Capita Income Levels Research Articles

Analysis and Suggestions on the Factors of Income Gap

Income gap reflects the imbalance of economic development in a region. Excessive income gap will affect social instability, aggravate social contradictions and conflicts, thus hindering social progress and development. Reasonable narrowing of income gap is conducive to optimizing the allocation of resources and improving social production efficiency. Guangdong Province has a high per capita income level in China. With the further development of Guangdong's economy, the income gap has changed to a certain extent, and this issue still attracts much attention. By consulting the basic data obtained from the Guangdong Yearbook in 2018, the Gini coefficient of Guangdong Province in 2018 is 0.335, which is basically reasonable, but it has not reached a relatively average level. The gap between GDP and per capita GDP of the four regions in Guangdong Province (Pearl River Delta, East Wing, West Wing, East Guangdong, West Guangdong, North Guangdong) is still large. By analyzing the factors of natural conditions, calculating the proportion of three industries and other factors, this paper explores the reasons for the formation of income gap, and puts forward some suggestions to narrow the gap from the aspects of optimizing industrial structure, adjusting income distribution and differentiating taxation, and finally draws a conclusion.

Models on providing food security: case of Ukraine

Providing food security is a top issue of agricultural economics in a global scale. Although Ukraine helps other countries become more food secure through its exports of wheat, corn, barley, and sunflower, low per capita income levels create challenges for Ukrainians to keep their diet nutrition balance in animal food basket. The research objective supposed applying mathematical apparatus to support solving this problem. The offered consumption optimization model has been developed to ensure inelastic customers’ food preferences by animal products subject to income and calories constraints. The proposed econometric models have been designed to project broiler, pork, eggs, milk, and beef productions. Complex implementation of the set mathematical models maintained the tool to analyze scenarios by expected export/import and demands for grain and oilseed crops used for feed in animal husbandry. The results of this research provide state authorities, livestock and poultry producers, Ukrainian consumers and other interested parties with management guidance focused on developing animal husbandry in the presence of income, as well as animal product price variability.

Qualitative Methodologies for the Analysis of Intra-Urban Socio-Environmental Vulnerability in Barcelona (Spain): Case Studies

The city of Barcelona, like other cities in the world, suffers strong internal socio-economic inequalities in its neighborhoods. Numerous works have sought to detect, quantify, characterize, and/or map existing intra-urban differences, almost always based on quantitative methodologies. With this contribution, we intend to show the importance that qualitative methodologies can play in studies on urban socio-environmental vulnerability. We consider aspects that are not quantifiable but that may be inherent to many such vulnerable spaces, both in the constructed environment and in the social ambit. These questions are considered through selected neighborhoods of Barcelona which have been shown (in prior works, mainly studies of quantitative manufacturing) to possess elements of vulnerability including a high presence of immigrants from less-developed countries, low per capita income, aging populations, or low educational levels. The results reveal the multidimensionality of vulnerability in the neighborhoods analyzed, as well as the essential complementarity among methodologies that detect and support possible public actions aimed at reducing or eliminating intra-urban inequalities.

INDÚSTRIA E DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONÔMICO NAS REGIÕES BRASILEIRAS: REVISITANDO HIPÓTESES DA DESINDUSTRIALIZAÇÃO “NATURAL” COM DADOS MUNICIPAIS (1999 A 2011)

Este artigo investiga a hipótese de desindustrialização “natural” no Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar a existência e as implicações da relação no formato de um “U-invertido” entre as participações industriais no emprego e no produto e a renda per capita dos municípios brasileiros, segmentados em regiões geográficas. Para isso, são realizadas estimações econométricas em painel por efeitos fixos e pelo método Tobit (robustez). As evidências encontradas não refutam quatro hipóteses levantadas pela literatura: ocorrência do “U-invertido” na relação entre a industrialização (medida pelo emprego e pelo produto) e a renda per capita municipal; redução da participação industrial no emprego em nível de renda inferior ao ponto de retração da participação industrial no produto; queda da participação da indústria no produto nas regiões menos desenvolvidas em níveis de renda inferiores (precoces) ao do Sudeste; e aumento da importância relativa do setor de serviços em detrimento à da indústria.

The Income Elasticity of Global Values of a Statistical Life: Stated Preference Evidence

Examination of estimates of the income elasticity of the value of a statistical life based on international stated preference studies yields an average between 0.94 and 1.05 overall and 0.65 and 0.80 after controlling for covariates. Quantile regression estimates indicate that the income elasticity is about 0.55 for more affluent counties and 1.0 for lower income nations, i.e., those countries that have estimates of the value of a statistical life below $2 million or per capita income levels below $3,212. The estimates distinguish the values of the income elasticity across country either by income level or by the value of a statistical life. These elasticities are similar to those found in revealed preference labor market studies. The estimates are robust, controlling for possible sample selection bias and the influence of covariates, such as the type of risk.

Glaucoma Control Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of the Clinical and Health Economic Evidence

ABSTRACTPurpose: A review of the effectiveness, costs, and cost-effectiveness of detection and treatment strategies for glaucoma control in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) was conducted.Methods: Detailed searches were performed using the Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and LILACS databases up to September 2016. The key Medical Subject Heading search terms used included glaucoma, diagnosis, treatment, effectiveness, costs, cost-effectiveness, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Effectiveness was measured as the proportion of study participants with an intra-ocular pressure less than or equal to 22 mmHg.Results: A total of 5658 records were examined with 48 papers identified. The sensitivity and specificity of portable instruments or smartphone technologies to detect glaucomatous changes ranged from 58.3% to 93.8% and from 82.4% to 96.8%, respectively. The overall effect size for various glaucoma interventions was: 0.39 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27–0.54, I2 = 64.85, p = 0.036) for laser trabeculoplasty; 0.56 (95% CI 0.23–0.84, I2 = 85.74, p = 0.001) for drainage implant devices; 0.66 (95% CI 0.61–0.71, I2 = 0.00, p = 0.402) for medical management; and 0.73 (95% CI 0.65–0.80, I2 = 93.25, p = 0.000) for all other non-drainage tube surgical interventions, including trabeculectomy surgery and the use of anti-metabolites. The mean annual cost of anti-glaucoma drugs across SSA was USD 394, with a mean direct non-medication cost per year of USD 54, and a mean surgical cost per year of USD 283.Conclusions: While effective glaucoma control interventions exist, their widespread use and diffusion across SSA remain challenging principally due to low per capita income levels and high glaucoma treatment costs.

The influence of coal and noncarbohydrate energy consumption on CO2 emissions: Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Turkey

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the dynamic long run relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, financial development, trade openness, industrialization, urbanization, coal and noncarbohydrate energy consumption within the framework of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for Turkey over the period 1971–2014. The two main contributions of this study are that the EKC hypothesis has been examined by separating trade openness and final energy consumption into import-export and coal-noncarbohydrate energy consumption respectively. The findings of the autoregressive disturbed lag bounds testing approach showed that economic growth, coal consumption, financial development, import, industrialization and urbanization had a positive impact on CO2 emissions, while export and noncarbohydrate energy consumption decreased CO2 emission in the long run. Moreover, the study supported the EKC hypothesis, which suggests an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita income and CO2 emissions. The turning point obtained from long run regression was found to be approximately $14360 that outside of the sample period. Finally, these important findings indicate that noncarbohydrate energy consumption and export can be a solution to reduce environmental pollution, and Turkey's CO2 emissions will begin to decline when the country reaches the per capita income level at the turning point in the coming years.

Модифицирана екологична крива на Кузнец за оценка на устойчивостта в Субсахарска Африка: анализ на панелни данни

A modified Environmental Kuznets Curve is proposed, where, by substituting the traditional measure of pollution with the level of natural resource depletion and degradation, a more sustainability-oriented EKC model is presented. The focus is placed on a panel data set of 30 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, over a period of thirty-five years (1980-2014). SSA is chosen as the subject of this research, as it is a resource-rich region and is currently one of the world’s fastest-growing regions in terms of foreign direct investment (FDI), especially natural resource seeking, but SSA is also plagued with poor institutional quality and widespread poverty and income inequality. Several studies also associate SSA with a resource curse. The EKC hypothesis is tested for natural resource depletion after controlling several variables pertinent to the SSA region. One of the major findings is that no EKC or inverted U-shape relationship is found between natural resource depletion and the level of economic development. In other words, natural resource depletion does not seem to subside after a given per capita income level is reached for the sampled countries. In addition, the results show that globalisation, which is measured through trade openness, and industrialisation both contribute towards a greater depletion of natural resources and hence have an adverse impact on environmental sustainability for this sample of countries.

Analysis of the relationship between rainfall and economic growth in Indian states

Abstract The relationship between rainfall variability and economic growth is complex, and tends to be significant in economies like India where agriculture plays a major role in economic output and food security. This paper seeks to provide insight into this relationship using Indian state-level economic and rainfall data from 1961 to 2012. We examine all 15 Indian states with populations exceeding 20m as of 2000, totalling 920m people, about 12% of the global population. Physical and human geography vary greatly between, and even within, these states, reflecting the global range of water security challenges and providing an analogue for a range of global economic development and environmental conditions. We identify three patterns of interdependence between rainfall variability and economic growth: i) Continuous Correlation of rainfall and economic growth rates, ii) Decayed Correlation from a significant to an insignificant relationship, and iii) Never Correlated i.e. no significant observable correlation between rainfall and growth. Sensitivity to rainfall variability is somewhat less in wetter states. Investment in irrigation infrastructure has helped states to reduce their economic sensitivity to rainfall variability, with three of the four states that have Decayed Correlation of growth with rainfall having the highest percentage expansion in irrigated areas of the 15 states. Greater use of groundwater supplies (rather than surface water) does not, however, appear to influence the sensitivity of economic growth to rainfall variability. The relationship between rainfall-growth correlation and long term income is complex; states which are correlated generally appear to be growing faster than states which are not correlated, but that growth is occurring from a lower per capita income level. Finally, confirming national trends for India, the paper does not find that economic diversification away from agriculture has reduced economic sensitivity to rainfall variability. The observation that growth in economically-diversified states can still be dependent on rainfall invites further research into the ways in which rainfall either directly, or through other hydro-climatic variables, influences the general economy.

Update on the Financing of the Fund's Concessional Assistance and Debt Relief to Low-Income Countries

The Fund is adapting its framework for providing support to low-income countries (LICs) amid rising vulnerabilities. Despite a global economic upswing, many LICs continue to face difficult fiscal and external positions, aggravated by increasing debt levels and natural disasters in many countries. In this context, the Executive Board approved in May 2017 higher annual access limits under the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) for balance of payment needs arising from large natural disasters and in May 2017 decided to keep the list of Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT)-eligible countries unchanged notwithstanding rising per capita income levels. A comprehensive review of PRGT facilities is underway to consider potential adaptations of program modalities and access policies. PRGT demand in 2017 was above the historical average for the third year in a row. New commitments totaled SDR 1.7 billion, the highest level since the global financial crisis. Demand is expected to moderate somewhat in 2018. Longer-term demand estimates are broadly unchanged from last year’s update, and remain generally consistent with the self-sustaining PRGT financing framework adopted in 2012. Loan resources have been successfully replenished, while subsidy contributions remain somewhat below pledged amounts. The 2015 fundraising round mobilized slightly more than the initial target of SDR 11 billion in new loan resources from 15 PRGT lenders, which should provide adequate loan resources into the next decade. By contrast, progress has been limited in collecting the remaining pledged resources for subsidizing the interest on PRGT credit. The PRGT self-sustained capacity remains intact. The PRGT’s self-sustained long term average annual lending capacity is estimated at SDR 1.31 billion, broadly unchanged from last year’ estimate. While capacity estimates are sensitive to a variety of factors, they remain relatively close to the target of SDR 1¼ billion under a number of shocks. The Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust (CCR Trust) remains underfunded. Funding is below the original targeted amount of new bilateral contributions totaling US$150 million, and the gap is more sizeable when considering the increase of members’ quotas under the 14th General Review of Quotas. To meet funding needs for future qualifying catastrophe relief, it is important that countries with outstanding pledges fulfill their commitments and for additional countries to come forward. Additional financing would be required to provide debt relief to members with protracted arrears. Debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Counties (HIPC) Initiative is winding up, with only two potentially eligible countries left with outstanding Fund credit. These are the protracted arrears cases of Somalia and Sudan. Additional resources would be required to finance the Fund’s participation in debt relief when these countries are ready to undertake the HIPC Initiative process

Influence of disease uncertainty to emotion among advanced lung cancer chemotherapy patients

Objective In order to understand the influence of disease uncertainty to emotion among advanced lung cancer chemotherapy patients, in order to guide the clinical nursing work. Methods A total of 146 advanced lung cancer chemotherapy patients were selected as the research object, using the general information, Disease Uncertainty Scale and Brief Profile of Mood States Scale for investigation. Results The disease uncertainty scores of advanced lung cancer chemotherapy patients were 77.91±16.87; scores of emotion was 39.37±18.72; they were positively correlated (r=0.363, P<0.01). Patients′ family per capita income, cultural degree, two dimensions of disease uncertainty (uncertainty, poor information) were the main influencing factors of emotion (t=-4.947-4.603, P<0.05). Conclusions Advanced lung cancer chemotherapy patients with the higher level of disease uncertainty have more bad emotion. The patient's family per capita income level, cultural level and disease uncertainty will affect the mood of patients. Targeted intervention measures should be taken to reduce the patient′s disease uncertainty, and improve the patient′s emotion, improve the quality of life. Key words: Lung neoplasms; Disease uncertainty; Emotions

The Income Elasticity of Global Values of a Statistical Life: Stated Preference Evidence

Examination of estimates of the income elasticity of the value of a statistical life based on international stated preference studies yields an average between 0.94 and 1.05 overall and 0.65 and 0.80 after controlling for covariates. Quantile regression estimates indicate that the income elasticity is about 0.55 for more affluent countries and 1.0 for lower income nations, i.e., those countries that have estimates of the value of a statistical life below $2 million or per capita income levels below $3212. The estimates distinguish the values of the income elasticity across country either by income level or by the value of a statistical life. These elasticities are similar to those found in revealed preference labor market studies. The estimates are robust, controlling for possible sample selection bias and the influence of covariates, such as the type of risk.

Service Trade Liberalization And Economic Growth

This paper empirically examines the relationship between services trade liberalization and economic growth. Services trade currently comprises approximately 20 percent of total world trade, with more than half of the world’s labor force employed in service sectors. The possibility that reducing barriers can enhance global production is increasingly receiving attention. The impact of liberalization on growth is empirically assessed by including services trade restrictiveness as the key variable of interest in cross-sectional estimations of a global production function. Income dummies were interacted with levels of services trade restrictiveness to discern variations of influence across countries at different income levels. Services trade restrictiveness is captured using a World Bank index for a pooled cross-section of countries. Robustness of results are evaluated using a similar services trade restrictiveness index recently constructed by the OECD for member countries. The results suggest that services trade liberalization has a positive impact on a country’s per capita GDP. This benefit of service liberalization is larger in countries with greater services export values. In addition, service liberalization in low income countries has a greater impact on per capita income levels than does service liberalization in high income countries. While positive and statistically significant, the scale of the effect appears small. The robustness of the results were tested using an alternate measure of services trade restrictiveness for OECD countries. These robustness results validated the benchmark results and also suggested, for high income countries, the liberalization of services trade may have a non-linear influence on per capita income growth. These findings underscore the importance of including service trade liberalization as a part of trade policy discussions and development agendas, as liberalization of services restrictions may stimulate growth in per capita income and highlights that removing the barriers to services trade can positively impact income levels, especially in low-income countries. Currently, policies surrounding services trade liberalization largely occur at the bilateral agreement level. However, as knowledge grows about the possible benefits of services trade liberalization, movement towards multilateral recommendations may be optimal.

Economic Convergence in the Euro Area: Coming Together or Drifting Apart?

We examine economic convergence among euro area countries on multiple dimensions. While there was nominal convergence of inflation and interest rates, real convergence of per capita income levels has not occurred among the original euro area members since the advent of the common currency. Income convergence stagnated in the early years of the common currency and has reversed in the wake of the global economic crisis. New euro area members, in contrast, have seen real income convergence. Business cycles became more synchronized, but the amplitude of those cycles diverged. Financial cycles showed a similar pattern: sychronizing more over time, but with divergent amplitudes. Income convergence requires reforms boosting productivity growth in lagging countries, while cyclical and financial convergence can be enhanced by measures to improve national and euro area fiscal policies, together with steps to deepen the single market.

Economic Convergence in the Euro Area: Coming Together or Drifting Apart?

We examine economic convergence among euro area countries on multiple dimensions. While there was nominal convergence of inflation and interest rates, real convergence of per capita income levels has not occurred among the original euro area members since the advent of the common currency. Income convergence stagnated in the early years of the common currency and has reversed in the wake of the global economic crisis. New euro area members, in contrast, have seen real income convergence. Business cycles became more synchronized, but the amplitude of those cycles diverged. Financial cycles showed a similar pattern: sychronizing more over time, but with divergent amplitudes. Income convergence requires reforms boosting productivity growth in lagging countries, while cyclical and financial convergence can be enhanced by measures to improve national and euro area fiscal policies, together with steps to deepen the single market.

Producer cities and consumer cities: Using production- and consumption-based carbon accounts to guide climate action in China, the UK, and the US

Meeting the commitments made in the Paris Agreement on climate change will require different approaches in different countries. However, a common feature in many contexts relates to the continued and sometimes increasing significance of the carbon footprints of urban centres. These footprints consider both production or territorial (i.e. Scope 1 and 2) emissions, and consumption or extra-territorial (i.e. Scope 3) emissions. Although a growing number of cities have adopted targets for their production-based emissions, very few have even started to analyse or address their consumption-based emissions. This presents a potential challenge for urban policymaking if consumption emissions rise while production emissions fall, and for climate mitigation more broadly if emissions are effectively migrating to areas without carbon reduction targets or capabilities. To explore these issues, in this paper we analyse and compare production- and consumption-based emissions accounts for urban centres in China, the UK and the US. Results show that per-capita income and population density are strong predictors of consumption-based emissions levels, and consumption-based emissions appear to diminish but not decouple with higher per-capita incomes. In addition, results show that per-capita income is a predictor of net emissions - or the difference between production- and consumption-based accounts - suggesting that continuing increases in per capita income levels may drive the ‘leakage’ of urban emissions. These findings highlight a risk in placing too much faith in city-level climate strategies focused only on production-based emissions, and stress the importance of new city-level initiatives that focus on consumption-based emissions, especially in cities that are shifting from producer to consumer city status.

Energy Efficiency and Its Driving Factors in China’s Three Economic Regions

Energy efficiency improvement is essential for China’s sustainable development of its social economy. Based on the provincial panel data of China’s three economic regions from 1990 to 2013, this research uses the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to measure the total-factor energy efficiency, and the Tobit regression model to explore the driving factors of efficiency changes. Empirical results show: (1) Energy efficiency, energy consumption structure, and government fiscal scale are significantly positively correlated. (2) Industrial structure and per capita income level have negative correlation to energy efficiency; the impact of industrial structure on energy efficiency is relatively small. (3) The increase of carbon dioxide emissions will decrease the energy efficiency. Furthermore, with people becoming less conscious of energy conservation and emission reduction, energy efficiency will also decrease. (4) Specific energy policies will improve energy efficiency, and greater openness in coastal areas will also have the similar effect.

The Lion on the Move Towards the World Frontier: Catching Up or Remaining Stuck?

The striking reversal reported by the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) economy from the early 1990s through 2015 has been well documented by now. What is less known is whether this resurgence has translated into a gradual process of convergence to the U.S. level. With the benefit of major upgrades in the source data, we employ well-tested and familiar methods in the development literature to sort out the quantitative importance of the fundamentals behind the process of convergence. While the SSA growth revival has generated local pride, foreign envy and enthusiasm from international policy makers, our results suggest a more sober tone. In 2010, per capita income and labour productivity levels relative to the U.S. are well below those reported during the pre-1990 period. Regardless of the way in which human capital is measured, relative factor input endowments constitute the primary force that held back the SSA relative labour productivity-a major departure from conventional wisdom. While the story from the sectoral level remains broadly consistent with the one obtained from the aggregate level, additional insights emerge. These include disproportionately lower relative levels of sectoral labour productivity that led to a considerably slow and atypical process of structural transformation. Although relative intersectoral labour productivity gaps have been reduced, sources of allocative inefficiency remain large. We argue that all indications point to a combination of favourable shocks behind the SSA wakening pulse rather than a set of economic fundamentals that feature a genuine economic development. The burst of the commodity prices in the mid-2014 that coincided with a sharp weakening of the performance of this economy constitutes a compelling counterfactual.

Convergence and Polarization in Regional Income Levels: The Role of International Technology Diffusion

This study investigates the effects of three international technology diffusion (ITD) channels on regional economic convergence (REC): inward foreign direct investment (IFDI), outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) and imports. Based on Chinese provincial-level data, econometric results suggest a converging trend of per capita income levels in China during 2004-2009. This study also confirms that IFDI has a negative effect on REC. This is due to the concentration of IFDI in comparatively developed regions (CDRs) and weak absorptive capacity of less developed regions. OFDI in developed countries (DCs) has a positive effect on REC, however, OFDI in transitional and emerging economies (TEEs) will lead to a wider income gap. In addition, imports fail to promote REC because of a high volume of imports of goods instead of services, as well as a concentration of capital goods. This study further confirms the convergence pattern of East, Middle and West China.

ANALISIS PENGARUH PAJAK DAERAH TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH DI KABUPATEN MINAHASA

This study aims to analyze the effect of Local Tax on Local Revenue in Minahasa District Year 2011-2015. This research was conducted from January to March 2017 in Minahasa District, North Minahasa District and Tomohon City with the object of Local Taxes research from 2011 to 2015. This study uses secondary data obtained from Minahasa District Revenue Office, Regional Finance Board and Asset Manager of Minahasa District, North Minahasa District and Tomohon City and Statistics Agency of Minahasa District. Data analysis used Contribution and Growth Matrix Analysis and Time Series Analysis. This study found that the contribution of local taxes to the original income of the period of 2011-2015 is still below 50 percetn and the local revenue is at the 5 percent level of Central Government Fund Transfer Income to the regions. This has resulted in poor welfare and prosperity of the population reflected in the per capita income level that is still lacking and the level of regional independence is still low. Analysis of regional tax trends for the year 2016-2020 has increased but still below 5 (five) billion rupiah each year so it still needs to be improved.