Cancer Mortality In Mexico Research Articles

The overwhelming problem of childhood cancer in Mexico

Childhood cancer is the second cause of mortality of the population between 4 and 15 years. More than 20 million new cases of cancer in the world are expected by the year 2025, and 80% of the load will be on countries of low to middle income. In the past two decades, significant changes have been observed in patterns of incidence, prevalence, survival, and childhood cancer mortality in Mexico. An extensive review of all the published studies in Mexico by various health institutions revealed a steady 18-year trend of 150 new cases/million/year. The prevalence showed that acute leukemias constitute a 50% of all childhood cancer cases, followed by lymphoma (Hodkin and non-Hodgkin), and primary malignant brain tumors. A significant survival rate was observed in 8 thousand children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with an overall 5-year survival rate of 62%, with a range of 45 to 73%. The national mortality rate for all types of cancer was 5.2/100,000/year, which is higher than what is reported in most middle-income countries. In the face of the current results, the need arises to modify how we approach this group of diseases by integrating a socio-educational healthcare of the Mexican children who are currently treated under unfavorable conditions. The current sanitary authorities must be aware of the importance of the transmission and adjustment of the care received by children with these diseases at a national level, to be in line with international standards. KEYWORDS: Childhood Cancer, Morbidity, Mortality, leukemia, lymphoma

Overall glycaemic index and dietary glycaemic load and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in women from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort.

Previous studies have found direct associations between glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) with chronic diseases. However, this evidence has not been consistent in relation to mortality, and most data regarding this association come from high-income and low-carbohydrate-intake populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the overall GI and dietary GL and all-cause mortality, CVD and breast cancer mortality in Mexico. Participants from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort (MTC) study in 2006-2008 were followed for a median of 10 years. Overall GI and dietary GL were calculated from a validated FFQ. Deaths were identified by the cross-linkage of MTC participants with two national mortality registries. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the impact of GI and GL on mortality. We identified 1198 deaths. Comparing the lowest and highest quintile, dietary GI and GL appeared to be marginally associated with all-cause mortality; GI, 1·12 (95 % CI: 0·93, 1·35); GL, 1·12 (95 % CI: 0·87, 1·44). Higher GI and GL were associated with increased risk of CVD mortality, GI, 1·30 (95 % CI: 0·82, 2·08); GL, 1·64 (95 % CI: 0·87, 3·07) and with greater risk of breast cancer mortality; GI, 2·13 (95 % CI: 1·12, 4·06); GL, 2·43 (95 % CI: 0·90, 6·59). It is necessary to continue the improvement of carbohydrate quality indicators to better guide consumer choices and to lead the Mexican population to limit excessive intake of low-quality carbohydrate foods.

Analysis of cancer mortality in Mexico using the results of the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study.

In Mexico, cancer mortality rates have undergone changes over the past decades. To analyze the evolution of cancer mortality rates in Mexico between 1990 and 2021. Based on the Global Burden of Disease study, the mortality rates for the 10 most prevalent types of cancer in Mexico were obtained, at the national and regional level and by states, considering different age groups and gender. Global Burden of Disease reassigns misclassified causes and distributes them among different types of cancer; subsequently, it models and adjusts the causes to the total number of deaths with a model of a set of causes of death and a cause corrector, which corrects INEGI's mortality records. The cancer mortality rate went from 117.87 in 1990 to 84.18 in 2021. In women, breast, cervical, stomach and lung cancers were the most frequent. In men, the most common were prostate, stomach, lung, and colon and rectum cancer. The decrease in cancer mortality for men and women stood out, particularly from lung and cervical cancer. The results provide information for the development of health policies and specific prevention and control strategies to address the impact of cancer in Mexico.

Liver cancer mortality in Mexico: trend analysis from 1998 to 2018.

To examine overall, sex, and state-specific liver cancer mortality trends in Mexico. Materials and meth-ods. Joinpoint regression was used to examine the trends in age-standardized mortality rates of liver cancer between 1998-2018. Estimated annual percent change with 95% confi-dence intervals (95%CI) were computed. Age-period-cohort models were used to assess the effects of age, calendar year, and birth cohort. The state-specific mortality rates ranged from 3.34 (Aguascalientes) to 7.96 (Chiapas) per 100 000 person-years. Sex-specific rates were roughly equal, nationwide. Overall, we observed a statistically significant decrease in liver cancer mortality rates between 1998-2018 (annual percent change, -0.8%; 95%CI -1.0, -0.6). The overall age-period-cohort models suggest that birth cohort may be the most important factor driving the trends. While there was overall decline in liver cancer mortality, differences in rates by region were observed. The regional differences may inform future studies of liver cancer etiology across the country.

Prognostic Factors for Survival in Patients with Gastric Cancer Treated at Two Public Health Institutions in Mexico

Objective: To analyze the clinical records of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, treated at two different public health institutions in Mexico to determine survival rates. Methods: Cox proportional-hazards model was fitted to identify the factors involved in survival of patients. Result: The results show that subjects aged 41 to 50 years of age had a 56% lower risk of death from gastric cancer compared to those <40 years of age. Asthenia and/or adynamia, weight loss and leukocytosis increased the risk of dying. The incidence of melena was found to be a protective factor for mortality. Conclusion: At age <40 years, symptoms such as asthenia, adynamia and weight loss and leukocytosis are poor prognosis predictors in patients with gastric cancer. Melena seems to be a protective sign of gastric cancer mortality in Mexico. Given the low 5-year survival rate in patients with gastric cancer, further studies are necessary to explore the factors associated with survival to contribute to effective intervention.

Indoor radon exposure and excess of lung cancer mortality: the case of Mexico-an ecological study.

Radon is a radioactive gas that can migrate from soils and rocks and accumulate in indoor areas such as dwellings and buildings. Many studies have shown a strong association between the exposure to radon, and its decay products, and lung cancer (LC), particularly in miners. In Mexico, according to published surveys, there is evidence of radon exposure in large groups of the population, nevertheless, only few attention has been paid to its association as a risk factor for LC. The aim of this ecological study is to evaluate the excess risk of lung cancer mortality in Mexico due to indoor radon exposure. Mean radon levels per state of the Country were obtained from different publications and lung cancer mortality was obtained from the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics for the period 2001-2013. A model proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection to estimate the annual excess risk of LC mortality (per 105 inhabitants) per dose unit of radon was used. The average indoor radon concentrations found rank from 51 to 1863Bqm-3, the higher average dose exposure found was 3.13mSvyear-1 in the north of the country (Chihuahua) and the mortality excess of LC cases found in the country was 10 ± 1.5 (range 1-235 deaths) per 105 inhabitants. The highest values were found mainly in the Northern part of the country, where numerous uranium deposits are found, followed by Mexico City, the most crowded and most air polluted area in the country. A positive correlation (r = 0.98 p < 0.0001) was found between the excess of LC cases and the dose of radon exposure. Although the excess risk of LC mortality associated with indoor radon found in this study was relatively low, further studies are needed in order to accurately establish its magnitude in the country.

The impact of pharmaceutical innovation on cancer mortality in Mexico, 2003\u20132013

I assess the impact that pharmaceutical innovation had on cancer mortality in Mexico during the period 2003–2013, by investigating whether there were larger declines in the age-standardized mortality rate of cancer sites (breast, lung, colon, etc.) that were subject to more pharmaceutical innovation, controlling for changes in the age-standardized cancer incidence rate. The estimates indicate that new drugs launched during 1991–2001 reduced the age-standardized cancer mortality rate by 16%, i.e., at an average annual rate of about 1.6%. I estimate that 105,661 life-years before age 70 were gained in 2013 due to cancer drugs launched during 1991–2001, and that the cost per life-year gained was in the neighborhood of $2146. By the standards of the World Health Organization, new cancer drugs have been very cost-effective in Mexico. The contribution of cancer drug innovation to Mexican longevity growth has been valuable, but, perhaps, it could have been even larger. Only half as many new cancer drugs were launched in Mexico during 2010–2014 as were launched in the US. In addition, when new drugs are launched in Mexico, their diffusion tends to be quite slow.

Trends in cancer mortality in Mexico: 1990–2012

IntroductionCancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, with 8.2 million deaths in 2012: 4.7 million (57%) male deaths and 3.5 million (43%) female deaths. In Mexico, it ranks second as a cause of death (2007). ObjectiveTo describe the most common types of cancers, as well as their trends over the 1990–2012 period. MethodsMortality rates were standardised (ASMR) by age and gender. The annual percent change (APC) was calculated using Poisson regression model and by means of analysing time trends and variability on a regional level. The Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) were calculated. ResultsASMR increased from 9.7 to 12.2, from 1990 to 2012. In men, the most common types of cancer were: prostate, lung and stomach (ASMR 10.4, 8.0 and 5.8, respectively); APC was of 2.9, −0.6 and −0.1, and in women: breast (ASMR 9.8 and APC 2.7), cervical (ASMR between 12.6 and 6.6 and APC −2.0) and liver (ASMR 4.9, APC 1.3). The highest ASMR was observed in the North of Mexico, mainly for lung, prostate, breast, colon, ovarian and pancreatic cancer. DiscussionIn Mexico, cancer is a major public health problem. Although mortality is an indicator of the access and effectiveness of medical care, it is necessary to create population-based cancer registries to have basic information in the planning and quality assessment of medical services such as prevention, early diagnosis and treatment, as well as to develop strategies to allocate resources and necessities to fulfil the population's demand for medical assistance.

Tendencias en la mortalidad por cáncer en México de 1980 a 2011

To evaluate trends in cancer mortality in Mexico between 1980-2011. Through direct method and using World Population 2010 as standard population, mortality rates for all cancers and the 15 most frequent locations, adjusted for age and sex were calculated. Trends in mortality rates and annual percentage change for each type of cancer were estimated by joinpoint regression model. As a result of the reduction in mortality from lung cancer (-3.2% -1.8% in men and in women), stomach (-2.1% -2.4% in men and in women) and cervix (-4.7%); since 2004 a significant (~1% per year) decline was observed in cancer mortality in general, in all ages, and in the group of 35-64 years of both sexes. Other cancers such as breast and ovarian cancer in women; as well as for prostate cancer in men, showed a steady increase. Some of the reductions in cancer mortality may be partially attributed to the effectiveness of prevention programs. However, adequate records of population-based cancer are needed to assess the real impact of these programs; as well as designing and evaluating innovative interventions to develop more cost-effective prevention policies.

P1-11-12: Patterns of Care of Newly Diagnosed Patients with Breast Cancer in Mexico.

Abstract Background: Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. More than 55% of breast cancer deaths occur in low and middle income countries. Although incidence rates for breast cancer are lower in developing countries, mortality rates are higher. This phenomenon has been attributed to limited access to care for breast cancer patients, including screening and early diagnosis as well as primary surgical, radiation and systemic therapies. Similar to trends in other poor and middle income countries, breast cancer mortality in Mexico is rising. The goal of this survey of physicians caring for patients with breast cancer in Mexico is to obtain information about current treatment patterns of newly diagnosed patients and to describe their clinical characteristics. Methods: A web-based closed survey has been sent to 854 physicians providing care to newly diagnosed breast cancer patients across Mexico, including medical oncologists and breast cancer surgeons. The survey instrument contains 35 questions assessing demographic data, access to diagnosis and treatment in a variety of clinical patient scenarios. The responses will be anonymous and entered automatically into a secure database for analysis. Fisher exact test will be used for the frequency analysis. Chi-squared statistics and Kendall correlation will be used for nominal and ordinal variables respectively. Results: The results will be presented at the 2011 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. Conclusions: The results of this survey will highlight potential disparities in care received by breast cancer patients across the full geographic and socioeconomic spectrum of Mexico in order to highlight the need for uniform, quality based approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer patients in Mexico, and will serve as an example of how one middle income country faces challenges and unmet medical needs regarding access to care of women with breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-11-12.

Trends in cancer mortality in Mexico, 1981–2007

The objective of this study was to provide information on recent trends in cancer mortality in Mexico. We analyzed data provided by the World Health Organization, using joinpoint analysis to detect changes in trends between 1981 and 2007. For most cancers, mortality was upward but started to decline in the late 1980's/early 1990's for both sexes. Overall cancer mortality was 75.53/100 000 men, world standard, and 69.2/100 000 women in 2005-2007. Mortality from uterine cancer declined by approximately 2.5% per year in the 1990s, and by approximately 5% per year in the last decade, but its rates remained exceedingly high (9.7/100 000 in 2005-2007). Other major declines over recent years were those of stomach cancer (approximately 2.5% per year, with rates of 6.6/100 000 in men and 4.9/100 000 in women in 2005-2007) and lung cancer (2-2.5% per year, 11.0/100 000 in men and 4.5/100 000 in women in 2005-2007). Mortality leveled off only since the early 1990s for breast and prostate, and since the late 1990s for colorectal cancer. Death rates from cancer in Mexico remained low on a worldwide scale and showed favorable trends over more recent calendar years. Mortality from (cervix) uterine cancer still represents a major public health priority in this country.

Polymorphisms associated with the risk of lung cancer in a healthy Mexican Mestizo population: Application of the additive model for cancer.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in Mexico and worldwide. In the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of lung cancer cases in young people, which suggests an important role for genetic background in the etiology of this disease. In this study, we genetically characterized 16 polymorphisms in 12 low penetrance genes (AhR, CYP1A1, CYP2E1, EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTPI, XRCC1, ERCC2, MGMT, CCND1 and TP53) in 382 healthy Mexican Mestizos as the first step in elucidating the genetic structure of this population and identifying high risk individuals. All of the genotypes analyzed were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but different degrees of linkage were observed for polymorphisms in the CYP1A1 and EPHX1 genes. The genetic variability of this population was distributed in six clusters that were defined based on their genetic characteristics. The use of a polygenic model to assess the additive effect of low penetrance risk alleles identified combinations of risk genotypes that could be useful in predicting a predisposition to lung cancer. Estimation of the level of genetic susceptibility showed that the individual calculated risk value (iCRV) ranged from 1 to 16, with a higher iCRV indicating a greater genetic susceptibility to lung cancer.

Breast cancer mortality in mexico: an age-period-cohort analysis

To assess the age, period and cohort effects on breast cancer (BC) mortality in Mexico. Age, period and cohort curvature trends for BC mortality were estimated through the Poisson Regression model proposed by Holford. Nationally, BC death rates have leveled off since 1995 in most age groups. BC mortality trends are mainly determined by birth cohort and age effects in Mexico. Women born between 1940 and 1955 show the highest rate of increase in BC mortality. Women born afterwards still show an increasing trend but at a much lower rate. Mammography and adjuvant therapy have had a limited impact on mortality. Potential reasons for observed patterns are discussed. An increase in BC mortality in Mexico is expected in the following decades. Mammography screening programs and timely access to effective treatment should be a national priority to reverse the expected increasing BC mortality trend.

Decreasing Cervical Cancer Mortality in Mexico: Effect of Papanicolaou Coverage, Birthrate, and the Importance of Diagnostic Validity of Cytology

The reduction in cervical cancer mortality in developed countries has been attributed to well-organized, population-based prevention and control programs that incorporate screening with the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. In Mexico, there has been a decrease in cervical cancer mortality, but it is unclear what factors have prompted this reduction. Using data from national indicators, we determined the correlation between cervical cancer mortality rates and Pap coverage, birthrate, and gross national product, using a linear regression model. We determined relative risk of dying of cervical cancer according to place of residence (rural/urban, region) using a Poisson model. We also estimated Pap smear coverage using national survey data and evaluated the validity and reproducibility of Pap smear diagnosis. An increase in Pap coverage (beta= -0.069) and a decrease in birthrate (beta=0.054) correlate with decreasing cervical cancer mortality in Mexico. Self-reported Pap smear rates in the last 12 months vary from 27.4% to 48.1%. Women who live in the central (relative risk, 1.04) and especially the southern (relative risk, 1.47) parts of Mexico have a greater relative risk of dying of cervical cancer than those who live in the north. There is a high incidence of false negatives in cervical cytology laboratories in Mexico; the percentage of false negatives varies from 3.33% to 53.13%. The decrease in cervical cancer mortality observed in Mexico is proportional to increasing Pap coverage and decreasing birthrate. Accreditation of cervical cytology laboratories is needed to improve diagnostic precision.

Lung cancer mortality in Mexico

Materials and methods Data was obtained from the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI) for deaths by LC from 1998–2004. The annual mortality mean rate (AMMR) was established for each of the 32 Mexican Republic States. The world standard population was used. AMMR was standardized by age (SRA) through direct method, and the standard error was calculated by Poisson approximation with a 95% reliability interval. Excess of mortality risk was calculated from standardized mortality ratios (SMR) of SRA for each state, using the national rate as reference, with 95% and 99% reliability intervals. SPSS, version 10.0 for Windows, was used.

Trends in cancer mortality in Mexico, 1970–1999

Few data on cancer mortality have been published for Mexico over the last few decades. It is therefore of interest to conduct a systematic and updated analysis of cancer mortality in this country. Age-standardised (world population) mortality rates, at all ages and truncated at age 35-64 years, from major cancers and all cancers combined were computed on the basis of certified deaths derived from the World Health Organization database for the period 1970-99. Mortality rates for all neoplasms showed an upward trend in men of all ages (from 58.2/100,000 in 1970-74 to 87.1/100,000 in 1995-99) and in middle-aged men (from 76.1 to 93.7/100,000, respectively). This reflects the rise until the early 1990s in lung cancer mortality (from 8.1/100,000 in 1970-74 to 15.6/100,000 in 1995-99) and prostate cancer (from 5.5 to 12.2/100,000, respectively). In women, overall mortality rates showed an increase between the early 1970s (75.4/100,000) and the late 1990s (82.3/100,000). Total cancer mortality rates remained low, however, compared with other American countries (e.g. 153.3/100,000 men and 108.6/100,000 women in 1999 in the United States). Truncated rates were stable (126.5/100,000 in 1970-74 and 125.8/100,000 in 1995-99), although they were much higher than overall rates, reflecting exceedingly high rates for uterine (mostly cervical) cancer mortality in middle-aged women (29.5/100,000 in 1995-99). Total cancer mortality in Mexico has remained comparably low on a worldwide scale, and the upward trends in mortality rates for lung and other tobacco-related neoplasms have tended to level off over the last decade. However, steady rises have been observed for other major cancers, including prostate and breast. Cervical cancer remains a major health problem in women.

Pattern of Childhood Cancer Mortality in Mexico

Background Public and governmental concern regarding increasing cancer mortality trends in children in Mexico led us to investigate the current situation of childhood cancer in this country, as well as to discuss the reasons for which no decline in total and childhood cancer mortality has been documented during the past decades. Methods The data used for analysis of total cancer mortality and study of the trends in mortality of specific childhood cancer in Mexico were retrieved from official Mexican Cancer Mortality Statistics for the period of 1955–1995, as well as from the latest official death records of the Mexican National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics. Results Actual mortality rates from all sites of cancer in Mexico show a tendency to increase in adults and in children over the last decades. The mortality rate due to all malignant neoplasms in the Mexican population increased significantly, from 28.1 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1955 to 52.6 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1995, whereas the rate of total mortality tended to decrease. The death rate among Mexican children under 15 years of age from all malignant neoplasms increased from 1980–1995 by 20.3%. Conclusions Although these findings offer some support for the suggestion that socioeconomic factors and delayed diagnosis and treatment may be the major contributors to childhood cancer death rates in Mexico, other explanations cannot be excluded. Further and more detailed research into the nature of the influence of environmental exposures, geographical distribution—including rural vs. city life—and purely biological factors concerned with the cancer situation is warranted. Predictions indicate that the increase of both total and childhood cancer mortality will continue. The pattern in the epidemiology of childhood diseases is changing in view of better national health measures to control infectious diseases, diarrheas, and neonatal problems. All these measures would lead to an increase in the incidence of childhood cancer in children who previously died of other causes. Therefore, improved registry, early diagnosis, better knowledge of the epidemiologic pattern of childhood cancer, appropriate treatment, and greater resources are necessary to solve this emerging health problem in Mexico.