Cannabis plants (Cannabis sativa) contain a diverse group of terpenophenolic compounds known as phytocannabinoids, with 131 cannabinoids identified to date. Rapid and low-cost analytical approaches capable of quantifying both major and minor cannabinoids are increasingly important for research, quality control, and regulatory applications. This study evaluates the patented Absorbance-Transmittance Excitation-Emission Matrix (A-TEEM™) spectroscopic technique as a fast and reliable alternative to conventional chromatographic methods. A-TEEM integrates ultraviolet-visible absorbance and fluorescence measurements while correcting for absorbance-dependent inner-filter effects, enabling linear relationships between fluorescence intensity and analyte concentration. The primary objective was to calibrate and validate machine learning models using A-TEEM data for cannabinoid quantification, benchmarked against a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) reference method. A total of 49 dry cannabis flower extracts were analyzed using the A-TEEM technique to quantify 14 cannabinoids. Spectral data generated by A-TEEM were directly compared with concentration data obtained from an established and validated HPLC-PDA method. Extreme gradient boosting regression models were developed using HPLC-PDA results as reference values to predict cannabinoid concentrations from A-TEEM spectral data and to evaluate quantitative performance. The A-TEEM method demonstrated rapid, robust, and sensitive quantification of all 14 target cannabinoids. Model performance metrics, including coefficients of determination (R2) and limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ), are scaled proportionally with the maximum cannabinoid concentrations present in the samples. For major cannabinoids exceeding 0.35% concentration, the mean combined cross-validation and validation R2 reached 0.994 ± 0.005, with mean LOD and LOQ values of 0.0146% and 0.0442%, respectively. Cannabinoids present between 0.35% and 0.1% showed mean LOD/LOQ values of 0.00278% and 0.00842%, while minor cannabinoids below 0.1% exhibited even lower LOD/LOQ values of 0.0004% and 0.00128%, respectively. In addition, A-TEEM concentration profiles enabled clear qualitative and quantitative differentiation of three cannabis chemovars: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-dominant, cannabidiol (CBD)-dominant, and THC-CBD-intermediate hybrids. The A-TEEM technique provides a sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective approach for the qualitative and quantitative determination of both major and minor cannabinoids in solution. Its analytical performance is comparable to that of the reference HPLC-PDA method while offering substantial advantages in speed, simplicity, and suitability for high-throughput analysis.

Hop latent viroid (HLVd) causes a range of symptoms in cannabis plants grown under greenhouse conditions. These include stunted growth, reduced root development, shorter internodes, reduced stem and leaf size, and stunted inflorescence development, resulting in lower overall cannabinoid production. The potential for enhanced susceptibility of these plants to other pathogens was investigated in this study. Vegetative cuttings taken from HLVd-positive stock (mother) plants showed significantly enhanced development of damping-off and stem rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum in three out of six genotypes when compared to HLVd-negative cuttings. Stem cuttings taken from HLVd-infected flowering plants, 2 or 5 weeks into the flowering period, showed a similar response, with enhanced disease development from F. oxysporum in two genotypes. Developing inflorescence tissues on HLVd-positive flowering plants were also rapidly colonized by the pathogen compared to HLVd-negative plants. Increased susceptibility to the powdery mildew pathogen, Golovinomyces ambrosiae, was also demonstrated on vegetative cuttings and on leaves of flowering plants of three HLVd-infected genotypes. These results suggest that the presence of HLVd in stock and flowering plants of cannabis can indirectly enhance their susceptibility to Fusarium and powdery mildew infection, depending on the genotype. In general, enhanced susceptibility to HLVd was not consistently associated with enhanced susceptibility to these pathogens. Weakened defence responses in HLVd-infected plants may potentially have increased their susceptibility to these fungal pathogens. Down-regulation of salicylic acid-responsive defence pathways and suppression of pathogenesis-related protein (PR) gene expression, particularly PR-1, in HLVd-infected plants may be involved, but this requires further investigation.

Purpose: Cannabidiol (CBD) is a primary bioactive, non-intoxicating cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant. Studies have shown that CBD causes anticancer activity by inhibiting the expression of growth factors and inducing apoptosis, leading to cell cycle arrest. In this study, we aimed to determine how CBD influences the expression of genes that affect cancer pathways in doxorubicin-sensitive (MCF-7) and doxorubicin-resistant (MCF-7/Adr) breast cancer cells. Materials and Methods: IC50 concentrations of CBD in MCF-7 and MCF-7/Adr cell lines were determined by the MTT cell cytotoxicity assay. RNA isolation and subsequent cDNA synthesis were performed for qPCR experiments with the determined IC50 values. The effects of CBD on the cell cycle and apoptosis were studied using flow cytometry. IC50 values of CBD were determined in MCF-7 and MCF-7/Adr breast cancer cell lines at eight different concentrations and at three different incubation periods (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h) with different doses. RT-qPCR was used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the expression of genes involved in cancer pathway analysis. Results: Treatment with CBD at concentrations of 17.57 μM (MCF-7) and 11.41 μM (MCF-7/Adr) for 48 h decreased colony formation, induced apoptosis, and inhibited cell invasion in both cell lines. In addition, we observed significant alterations of angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle, cellular senescence, DNA damage and repair, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, hypoxia, metabolism, telomeres, and telomerase in both cell lines. Conclusions: Our research indicates that CBD could be an effective natural bioactive compound for breast cancer treatment, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis.

Objective Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the primary active component of cannabis, was isolated from the cannabis plant in 1964, and ever since then, scientists focused more on compounds that activate this receptor and created synthetic cannabinoid derivatives to study the pharmacological and toxicological effects of cannabinoids. Following this, analogues of Δ9-THC began to be synthesized especially for medical use of cannabis. Synthetic cannabinoids may be employed in autoimmune illnesses, and further research on cannabis derivatives is necessary to understand how they affect immune system cells. Methods We have used MDMB-4en-PINACA, which is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid. Methods: In our study, the immunomodulatory effects of MDMB-4en-PINACA and its derivative were evaluated on mammalian macrophages. ELISA was used to quantify pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and assess their impact on macrophages. Following that, the intracellular mechanism of action of synthetic cannabis derivative was tested by measuring the amounts of phosphorylated PI3K using flow cytometry. Results Our findings imply MDMB-4en-PINACA and its derivative stimulated the anti-inflammatory cytokines in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Conclusion Consequently, these compounds may be used as therapeutic possibilities for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

Cannabidiol (CBD), a nonintoxicating molecule derived from the cannabis plant, is garnering attention as a novel sleep aid despite a dearth of empirical literature supporting its efficacy for sleep-related indications. The present study aimed to address this gap. Participants were 63 individuals (Mage = 29.27; SDage = 9.58) reporting elevated trait worry who were randomly assigned to take 300 mg CBD, 50 mg CBD, or placebo daily for 2 weeks. Results suggested 300 mg CBD decreased sleep disturbances and sleep quality significantly more than 50 mg CBD (B = -0.39, t = -2.59, p < .05, d = 0.08), but not placebo (B = -0.32, t = -2.09, p = .10, d = 0.07) with no effects on sedation or cognitive impairment. These data suggest 300 mg CBD showed significantly greater improvement than 50 mg CBD but did not show statistically significant improvement compared to placebo. More work is needed to assert strong conclusions regarding CBD's effects on sleep-related indicators. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Infection of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) plants by Fusarium oxysporum under greenhouse conditions causes damping-off, root and crown rot, vascular discoloration, and wilt. The pathogen is widespread in Canada and also infects hemp plants grown outdoors worldwide. The host range of F. oxysporum isolates originating from cannabis plants and the responses of various genotypes to pathogen infection have not been studied. Ten crop plant species and 27 cannabis genotypes were evaluated for disease severity following inoculation with isolate BC-1 of F. oxysporum. In addition, phylogenetic analyses were performed using partial sequences of the elongation-factor-1 gene (EF-1) from 17 cannabis isolates of F. oxysporum and 16 formae speciales from a worldwide collection. Symptoms of stunting and plant death were observed on chickpea, kale, cucumber, pea, bean, pepper and tomato plants, while basil, fava bean and corn displayed no symptoms. Among 27 cannabis genotypes, 26 were moderately to highly susceptible, and one genotype was moderately resistant. Isolates of F. oxysporum from cucumber and tomato plants caused severe disease on cannabis plants. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that F. oxysporum isolates infecting cannabis were polyphyletic and were dispersed among different clades. The isolates did not group closely with any of the 16 formae speciales nor with a previously designated isolate of F. oxysporum f. sp. cannabis from hemp. The wide host range of F. oxysporum isolates from cannabis, their polyphyletic origins, and low EF-1 sequence similarity to current formae speciales do not support a designation of F. oxysporum f. sp. cannabis for isolates from cannabis.

Gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) remains the primary analytical technique used for cannabis analysis in seized drug laboratories. Electron ionization (EI) mass spectra exhibit extensive fragmentation, enabling the identification of cannabinoids by comparison with reference EI mass spectral libraries. However, limitations such as thermal degradation and potential cannabinoid conversion can occur due to the elevated temperatures of the GC inlet. In contrast, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) uses a soft ionization technique, such as electrospray ionization (ESI), which predominantly yields the protonated molecule with minimal fragmentation. Even with collisional activation using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis, the product ion spectra are nearly identical for cannabinoid isomers, reducing the effectiveness of this technique for cannabinoid identification. In this study, copper (Cu) salts are used to induce cannabinoid molecular ion formation under ESI conditions, enabling cannabinoid isomer differentiation. Thirteen cannabinoids were analyzed in the presence of Cu, and the resulting MS/MS product ion spectra exhibited fragmentation analogous to cannabinoid EI mass spectra. To evaluate forensic applicability, the EI-like product ion spectra were searched against the NIST 20 EI-MS mass spectral library using NIST MS Search software. Spectral matches confirmed that this alternative approach can generate EI-like data under ESI-MS/MS conditions, improving cannabinoid isomer identification. Additionally, this method was applied to methanolic extracts of authentic cannabis plant material to ensure cannabinoid molecular ion formation in real-world samples. The developed method offers an alternative approach to traditional workflows, while providing spectral data consistent with those routinely interpreted by seized drug analysts.

Some of the mineral nutrients essential for plants are heavy metals, which their consumption may involve health concerns to the consumers. Hence, for safe consumption, optimized fertilization protocol for cannabis plants needs to focus also on minimizing the accumulation of potentially toxic minerals in the inflorescences. Zinc is an essential microelement for plants that has a toxic effect on the human body when consume in high concentration. The present study aimed to understand the drug-type (medical) cannabis plant response to Zn supply, for identifying the optimal Zn supply that balance high quality production with safe product. cannabis plants were grown under five Zn levels (0.05, 0.1, 0.35, 1.0, 4.0 mg L− 1) in controlled environment; and morpho-physiology analyses, cannabinoid profile, and ionome-profiling in the plant-organs were conducted. Increased level of Zn supply reduced the relative accumulation of Zn in the inflorescences, and excess Zn was stored in the plant root, and therefore does not impose additional health risk to consumers. Cannabinoid concentrations were highest under 0.35 mgL− 1 Zn supply, and decreased with further increase in Zn supply. The acidic cannabinoids THCA, CBDA, CBCA, CBDVA, THCVA increased with the increase in Zn supply up to 0.1–0.35 mgL− 1 and declined with further increase in Zn. Zn deficiency (under 0.05 mgL− 1 Zn supply) reduced physiological performance, plant growth and inflorescence yield, and stimulated uptake of Zn, P, S, Ca, Fe, and Mn. Symptoms of excess Zn were death of leaf tips; however plant performance was overall not affected by Zn excess. Excess Zn is retained in the root and excluded from the inflorescence, thereby not imposing health risk to the consumers. The recommended Zn concentration in the fertigation solution that was found to attain highest specialized-metabolite concentrations, and optimal yield and plant performance is 0.35 mgL− 1.

ABSTRACT Brown rot, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae and P. citrophthora , is a major disease of citrus fruit, leading to significant economic losses globally. Conventional fungicides are commonly used to manage this disease, but concerns have been raised due to environmental persistence, human toxicity and the emergence of resistant strains. This study evaluated the spore germination and mycelial growth inhibition of both Phytophthora species by extracts of 31 plant species in vitro and in vivo. DCM/MeOH extracts were tested against both pathogens using a microtiter plate assay and an amended medium assay. All bioactive extracts were further fractionated into seven fractions using solid phase extraction (SPE), which were subsequently tested against both pathogens. Phytochemical profiling was determined by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–QTOF‐MS) analysis. Extracts of seven plants ( Artemisia afra , Dombeya rotundifolia , Eucomis regia , Olea europaea , Cannabis sativa , Peltophorum africanum and Mentha longifolia ) inhibited both P. nicotianae and P. citrophthora with a MIC &lt; 1 mg/mL and MFC &lt; 2.5 mg/mL as compared to azoxystrobin (6.0 mg/mL). In the lemon fruit in vivo assays, A. afra reduced brown rot severity by &gt; 50% compared to untreated controls, with superior performance to azoxystrobin, the standard fungicide. UPLC–QTOF‐MS profiling of bio‐active fractions identified scopoletin ( A. afra ), oleuropeinic acid ( O. europaea ) and bergenin ( P. africanum ) as putative contributors to the observed activity. These findings highlight A. afra as a promising natural product and suggest that other extracts warrant further evaluation for use as alternative oomyceticides in citrus post‐harvest protection.

Identification of reference values intended to be protective of human health for potential contaminants in hemp plant material and hemp-based products: Part II. Pesticides and solvents

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on a carbon dioxide (CO2) extract from industrial hemp varieties of the plant Cannabis sativa L. as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is proposed to be used in food supplements at maximum use levels ranging from 1.12 mg/day for children above 3 years of age to 3.60 mg/day for adults, excluding pregnant and lactating women. The NF contains cannabidiol (CBD) as well as other cannabinoids. The Panel notes that a substantial proportion of the NF remains uncharacterised. Stability and toxicological tests submitted by the applicant were performed with a material different from the NF under assessment, as it was produced using a different production process (i.e. isopropanol (IPA)-based extraction instead of CO2 supercritical extraction), potentially resulting in different compositional data. Therefore, the absence of adequate stability and of toxicological studies performed with a representative test item prevents the Panel from drawing conclusions on the safety assessment of the NF. Additionally, no data were provided by the applicant to address the safety of the NF in the general population above 3 years of age. Therefore, the safety of the NF under the proposed conditions of use cannot be established.

The cannabis plant contains 100+ distinct cannabinoids, and the two most researched are cannabidiol (CBD) and 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC).Cannabinoids offer new treatment options for neurological disorders and their symptoms, including epilepsy, multiple sclerosis (MS), and depression.This review summarizes the recent findings in evaluating the therapeutic potential of CBD in various neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, MS, and depression, and the mechanisms behind its anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties.CBD significantly reduces epileptic seizures in children and young adults with only mild side effects.In MS, studies on the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids have shown mixed results due to limitations in study design or other sources of variability, but they suggest that a combination of CBD and THC can reduce spasticity.In depression, higher doses of CBD appear beneficial and well tolerated, yet individual differences among patients and the limited number of clinical trials indicate that further research is needed to better understand these effects.

BackgroundCompounds derived from the plant Cannabis demonstrate many therapeutic properties suggesting that they could delay the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD).ObjectiveThe goal of the present experiment was to observe the effects of chronic cannabidiol (CBD) administration on the behavior and brain pathology of an AD tauopathy mouse model, Tau P301S-Line PS19 mice.MethodsMice were orally given CBD (20 mg/kg) or vehicle, daily, beginning around 3 months of age. At 6 months old, mice were tested on a battery of tasks to assess object recognition, motor function, and spatial learning and memory. The mice were retested at 9 months old on the behavioral tasks and the fear conditioning paradigm was added. Following completion of behavioral testing, the mice were perfused for histological analysis.ResultsChronic CBD treatments did not appear to affect the behavior nor restore the reduced hippocampal volume of Tau P301S mice. However, a deeper assessment of the changes in inflammatory markers showed a treatment effect on a measure of microglia reactivity. Robust sex differences were revealed with Tau P301S males showing more severe pathology relative to females. Finally, daily treatments of CBD did not negatively impact the behavior or brain of any of the experimental groups suggesting that its chronic administration was relatively safe.ConclusionsTaken together, the results suggested that CBD can have beneficial effects on some of the pathology associated with AD, even in an aggressive model of this neurodegenerative disease, but the impacts on impaired behavior were minimal.

The cannabis plant produces many bioactive compounds, including the major cannabinoids THC and CBD, and many lesser studied “minor” phytocannabinoids including cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabicyclol (CBL), and cannabigerol (CBG). These compounds are touted for various ailments, including pain, inflammation, and anxiety, but experimental data on their effects are lacking, especially that of CBL, which has yet to be assessed in vivo. To assess in vivo activity, adult male and female C57BL/6J mice were administered each compound and tested repeatedly in the tetrad battery. The potential analgesic effects in chronic pain states were assessed using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hindpaw inflammatory pain and chronic constriction injury (CCI) neuropathic pain paradigms. Lastly, to address common psychological comorbidities of pain, CBN, CBL, and CBG were assessed in the tail suspension and marble burying tests. Cannabinol (≥ 25 mg/kg) induced classic cannabinoid effects, including acute antinociception. These effects were differentially and partially blocked by selective antagonism of CB1, adenosine A2A, or TRPV1 receptors. CBL (≥ 50 mg/kg) induced hypothermia that was fully blocked by A2A antagonism but had no apparent CB1-mediated activity. LPS-induced edema and paw proinflammatory cytokine levels were reduced by either CBN or CBL (100 mg/kg). CCI-induced cold allodynia was attenuated by either CBN (≥ 50 mg/kg) or CBL (100 mg/kg), but only at high doses that also induce catalepsy and hypothermia. None of these minor cannabinoids displayed anxiolytic- or antidepressant-like activity without concomitant locomotor effects. Together, these findings suggest that CBN produces anti-inflammatory effects via cannabinoid receptor-dependent and -independent pathways, whereas CBL acts primarily through CB receptor-independent mechanisms.

It has been shown that the grass, stems, leaves and inflorescences of wild and cultivated cannabis contain cannabinoids, which, like synthetic cannabinoids, have a hallucinogenic effect. The continuing increase in the abuse of hallucinogens from the group of natural and synthetic cannabinoids among young people, the widespread use of cultivated and wild cannabis, as well as the medical use of cannabinoids as drugs in the treatment of cancer and mental disorders, pose a risk of developing mental dependence and the prevalence of drug addiction in society. It is indicated that among drug addicts and youth, the names cannabis, marijuana and hashish refer to drugs made from cannabis herb (Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica). Due to the fact that cannabinoids are not destroyed by high temperature (they do not burn in fire) and hydrochloric acid of gastric juice, they retain a hallucinogenic effect when inhaled as part of smoke and ingested as part of extracts. Most often, the cannabis is used to produce smoking mixtures known as spice, aroma mix, macon, as well as resin known as hashish. Hashish and the glandular trichomes of the flowering tops of female cannabis plants contain more cannabinoids than other cannabis plant products. It is indicated that inhalation of smoke from smoking mixtures into the body and enteral administration of liquid cannabis extract causes drug addicts to improve their mood and allow them to have fun. The main cannabinoids are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). It has been shown that after inhaling smoke with natural or synthetic cannabinoids, the narcotic effect in drug addicts begins to develop after 15-20 seconds, reaches its maximum value after 10-30 minutes and lasts up to 1-3 hours, but can be prolonged by repeated smoke inhalation (smoking). After ingestion of cannabinoids in effective doses, the narcotic effect can begin to develop after 30-60 minutes, after which it usually reaches a maximum after 1.5 – 2.0 hours and lasts up to 6 hours (sometimes longer). At the same time, a person experiences dizziness, weakness throughout the body, auditory and visual hallucinations, loses coordination in movements and the ability to think correctly.

Cannabis plants containing numerous chemicals, including phytocannabinoids, such as Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN). Pregnane X receptor (PXR; gene designation NR1I2) is a nuclear receptor that controls the expression of many genes, including those encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes (e.g., CYP3A4). According to a previous study performed in human hepatocytes in culture, THC and CBD increased CYP3A4 mRNA and enzyme activity levels. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that THC, CBD, and CBN are PXR agonists. Our concentration-response data demonstrated that THC (10μM) activated human PXR (hPXR), rat PXR (rPXR), and mouse PXR (mPXR) by 28-fold, 9-fold, and 4-fold, respectively, in hPXR-, rPXR-, or mPXR-transfected HepG2 cells, as determined in dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. By comparison, CBD (10μM) activated hPXR, rPXR, and mPXR by 23-fold, 6-fold, and 3-fold, respectively, whereas CBN (10μM) activated hPXR, rPXR, and mPXR by 17-fold, 4-fold, and 3-fold, respectively. The minimum effective concentration (MEC) for hPXR activation by THC, CBD, and CBN was 0.3μM, which was 10 or 33-fold less than the MEC for rPXR and mPXR activation by these chemicals. Mammalian one-hybrid and two-hybrid assays provided evidence for transactivation of the ligand-binding domain of hPXR and recruitment of steroid receptor coactivator-1 to the ligand-binding domain of hPXR, respectively, by THC, CBD, and CBN. In conclusion, our novel finding indicates hPXR agonism by THC, CBD, and CBN, with preferential activation of hPXR over rPXR and mPXR.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is an annual herbaceous plant with excellent agrarian and economic characteristics and has been used since ancient times as a raw material for making fabrics. Industrial hemp, with its high biomass yield per hectare, has great potential for the production of biofuels and valuable products. Regulatory documents in Bulgaria allow the cultivation of cannabis plants only if they are intended for fibres, seeds for animal feed or sowing if they have a content of less than 0.2% tetrahydrocannabinol. The residue of hemp after such processing is characterised by a hardwood-like content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin but with a very low bulk density. The specificity of the biomass residues and the woody structure of hemp stalks requires an additional mild, wet beating prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. The present work aims to investigate the effect of mechanical treatment of steam-exploded hemp residues on glucose yield after enzymatic hydrolysis and to determine the optimal pretreatment conditions. The classic steam and CO2 steam explosion methods are used as the first pretreatment step in this investigation. It has been found that the mechanical processing of hemp pulp leads to higher glucose yields after enzymatic hydrolysis, and this effect is reduced by increasing the steam explosion temperature.

Due to the psychotropic substances contained in the cannabis plant, its cultivation is restricted in many countries around the world. Identifying specific cannabis genotypes can be of great importance in genetic studies, breeding programs, and particularly cannabis trafficking across borders and forensic casework. Although chloroplast DNA in cannabis holds significant importance in distinguishing genotypes, it has not been comprehensively investigated for SSRs yet. This study aimed to analyze the CP genome of cannabis for its complete cpSSR profile. Bioinformatics and genetic analyses were performed to identify SSRs in six different cpDNA sequences. According to the results, 30–46 SSRs were identified in the entire chloroplast genome of the studied accessions. The most common cpSSRs were mononucleotide repeats, followed by tetra-, tri-, penta-, hexa-, and dinucleotide repeats. Both genotype-based distributions and genomic locations of cpSSR motifs were unveiled. Comparative evaluations revealed the cpSSRs that were shared across all genotypes as well as genotype-specific cpSSRs. Based on the mapping data, the majority of the cpSSRs were distributed in the intergenic regions. Several SSR hotspot regions were identified, and among these, the atpH–atpI and ndhF–rpl32 regions are reported here for the first time as potential genetic markers in Cannabis.

Ischemic stroke is an acute neurological disorder with limited treatment options. Medical cannabinoids (MCs), primary bioactive compounds extracted from cannabis plants, have shown therapeutic prospects for ischemic stroke. This study integrates bibliometrics and meta-analysis to comprehensively summarize the research landscape of MCs in cerebral ischemia and thoroughly investigate their role and potential mechanisms in ischemic stroke. Bibliometric analysis was performed based on literature retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), PubMed, and Scopus. For meta-analysis, a comprehensive search was conducted across four databases (WoSCC, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) and grey literature repositories. Studies were screened according to predefined criteria. Pooled standardized mean differences with 95% confidence interval were calculated, followed by subgroup analysis. A total of 241 publications were identified for bibliometric analysis. From 2000 to June 2025, the annual publication output on MCs in cerebral ischemia displayed a fluctuating yet overall upward trend. Keyword co-occurrence analysis revealed three major research topics: neuroprotective mechanisms of MCs, pathological models of cerebral ischemia, and bioactive components of MCs. Meta-analysis of 26 studies demonstrated that MCs provided significant neuroprotection in animal models of ischemic stroke, including cerebral infarct volume, neurological function score (NFS), cerebral blood flow (CBF), blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, brain water content, apoptosis (TUNEL-positive cells), oxidative stress markers, inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β), and excitotoxicity (Glu/NAA, Lac/NAA ratio). Subgroup analysis revealed that intraperitoneal administration and a full-course of cannabidiol (CBD) treatment were associated with reduced heterogeneity and enhanced therapeutic benefit. Isoflurane was identified as a potentially suitable anesthetic. MCs exert multi-target neuroprotection in ischemic stroke by improving CBF, reducing brain edema and BBB permeability, and inhibiting oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and excitotoxicity. Future research should focus on high-quality clinical trials to validate these findings and translate MCs into clinical practice. https://osf.io/6je7n.

Cannabidiol and Parkinson's disease: Investigating receptor interactions and their therapeutic implications.