Candidate Cities Research Articles

Kent İmajı Açısından Olimpiyatlar: Selçuk Üniversitesi Öğrencilerine Yönelik Bir Uygulama

In global competitive environment, cities compete with each other to attract global capital in order to be a preferred and a strong city among their rivals. In this context, they pay more attention to branding activities and try to be visible in various international events to trigger economic development. Olympic Games are one of the * Selcuk Universitesi Iletisim Fakultesi Halkla Iliskiler ve Tanitim Bolumu Ogretim Uyesi, ngorkemli@selcuk.edu.tr ** Selcuk Universitesi Iletisim Fakultesi Halkla Iliskiler ve Tanitim Bolumu Yuksek Lisans Ogrencisi *** Selcuk Universitesi Iletisim Fakultesi Halkla Iliskiler ve Tanitim Bolumu Yuksek Lisans Ogrencisi **** Selcuk Universitesi Iletisim Fakultesi Halkla Iliskiler ve Tanitim Bolumu Yuksek Lisans Ogrencisi most important mega events, in which many cities desire to be the host city. By hosting this mega event, every city dreams about taking social, cultural, political and economic advantages, creating positive image and being a powerful city in international arena. Olympics are also events, where the citizens of the host country have feelings of proud, patriotism, voluntariness and community spirit. Studies put forward various disadvantages together with the advantages of these mega events on host cities. Istanbul, which was previously candidate for four Olympic Games, recently became a candidate city for 2020 Games after a great preparation period. Unfortunately city lost in the final elections against Tokyo and lost its chance to be host city. This subject has been under debate before and after election periods. This study aimed at investigating university students‟ views on Istanbul‟s candidacy of 2020 Olympic Games and its elimination in the final voting. Results showed that there was a strong belief that Olympics would have great contributions to the city and no negative expectations were observed in the significant part of the respondents.

Transnationalisation of development strategies in East Central European cities: A survey of the shortlisted Polish European Capital of Culture candidate cities

The level of integration of a city into transnational networks has become widely interpreted as the decisive factor of urban development in a globalising world. Hence, the building of transnational links has become a vital aspect of city development strategies. This applies in a particular way also to the “latecomer” cities in East Central Europe aspiring to overcome marginality. Here, the analysis of final European Capital of Culture applications allows for definition of the state-of-the-art of such transnationalisation strategies in this part of Europe. As the cases of the five cities shortlisted in the contest to become the Polish European Capital of Culture 2016 show (i.e. Gdańsk, Katowice, Lublin, Warsaw, and the eventual laureate city of Wrocław), transnational networking on the level of innovative regions, metropolitan areas or cross-border regions is rather poorly developed. The cases also show that the lack of transnational urban societies, which is interpreted as a disadvantage in the quest to build and market attractive and creative cities, can be compensated for by the rediscovery of a multiethnic past.

The spatial politics of siting a radioactive waste facility in Korea: A mixed methods approach

Low-level radioactive waste disposal facilities represent one of the most controversial Locally Unwanted Land-Uses (LULUs). In Korea in 2005, one of these disposal facilities was assigned to be placed in Gyeongju city after a competitive local referendum amongst four candidate cities took place. Many conflicts occurred between the residents living within and near the Gyeongju city following the decision. In this paper, we explore the spatial issues in the referendum system and aim to discover the reason behind these conflicts. To do so, we analyzed the spatial distribution of the acceptance rate in each ward of the four cities using several spatial statistical methods, Getis-Ord G and Gi*, and several types of interviews. We found that the referendum system has a problem with spatial inequity within and across its jurisdiction. Furthermore, the causes of the spatial outliers in the acceptance rate were verified by interviews. The results suggest that spatial matters should be considered to increase the local acceptance of LULUs.

The Cittaslow philosophy in the context of sustainable tourism development; the case of Turkey

This paper studies the Cittaslow (slow city) philosophy in terms of sustainable tourism development (STD); and in this context research was undertaken for the case of Turkey. Cittaslow, a movement rooted in STD philosophy, aims to encourage the development of tranquil cities already known for their historical, natural, socio-cultural, and touristic features and the intention is to offer a significant contribution to systematic and rapid implementation of STD on a global scale. This paper, which makes a particular study of the practice of STD in Turkey, offers new candidate cities (Uzungöl, Hasankeyf, Safranbolu, Ürgüp, and İznik) and, thus, endeavours to contribute to the spread of STD throughout the whole country. In this study, above-named cities were found to be particularly good candidates for Cittaslow membership. In addition to these: Tatvan, Midyat, Alanya, and Fethiye were also found to be potential Cittaslows even though they fail to meet the population criterion.

Athletic identity levels reduce in countries who fail to be awarded the Olympic and Paralympic Summer Games

The degree to which people identify with the sporting component of their self-concept is known as athletic identity, and this construct helps guide and organise the processing of self-related information following events of national importance. Athletic identity was assessed among countries with candidate cites bidding to host the 2012 and 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Candidate cities had significantly lower athletic identity levels across the population three months before and after the decision to host the event, except for the country with the elected host cities which had athletic identity levels that did not significantly change. These results indicate the importance of the effects of events of national importance on the degree to which individuals identify with the sporting component of their self-concept.

Athletic identity levels reduce in countries who fail to be awarded the Olympic and Paralympic Summer Games

The degree to which people identify with the sporting component of their self-concept is known as athletic identity, and this construct helps guide and organise the processing of self-related information following events of national importance. Athletic identity was assessed among countries with candidate cites bidding to host the 2012 and 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Candidate cities had significantly lower athletic identity levels across the population three months before and after the decision to host the event, except for the country with the elected host cities which had athletic identity levels that did not significantly change. These results indicate the importance of the effects of events of national importance on the degree to which individuals identify with the sporting component of their self-concept.

The IOC's Midas Touch: Summer Olympics and City Growth

Hosting a mega-event is a costly activity of short duration. Still, cities frequently compete to become host of all types of events. This paper examines the effect of staging the largest and most important sporting event in the world, the Summer Olympic Games, on the host city. Applying a difference-in-differences methodology, we analyze the rates of population growth of Olympic cities, candidate cities and other large cities in host and candidate countries over the period from 1860 to 2010. We find that, following the Games, host cities experience a measurable decline in population growth relative to cities in the control group. Our results indicate that being awarded the Summer Olympics has, on average, a negative impact on cities.

Http://www.podiumreview.org.br/ojs/index.php/rgesporte/article/view/17

This essay will examine one of the candidate cities of the 2020 Games, Istanbul. We are going to see the theoretical background of nation and place branding and how sports can be the ambassador of a nation. After, we will focus on Istanbul and Turkey. The political situation in Turkey and the role of the leading force in the Middle East is connected to a whole process for Turkey to gain power. The Olympic Games in Istanbul is a strategic point in this process and we are going to see what chances has Istanbul to host the greatest multi-sport event in the world. DOI: 10.5585/podium.v1i1.19

Olympic Games Legacy: From General Benefits to Sustainable Long-Term Legacy

The purpose of this article is to map and contextualise the evolution of the concept of legacy over time using bid and final report documentation from Olympic Games host and candidate cities. As a result of the increased importance of legacy in the modern Olympic movement, many trends have emerged. Examples of modern trends include numerous new legacy themes (e.g. environmental, information, educational); changes in the types of legacy being emphasised (e.g. closer links to city and regional planning initiatives and legacy sustainability), its increasing complexity and interconnectedness found within the typology of legacies, and legacy's overall governance including major influencers and decision makers.

Olympic city bidding: An exegesis of power

In this article I analyse the bidding process to host the olympics as a complex set of power relationships between the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and candidate cities. My analysis looks at both macro-political conditions and relationships and the micro-motives and psychological predilections of IOC members and the principals of candidate cities. Unlike traditional political studies that largely infer the goals and ambitions of individual members from the IOC’s collective interests, my approach considers the psychological basis of these interactions on its own terms. This interpretation loosely follows an interactive model of power and influence developed by Bertram Raven and grounded in political psychology. Importantly, the bidding process for olympic hosting rights provides insights into the omnipresent nature of power and its different forms that operate across macro- and micro-levels of society.

Play Fair: A sporting chance for workers

FOCUS □ ORGANISING ANDSUPPLYCHAINS Play Fair: A sporting chance for workers I the to general In suppression join the human widespread trade industry or garment there form union right of in is a industry in generalthereis widespread suppression of the humanright tojoin orforma trade union ASHLING SEELY, Policy Assistant to the General Secretary, ITGLWF With Games opening little preparations over of the ten 2012 months are London well to go underway. Olympic until the openingof the 2012 LondonOlympic Gamespreparations arewellunderway. Athletes arehoning their skills, 3.5million tickets havebeensoldandthetourism andtransport industry isgetting ready toservethe5.3million people who willflockto LondonfortheGames.In the excitement surrounding suchmegasports events theverypeople who allowtheseGamesto take place - theworkers - are often overlooked. Far fromthe glamourof the games,the men and women whomanufacture theclothing andfootwear wornbytheathletes and themascotsand merchandisepublicising theeventsworklonghours for lowwages,often inhazardous conditions and underprecarious working arrangements. Themajority oftheworld'ssportswear productiontakesplace in Southand SouthEastAsia. Workers inthesefactories receiveextremely low wages,sometimes evenlessthanlocalminimum wageswhichthemselves areinadequateto meet basicneeds.Asa result workers producing sports goodsfrequently liveon lessthantheUNpovertythreshold . Recent research bytheglobalunion for textile workers, theITGLWF, revealed that workers in sportswearproducingfactoriesin the Philippines are resorting to pawningtheir ATM cardsin exchangeforadvances.On paydaythe loan amountplusinterest is deductedfrom their accounts bythelender andonlythenareworkers' bankcardsreturned. Ofthe83 factories covered intheITGLWF research notone was reported to paya living wage;that is,a wagesufficient tomeet basic needs and providea smallamountofdiscretionary income.A numberof workerstold researchers howtheir wagesarelinked tounrealistically high, unilaterally imposedproduction targets .Workers whofailtomeetproduction targets earneven less and are oftensubjectto psychological and physicalabuse. In one factory in Indonesia, workers toldresearchers howforty of themhad been lockedin an unventilated room without accesstodrinking waterandtoilet facilitates for three hours as punishment for falling short oftheir targets. Excessive andforced overtime iswidespread in theindustry. Sportswear brands andretailers share responsibility for thisas they often neglect totake account offactory capacity whenplacing orders and impose production deadlines which takemore concern ofconsumer demand than working conditions. Inthegarment industry ingeneral there iswidespreadsuppression ofthehumanright tojoinor form a tradeunion.Unionisation is avoided by meansofharassment, bribes, thefailure torenew short-term contracts, dismissals and evenfactory closure.In Indonesiathemajority oftradeunion officials inthesportswear factories surveyed reportedthat they weredenied thebasicfacilities toenable them toadequately perform their duties. InSri Lanka the Board of Investment promotestheuse of Employee Councils as a form ofworker representation , buttheworkers inthefactories toldITGLWF researchers thattheyhad no wayofraising concerns attheseCouncils andunions expressed frustration that they areusedtoundermine true freedom ofassociation. In Sialkot, thePakistani city whereabout30 percent of2010FIFAWorld Cup footballs wereproduced, "pocket unions"setup with theinvolvement ofmanagement arecommon. PlairFairCampaign In 2003,in therunup to theAthens Olympics, national andinternational trade unionsandNGOs joinedforces to campaignagainst practices such as these.AtthetimethePlayFairCampaign was one ofthebiggestanti-sweatshop mobilisations ever,with500 local campaigneventsorganised across35countries, andcollecting morethanhalf a millionsignatures of support.The Campaign madeitcleartothesportswear industry that consumers andworkers share thesameconcerns about theabuseandexploitation that liebehind thepublicfaceofmanysportswear brands. The PlayFairCampaignis coordinated bythe International TradeUnion Confederation, theClean Clothes Campaign,the International Textile, Garment andLeather Worker's Federation andmore recently also bytheBuilding and Woodworkers International. PlayFair aimstopromote better workingconditions and respect forworkers' rights in themanufacturing ofsports goodsandeventlogo merchandise, andintheconstruction ofthestadia inwhichsports events takeplace. The International OlympicCommittee (IOC) defines itsroleas "Toencourage andsupport the promotion ofethics insport" andclaims that respect anddignity areatthecoreoftheir organisational priorities. Principle 1oftheOlympic charter states "Olympism seekstocreatea wayoflife basedon ... respect foruniversal fundamental ethical principles ."The charter's secondprinciple states that "Thegoal ofOlympism is ... Promoting a peacefulsocietyconcernedwiththepreservation of humandignity". ThePlayFaircampaign haslong demandedthattheIOC liveup to itsrhetoric by making respect for workers' rights anintegral part oftheorganisations' basicprinciples andcode of ethics, andmaking compliance withcoreinternationallabourstandards a contractual condition in all licensing, sponsorship and marketing agreements . The IOC haverefused tomakesignificant movestomeetthesedemands, although they have incorporated a question onethical sourcing inthe candidate city questionnaire for theOlympic Games, effective from 2016 onwards,whichasks "With regard tothesourcing oflicensed products, please INTERNATIONAL union rights Page 8Volume 18Issue 3201 1 FOCUS □ ORGANISING ANDSUPPLYCHAINS demonstrate thestepsthat willbe takentoensure that socialandenvironmental factors (specifically withregardto labourstandards) are takeninto account inmaking selection decisions. Outline the criteria thatwillbe used to assesshow potential licenseesare adhering to standards and specify whatstandards willbe applied- national and/or international". By and large,theIOC refuses to acknowledge itsresponsibilities to thehundreds ofthousands offactory andconstruction workers who contribute to theGames,claiming thatthe bulkofresponsibility lieswith theindividual national organising committees. The London OrganisingCommitteeof the Olympicand ParalympicGames (LOCOG) is responsible forpreparing and stagingthe2012 Games.Under thePlayFairumbrella theTUCand LabourbehindtheLabelarecoordinating a campaign - Playfair 2012- toensurethat theLondon Gamesarenottainted bytheexploitation ofworkers .As...

Asia Pride, China Fear, Tokyo Anxiety: Japan Looks Back at Beijing 2008 and Forward to London 2012 and Tokyo 2016

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) bidding process has become a long, expensive, bureaucratically complex process among rival cities. However rather than tracing the narrative of competition for the 2016 Summer Games among the four candidate cities – Tokyo, Chicago, Rio de Janeiro, and Madrid, I emphasize here the embeddedness of the Tokyo 2016 bid in East Asian regional politics and in the more subtle if equally contentious jockeying for global city pre-eminence. There was a contentious debate within Japan about the wisdom of Tokyo's bid, which sharply divided the political leadership and the opinion of its citizens. In 1964, Tokyo's hosting of the Games consolidated its place as the single national political, economic and media capital of the country, reducing Osaka to second-city status. To the controversial Tokyo governor and his supporters, the 2016 bid had much less to do with domestic prominence and much more about international prestige, as an effort to preserve Tokyo's status as a global city, a view that was only reinforced by the Beijing Games and by the upcoming 2012 Games in London, Tokyo's rival. If the 1964 Games were Japan's national games, properly held in its capital, I argue that the 2016 Games were to be Tokyo's mega-event, still the national capital but looking beyond to re-assert its status as one of the world's truly global cities.

Moscow versus Los Angeles: the Nixon White House wages Cold War in the Olympic selection process

In 1970 the Nixon Administration bribed members of the International Olympic Committee in an effort to bring the 1976 summer games to Los Angeles. These actions injected Cold War issues into the process of selecting Olympic host cities. This effort initiated a political confrontation with the Soviet Union, since Moscow was another of the candidate cities. Although weak and vulnerable to political assaults, the International Olympic movement's decentralized organizational nature made it difficult for the Nixon White House to bring the Olympics to Los Angeles. The administration learned from this failure and was more successful in offering more limited support to efforts to host the 1980 Winter Olympics.

‘Legacy’ as Managerial/Magical Discourse in Contemporary Olympic Affairs

This article critically explores the semantics and pragmatics of legacy discourse among central administrative players in today's ‘Olympic Family’. Through an ethnography of Olympic speech focused on the IOC administration, candidate city committees, and transnational consultants, I show how legacy discourse generates a perception of common and laudable purpose while flattening standards of expertise and reinforcing the IOC administration's preferred model of franchiser/franchisee relations with other Olympic bodies. This case study indicates the significance of discursive routines in furthering the transnational managerial revolution in Olympic affairs, sometimes at the expense of the Olympic movement.

Challenges for Chinese enterprises on the basis of competition rules of the Olympic market

This paper attempts to research and summarise the system of competition rules for the Olympic market according to the Olympic Charter, the host city contract, the candidate city report, intellectual property protection laws, and related academic literature. Additionally, this paper tries to analyse the challenges and opportunities that Chinese enterprises face in the competitive Olympic market to familiarise these enterprises with the rules, allows them to study these experiences for their own future development, as well as maintain a sustainable and healthy developing market. Most importantly, this paper analyses rules-making and their application in reforming the competition rules of the Olympic market in terms of their conformation to widely accepted international regulations.

Multicity Study of Air Pollution and Health Effects in Latin America

SS1-08 Abstract: The overall goal of this project is to use a common analytic framework to examine the association between exposure to outdoor air pollution and health effects in several Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) cities to obtain comparable and updated information on effects of air pollution on several age/cause groups. This will be achieved through developing a common protocol for the design and analysis of time-series data to be followed by all centers involved in the project. An important focus will be the detailed examination of the impact of such exposures in specific subgroups of the population considered most vulnerable such as infants and young children and the analysis by socioeconomic position. In the first steps, we will collect data and perform quality assurance for air pollution and mortality data from the participating cities from Brazil, Mexico, and Chile. Candidate cities so far are: Mexico City, Guadalajara, Toluca, Monterey, and Juarez City (Mexico); Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, and Vitoria (Brazil); and Santiago, Antofogasta, Calama, Copiapo, and Temuco (Chile). Assessment of the availability and completeness of data in other large Latin American cities will also be pursued and those who fit the inclusion criteria will be included. Descriptive data of air pollutants and frequency distribution of mortality by cause and age groups will be carried out. First, single-city analysis will be conducted using a standardized analytical protocol (first-stage analysis). Heterogeneity will be explored and data combined using metaregression models (second-stage analysis). Overall and subgroup analyses will be conducted using generalized additive models (GAMs) in Poisson regression. We also explore the potential effect modification of socioeconomic position (SEP) and other variables on the association of air pollution and mortality using multilevel modeling (second-stage analysis). A common SEP indicator is identified that can equally represent the SEP of populations in the different cities. This project aims to contribute to the international scientific discussion on the conduct and interpretation of time-series studies of the effects of short-term exposure and to provide relevant information to decision-makers in the LAC region to support prevention and control strategies of air pollution.

Choosing Wisely: A Multibidding Approach

Reaching decisions about the location of noxious facilities, such as dump sites, environmentally hazardous plants, nuclear power generators and the like, is a highly contentious issue. For instance, in February 2000, the U.S. Senate decided that nationwide nuclear waste would be shipped to the Yucca mountain site in Nevada (conditional to it being approved as a high-level nuclear waste repository). Despite the attractive compensation package, the State of Nevada voiced vehement opposition. President Clinton vetoed the bill, and in May 2000 the Senate failed to overturn it. As such, the major problem facing the U.S. nuclear industry on where to site a high-level radioactive waste repository remains virtually unresolved. Neither are decisions about the location of desirable events easily solvable. Every two years, the International Olympic Committee selects hosts for the summer and winter games, a procedure that is constantly under review and revision in order to bring about the “best possible” outcome. Until about a year ago, the decision was made by a vote based on bids and plans submitted by candidate cities. However, the recent controversy surrounding the choice of Salt Lake City to host the 2002 winter games culminated in the design of a new procedure for choosing the host of the 2006 winter games. This procedure called for the selection of two finalist cities (in this case, Turin and Sion), immediately after which the host was selected by secret ballot (in this case, Turin). Another similar issue is currently the subject of heated debate in Spain. The Spanish government, both on the national and local level, has recently been discussing various possible projects for transferring water from rivers in the north of Spain to the arid southern regions. The parties involved have conflicting interests with regard to several aspects of the projects proposed. Particularly, the water-rich regions are hesitant to give up parts of their water resources. The parties involved have still not agreed upon the choice of a transport mode or the size of the transfer payments that would compensate the localities that are relinquishing part of the water supply. These and several other cases belong to a class of problems in which a group of agents has to choose one out of several projects. A project is efficient if it maximizes the aggregate welfare of the group members. Reaching an efficient outcome is trivial when the designer has all the relevant information. However, it is often the case that the parties concerned possess much more information than the designer. Hence, the designer faces a nontrivial problem if she wishes to optimally choose one of the projects. Moreover, from a normative point of view, even if the designer has all the information, it is easier to justify the use of a fixed procedure to reach a decision than to modify the procedure for various cases in light of information disclosed or already available to the designer. Several well-known methods are available for the problem of choosing one out of a set of alternatives. One class of methods consists of various voting schemes, such as majority voting or the Borda rule. The outcomes generated by these methods need not be efficient due to strategic behavior on the part of the agents. Another class of methods consists of VickreyClarke-Groves mechanisms. For this class, “truthtelling” is a dominant strategy that always results in the choice of an efficient alternative. However, these mechanisms are not budgetbalanced and the payments collected from the * Perez-Castrillo: Department of Economics & CODE, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera (Barcelona), Spain; Wettstein: Department of Economics, BenGurion University of the Negev, Monaster Center for Economic Research, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. We thank Herve Moulin for his helpful suggestions; Suresh Mutuswami who encouraged us to check for strong Nash equilibria, and Francis Bloch, Mark Gradstein, Moshe Justman, Jordi Masso, and two anonymous referees for their useful comments. Perez-Castrillo gratefully acknowledges financial support from BEC2000-0172 and 2000SGR-00054.

How Salt Lake City and Its Rival Bidders Campaigned for the 2002 Olympic Winter Games

Using an archive study and a survey, the authors have examined how the bid committees of the four finalist cities formulated and communicated their bids for selection as hosts to the 2002 Olympic Winter Games. The aim was to identify the bidders' views regarding the appropriateness of the messages and messengers chosen, the other actors involved, and the channels of communication selected in order to win. The response from the winner, Salt Lake City, indicated that messages with little or nothing to do with the organizing of the Olympic Winter Games were of almost equal importance to those describing the implementation of the proposed Games. Compared to the other bidders, Salt Lake City considered the nonverbal components consisting of messengers, other actors, and channels to be far more influential on the choices made by IOC members. Only one representative of a bidding committee thought that it was very important to the IOC members that the candidate cities followed the IOC's bidding rules.

首都機能移転による熱環境変化の予測

This paper predicts the effects of the capital relocation on a thermal environment using a meso-scale meteorological model. Five candidate cities, Tomakomai, Nasu, Hamamatsu, Toki and Ueno, are chosen for study areas.The simulation results show that temperature will rise in all the candidate cities after the relocation. The temperature rise averaged over a day is from 0.5 to 1.0 degree centigrade in each candidate city. In the coastal candidate cities, Tomakomai and Hamamatsu, the temperature will rise not only in new capital regions but also in the leeward regions because of the sea breeze.Relative contribution of land cover changes and anthropogenic heat to the temperature rise are also compared. The temperature rise in the daytime is brought mostly by land cover changes. At night the influence of anthropogenic heat becomes large, and in some candidate cities it becomes greater than that of land cover changes. These results imply the energy-saving at night is effective for controllingthe temperature rise in a new capital.

12th International mass Spectrometry conference

The IMSC is the largest international conference on mass spectrometry and has a long and outstanding tradition. The choice of Prague as the 2006 site from a large field of well-supported candidate cities is a prestigious achievement for the Czech Republic. It expresses, among other things, the esteem that the international community of mass spectrometrists has for the contribution of Czech reseachers to the discipline