goes on, the marginal contribution of market potential increases. In addition, in the analysis of the three major economic zones divided by provinces in China, it is found that the contribution of market potential to economic growth varies in different regions.

Activated Charcoal and Natural Soil Granules for Removing Fluoride from Aqueous Solution and Groundwater

Many effective and efficient treatment technologies have been applied for fluoride removal, but are found to be energy-intensive, expensive, requiring high operational and capital inputs, and need advanced technologies and skilled manpower. Adsorption, by contrast, is a flexible, efficient, simple-to design, and cost-effective treatment method. Many adsorbent types along with recently emerged nanoadsorbents represent a very promising treatment technology, but the limitations of this technology are still being studied. This implies that a lot of work is required by the scientific community to effectively apply this technology towards environmental sustainability, particularly in the water sector. In this work, thermally treated granular medium adsorbent prepared using combination of Regur soil, Omnibus soil and activated charcoal are used as adsorbent for defluoridation experiment. The fluoride reduction in aqueous solution after 1 h was 70% with adsorbent dosage of 4.8 g with 5 mg/L as the starting fluoride and 78% for groundwater sample with 3.6 mg/L starting fluoride. Reduction in fluoride was significantly observed for a pH range of 2 to 14, highest fluoride reduction was observed at pH range of 6 to 10. The isotherm model study gave better fit for Langmuir isotherm with regression parameter (R2 = 0.98) than the Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.84) which signifies monolayer adsorption. The study adhered to pseudo-second order kinetics. Surface morphology of the granular medium is also studied using SEM and EDAX and due to fluoride ions adsorption on the adsorbent surface there was textural change observed. This study indicated that thermally processesed soil and activated charcoal adsorbent was effective for defluoridation of aqueous solution with 70% reduction and groundwater with 78% reduction and hence can be used as cost effective adsorbent as naturally available materials with minimum processing are being used. However future research studies can be carried out with varying ratios of other efficient natural materials in order to increase the efficiency of defluoridation.

Supply Chain Finance, Fintech Development, and Financing Efficiency of SMEs in China

A long-term strategy for China’s national development is to foster the growth of “Specialized, Refined, Niche, and Innovative (SRNI)” small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). However, these enterprises often face significant financing constraints due to their high technological input, high human capital input, light asset characteristics, and lack of effective collateral. Supply chain finance, as an important way to combine production and financing, could provide financial services in the real economy by alleviating these constraints of SMEs and improving the quality of credit so as to revitalize supply chain funds. This paper empirically examines the relationship between supply chain finance, fintech development, and financing efficiency using a sample of 757 “SRNI” SMEs in Shanghai and Shenzhen A-shares from 2013 to 2023. The findings reveal that supply chain finance significantly enhances the financing efficiency of “SRNI” SMEs. Moreover, the development of financial technology further amplifies such positive effects. This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of how supply chain finance and fintech impacts the financing efficiency of SRNI SMEs and provides valuable insights for evaluating SME financing efficiency.

Does Farmland Transfer Promote Digital Agriculture?—Based on Panel Data from 30 Provinces in China

To achieve agricultural modernization, agricultural land must be operated on a large scale. The primary means of encouraging massive operations is through the conveyance of farmland. This is crucial for advancing China’s digital farming. In this article, the degree of digital farming growth is evaluated via the entropy value approach, the impact of farmland transfer on digital agricultural development is analyzed via fixed effects and mediating effects, and the mediating role of resource allocation in farming land transfer to advance digital agriculture growth is investigated. It has been found that agrarian land transfer can effectively stimulate the growth of digital farming. From the mediating effect, farmland transfer fosters the advancement of digital agriculture by transferring farm labor and increasing the input of digital capital. According to heterogeneity analysis, the impact of agricultural land transfer on advancing digital agriculture is more pronounced in eastern and central China. Relevant countermeasures are proposed to enhance the farmland transfer system to promote the large-scale operation of digital agriculture, to increase the input of digital capital to support the growth and construction of digital agriculture, and to improve the regional talent flow mechanism and technological innovation environment to attract from and retain technical talent in digital agriculture.

A study on the overall trade structure and drivers of intra-industry trade in the pharmaceutical sector of India

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to examine the trade structure of India’s pharmaceutical sector with a focus on intra-industry trade (IIT).Design/methodology/approachThis paper starts with analysing export destinations and import sources using significant trade shares; the study calculates IIT between India and its consistent trade partners at an aggregate level and considers the problem of categorical aggregation at a disaggregate level. To determine the determinants of IIT at different levels, the Vector Error Correction model used production-related data to identify the drivers of IIT. Also, the Granger causality test was used for short-run causality.FindingsThis study examining India’s consistent trade partners from 1993 to 2023, finds long-run association and short-run causality. The results show a significant long-run association between total IIT and factors like unskilled labour share, invested capital, fuel consumption, total input and net value added. The key low-vertical IIT (LVIIT) drivers are invested capital, unskilled labour, fixed capital and total inputs. The negative long-run association between the total input and LVIIT obtained implies a rising level of total input cost, leading to a fall in IIT and LVIIT. Also, a negative association is obtained for unskilled labour and total IIT, while a positive association is obtained for LVIIT. In the short run, causality indicates that total IIT is influenced by invested capital and fuel consumption, while unskilled labour shares and total inputs drive LVIIT. Both IIT types impact invested capital, highlighting the need for policy intervention in input markets. It provides insights for improving quality trade expansion and correcting production-related factors.Originality/valueUnlike other studies on the pharmaceutical trade in India, this study analyses India’s pharmaceutical trade for a longer time period, focusing on destination-wise analysis and calculating the intra-industry trade index while taking care of the problem of categorical aggregation. Further, the study attempted to find the long-run association with production-related drivers.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Operational Efficiency and Competitiveness of Financial Holding Companies in Taiwan: A DEA and GRA Analysis

This study analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the competitiveness of financial holding companies (FHCs) in Taiwan and uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to assess their operational efficiency from 2019 to 2022. Furthermore, the study applies the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) model to deeply analyze the input factors affecting operational efficiency. The findings show that both Technical Efficiency (TE) and Pure Technical Efficiency (PTE) values exceeded 0.9, indicating that the increase in production factors had limited impact on total output. Scale Efficiency (SE) values consistently exceeded 0.95, emphasizing the importance of capital and labor inputs. In 2021, operational efficiency declined by 4% due to the pandemic; however, by 2022, FHCs regained competitiveness and achieved a 6% growth. Key factors influencing efficiency include total assets, workforce size, and operating costs. The study suggests that FHCs should focus on resource allocation, human resource management, and cost control to enhance operational effectiveness in the post-pandemic era.

Impact Factors and Structural Pathways of Carbon Emissions in the Power Sector of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region Using MRIO Analysis

The accelerated growth of the global economy has given rise to a multitude of environmental concerns that demand immediate attention. At this juncture, the total global carbon emissions are exhibiting a gradual increase. China, the United States, India, Russia, and Japan represent the top five countries in terms of global carbon emissions, collectively accounting for approximately 60% of the global total. Of these, China’s carbon emissions are the highest in the world, representing over 30% of the global total. As urbanization accelerates, the carbon emissions from urban agglomerations constitute a substantial share of the nation’s total emissions, rendering the carbon emissions of urban clusters a critical issue. In the context of China’s urban agglomerations, the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, due to factors such as industrial structure, accounts for a relatively high proportion of carbon emissions, approximately 11% of the national total. The future trajectory of carbon emissions in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region will significantly impact the high-quality development of the entire urban cluster. Consequently, research on carbon emissions in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region is of vital importance. This paper takes the carbon emissions of the power industry in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region as the research subject, analyzes its carbon emissions status, and builds a multi-regional input–output model for the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region based on the input–output tables and carbon emissions data of each province. This study explores the key influencing factors of carbon emissions from the power industry in this region from 2012 to 2017 and analyzes the carbon emissions transfer and structural evolution from the perspective of the region and the industry to clarify the carbon reduction responsibilities of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region and provide references and recommendations for the formulation of regional collaborative emission reduction policies. The results show that the direct carbon emissions from the power industry in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region account for a higher proportion compared to the indirect carbon emissions it generates by driving other industries. Industries with relatively high indirect carbon emissions in the key path include coal mining and selection, equipment manufacturing, transportation, services, etc. The capital input process from Tianjin and Hebei to Beijing is accompanied by a relatively high carbon transfer. Promoting the widespread adoption of carbon emission reduction technologies will have an effective suppressive effect on carbon emissions in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, especially in Hebei; Beijing and Tianjin should pay attention to the stimulating effect of increased final demand on carbon emissions; the transfer of carbon emissions between regions and industries shows a downward trend as the power sector undergoes transformation.

Factor Substitution Possibilities, Labor Share Dynamics, and Inequality in an Age of Intangibles

ABSTRACTWe examine the economy‐wide degree of substitutability between intangible capital and other factor inputs in production using a large sample of advanced countries. In this context, we turn to studying the implications of intangible and tangible capital growth for labor income share dynamics. Compared to tangible capital, we find that intangible capital more strongly complements skilled labor. The analysis further indicates relative fungibility between tangible capital and a composite of intangible capital and skilled labor, in line with the rising prominence of knowledge‐intensive tasks and AI‐driven online platforms. The intrinsic nature of intangibles and their asymmetric effects across skilled and unskilled labor productivity based on our substitution elasticities suggest that intangible capital growth increases income inequality more aggressively.

How Does Rural Resilience Affect Return Migration: Evidence from Frontier Regions in China

An important way to realize urban–rural integration and regional coordinated development is to attract labor forces back to rural areas. Most of the existing studies consider the impact of individual factors on population migration, they lack a systematic framework to analyze the combined impact of different factors on rural return migration. Furthermore, in practice, the interaction within the rural social ecosystem as an important driver of return migration is always ignored. Using data from 131 villages in 14 cities in Guangxi, China, combined with the Coupled Infrastructure System framework and the sustainable livelihoods framework, this paper analyzes the comprehensive impact of internal components of the rural social ecosystem on return migration. Qualitative comparative analysis is used to identify four condition combinations that can effectively promote return migration and five condition combinations that make return migration vulnerable. The main conclusions are as follows. First, high-level public infrastructure providers are an important driving factor for labor return to rural areas, and a substitution effect exists between them and livelihood capitals. Second, sufficient human capital and social capital are crucial for return migration, highlighting the importance of the structure of rural members and the collective atmosphere. Third, natural capital and economic capital emphasized by previous research are not key conditions for forming a high level of return migration. Fourth, the vulnerability of return migration is mainly caused by the decline of social capital, the loss of public infrastructure providers, and excessive dependence on economic or physical capital input. To attract return migration, rural areas need to pay attention to the integration and synergy of multi-dimensional capital and public infrastructure providers, and special emphasis should be placed on the cultivation of public leadership to promote the enhancement of human capital and social capital. This paper provides a more comprehensive and instrumental analytical perspective for understanding and promoting rural return migration. While deepening the understanding of the dynamic relationship between rural social ecosystem and labor mobility, it also offers policy insights for developing countries to achieve integrated urban–rural development.

Temporal-spatial evolution and formation mechanism of energy consumption carbon footprint at county scale in the Yellow River Basin

The development and implementation of county carbon control action plans in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) are crucial for realizing the “dual carbon” goals and modernizing national governance. Utilizing remote sensing data from 2001 to 2020, this study constructs a light-carbon conversion model and a carbon footprint model to simulate the carbon footprint of county energy consumption in the YRB. Employing spatial autocorrelation and spatial Durbin models, the study examines the temporal-spatial evolution characteristics and spatial effect mechanism. The results show that: (1) The county carbon footprint increased year by year. The distribution of the high carbon footprint is consistent with that of energy-intensive areas. The carbon cycle system is significantly unbalanced, and the counties with carbon deficit spread inland. (2) The carbon footprint exhibits significant spatial dependence, and the high carbon spillover effect is significant. Regional joint prevention and control strategy is essential to control the carbon footprint. Otherwise, the inter-regional carbon leakage effect may occur. (3) The current stage of economic development and industrial structure upgrading is not conducive to low-carbon development. Because of the energy rebound effect, technology development has not played the expected emission reduction effect. Nevertheless, the technology level and residents’ living standard are critical factors in reducing the carbon footprint. Government intervention, urbanization, human capital, and agricultural energy inputs increase the carbon footprint.