Cape Verdes Research Articles

T. Bentley Duncan. Atlantic Islands: Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce and Navigation. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1972. List of maps, list of tables, preface, appendices, bibliography, index, xv + 291 pp. $10.00.

T. Bentley Duncan. Atlantic Islands: Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce and Navigation. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1972. List of maps, list of tables, preface, appendices, bibliography, index, xv + 291 pp. $10.00. - Volume 15 Issue 3

Atlantic Islands Madeira, the Azores and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce and Navigation. By T. Bentley Duncan. [Studies in the History of Discoveries, The Monograph Series of the Society for the History of Dsicoveries.] (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Pp. xv, 291. Tables. $10.00.)

Atlantic Islands Madeira, the Azores and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce and Navigation. By T. Bentley Duncan. [Studies in the History of Discoveries, The Monograph Series of the Society for the History of Dsicoveries.] (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Pp. xv, 291. Tables. $10.00.) - Volume 30 Issue 1

Atlantic Islands: Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce and Navigation. T. Bentley Duncan , David Woodward

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsAtlantic Islands: Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce and Navigation. T. Bentley Duncan , David Woodward C. R. BoxerC. R. Boxer Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 45, Number 2Jun., 1973 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/240975 Views: 2Total views on this site Copyright 1973 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Sedimentation in the deep-sea areas adjacent to the Canary and Cape Verde islands

Bottom sediments between the eastern Canary Islands and Morocco, as revealed in piston cores, are principally of continental-shelf derivation with little material from the islands. The sediment is in general Globigerina ooze with silt-size quartz and much clay. Clay minerals are iron-rich chlorite, illite and locally abundant smectite. Glauconite, both authigenic within foraminifera tests, and detrital, is common. Carbonates are mainly from marine organisms but dolomite is entirely detrital. Sedimentation rates as determined by 14C dating are about 2–3 cm/1,000 years. In the inner Cape Verde deep-sea area terrigenous material is scarce. Sediments are composed of autochthonous marine organisms, mostly foraminifera, and/or material derived from the shallow-marine areas around the islands where biogenic carbonate is formed and reworked locally with volcanics. Layers of the latter material can be traced within the basin; their 14C ages correspond to low sea-level stages in the Atlantic within the past 35,000 years according to Milliman and Emery (1968). The mineralogy of the Inner Cape Verde Basin sediments studied is different from the Canary Islands samples. Quartz, as well as dolomite, is uncommon. Glauconite was found only within foraminifera chambers. The clay minerals comprise rare chlorite, almost no illite, and some smectite. Normally, the clay fraction consists of allophanic material. Amorphous silica is rather abundant and probably originated from radiolarians and sponge spicules. Carbonates (calcite, high-Mg calcite and aragonite) are biogenic. Volcanic sand mixed with the shallow-water carbonates is composed of abundant basaltic glass with magnetite inclusions, clinopyroxene and scarce olivine and feldspar. This particular sediment distribution within the Inner Cape Verde Basin reflects a combination of open marine conditions and a chain of volcanic islands forming a barrier against terrigenous sedimentation from the African continent. 14C ages indicate average sedimentation rates between 2 and 3 cm/1,000 years. In the Canaries the principal constituents are terrigenous. In both areas, but particularly in the Cape Verdes, sedimentation is discontinuous, because the steady accumulation of the normal marine material is interrupted by a sudden influx of reworked shallow-marine sand. Contrary to general opinion, little volcanic material is present in the sediments investigated of both the Canary and the Cape Verde islands.

Atlantic Islands: Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce and Navigation

Atlantic Islands: Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce and Navigation

Brazil and Portuguese Africa in Comparative Perspective: University of California Colloquim (January-March 1968)

There Have Been Few Scholarly Comparisons of Latin America With other areas of the Third World. As a contribution to such comparative study, the University of California Colloquium attempted to examine links between Brazil and Portugal's African territories of Angola, Guinea and the Cape Verdes, and Mozambique. The objectives were to overlap the traditional area boundaries that separate specialists of Latin America and Africa, to focus on common themes from the perspective of varying social science disciplines, and to reassess and evaluate, first, a series of historical cases of crisis, protest, and resistance and, second, nationalist trends and events in relation to patterns of change and development. The specialized essays were to be analytical and exploratory, raising questions for possible future research.

REVIEWS OF BOOKS

Book reviewed in this article:CHRISTIANITY AT THE THRESHOLD: A History of Christianity. By Kenneth Scott Latourette.THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PAST EVENTS: A History of the London Missionary Society 1895–1945. By Norman Goodall.THE DETERMINING POWER OF RELIGION: The Living Christ and Dying Heathenism. The Experiences of a Missionary in Animistic Heathendom. By Joh. Warneck.EPISCOPACY IN THE OECUMENICAL DEBATE: The Historic Episcopate in the Fullness of the Church: Seven Essays by Priests of the Church of England. Edited by Kenneth M. Carey.CHANGES IN MISSIONARY THINKING: Revolution in Missions. By Willis Church Lamott.MISSIONS TO THE LAPPS: Samenes Kristning og Finnemisjonen til 1888. By Adolf Steen.ARE THERE ANY CHANGES IN JUDAISM?: Wandlungen im Judentum. By Gerhard Jasper.THE CHRISTIAN STUDENTS' LIBRARY: The Christian Doctrine of Salvation. By Sigfrid Estborn. Madras: The Christian Literature Society. Rs 3.12.0. 1954.: The Revelation of St John the Divine. By Anthony T. Hanson. Madras: The Christian Literature Society. Re 1.2.0. 1954.: The History of the Reformation. By H. C. Lefever.EARLY RHODESIAN HISTORY: The Southern African Diaries of Thomas Leask: 1865–1870. (Central African Archives, Oppenheimer Series, No. 8.) Edited by J. P. R. Wallis.THE CHALLENGE OF THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS: Ultramar Portugues. Volume 2: Ilhas de Cabo Verde. By António Mendes Corrêa.CUSTOMARY LAW IN THE SUDAN: A Manual of Nuer Law. By P. P. Howell.AN EMERGING PATTERN IN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION: Religious Education in Schools

Some Comments on That "Miraculous" Discovery of South America by Columbus

T HE October, 1954, number of Geographical Review included an article on third voyage of Columbus by Professor Arthur Davies, entitled 'Miraculous' Discovery of South America by Columbus.' Professor Davies advances thesis that Columbus was guided on this I498 expedition by some knowledge of a previous Portuguese discovery of Brazil and mainland Caribbean area, and that was specifically directed by Pedro de Ledesma, a young Spaniard previously in Portuguese service, whom engaged at on his outward voyage, in June, I498. Before examining Professor Davies' argument, let me say that I have no quarrel with thesis if it can be supported by convincing evidence. I do not, however, consider his evidence convincing: I am unable to derive any such meaning as does from sources on which any study of Columbus' third voyage must be based. Entirely ignored, moreover, are various important secondary writings that would have cleared up some of mysteries author seeks to resolve. Thus, in spite of efforts of Washington Irving, Alexander von Humboldt, John Boyd Thacher, Roberto Almagila, and Samuel E. Morison, article opens with statement that the third voyage of Columbus, in I498, has never been critically examined.2 As evidence that Columbus might have learned of a previous Portuguese discovery of South America at Madeira, where Ledesma joined his expedition, Davies says, Madeira was Portuguese outpost for Atlantic explorations,3 inference presumably being that those residing there were in a position to know of matters that others did not. So far as statement has any meaning, it is more untrue than true. is too close to mainland Portugal to have been of much use as an outpost. The Corte-Reals used Azores as their starting point for America, and Vasco da Gama bypassed and halted at Cape Verdes before entering South Atlantic.4 It is also a fact that Da Gama, on his return, used Cape Verdes as main stop to break journey. Davies is aware that, even for Columbus in I498, Cape Verdes were point from which real exploring part of voyage began. The author gets himself into a tangle when dealing with Columbus' route southwestward from Cape Verdes. He cites Jane, who translates Las Casas correctly as saying that Admiral ordered course to be set for southwest, for then he would be in a line east-and-west with sierra of Loa [Sierra Leone] and cape of Santa Ana in Guinea, which is under equinoctial line . .5 Under equinoctial

Bancroft Library Microfilm: Portugal and her Empire

PORTUGAL, ONE OF the great pioneers in the overseas expansion of Europe, has been a colonial power for over four centuries. Despite the loss of most of her FarEastern holdings in the seventeenth century and that of Brazil early in the nineteenth, she today retains an extensive and valuable empire. Included in it are the Azores, Madeira, the Cape Verdes, Principe, and Sao Tome in the Atlantic, Angola and Mozambique in Africa, Goa in India, Portuguese Timor in the East Indies, and Macao in China. The combined area of these colonies is larger than that of Western Europe excluding Russia. For the study of her empire, past and present, Portugal possesses numerous and vast archives, which so far have been insufficiently utilized, particularly by foreign scholars. In Lisbon alone there are some twenty-five public archives,1 and every town hall and misericordia2 is a rich source of historical materials. All of the larger and many of the smaller cities have excellent museums and library collections, notably Oporto, Pvora, Braga, Guimaraes, and Setubal. Ancient monasteries, libraries such as that of Mafra, and university archives, especially at Coimbra, are likewise rich depositories of his. torical manuscripts and printed works. Besides the religious, state, and university collections, there are private collections and family archives.3 Such accumulations are often of considerable size and are frequently uncatalogued. It is not unusual to find large bundles and bound volumes of official papers in family archives, for it was once the custom of men in high public office to retain their official papers. Such archives are

MELANIC BLACKCAPS IN THE ATLANTIC ISLANDS.

SUMMARY.1. The blackcap Sylvia atricapilkz is resident on the Cape Verdes, the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries, and birds of the last two have been separated as a local endemic race, S. a. obscura, distinguished by darker plumage.2. On Madeira and the Canaries the blackcap occupies mainly the cultivated and settled zones, so that their numbers must have greatly expanded since the islands were colonized.3. A melanic variety occurs probably on all of the Azorean islands and on Madeira. On the Canaries it has occurred only in the Great Crater of Palma, but recent investigation suggests that it is now uncommon here, if not extinct. Its frequency in the other island groups is about 2%.4. Data from the literature show that this variety interbreeds with normal birds and probably behaves as a single‐factor recessive.5. The difference between the Azores, where the melanic bird occurs on all the islands, and the Canaries, where it is restricted to one part of one island, is probably due to different selection pressures, but there is some evidence that Canarian and Madeiran populations may be in a somewhat unstable condition, perhaps partly because of their recent expansion.

The Total Eclipse

THE U. S. S. Pensacola arrived at Saint Paul de Loanda on December 6, after a voyage of 51 days from New York, having made the ports of Horta, Fayal, in the Azores, November 2–3; of Saint Vincent, in the Cape Verdes, November 10–12; of Saint George's Parish, Sierra Leone, November 18–20; and of Elmina, on the Gold Coast, November 26–28.