Cananga Odorata Research Articles

In vitro biocontrol of phytopathogenic bacteria using floral essential oils and their synergistic blends

Chemical compositions of essential oils (EOs) from Pelargonium graveolens (EO-PG), Lavandula angustifolia (EO-LA) and Cananga odorata (EO-CO) flowers were determined by GC-MS and GC-FID. Antibacterial activities were determined by the microdilution broth method in 96‐well culture plates and MIC and MBC values were expressed as mg/mL. EOs were assayed individually and showed to be active against Xanthomonas citri, X. euvesicatoria, X. vasicola, X. campestris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Xylella fastidiosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Pantoea ananatis, Pectobacterium carotovorum and Ralstonia solanacearum at concentrations between 0.31 and 10 mg/mL. Blend 2 (EO-PG: EO-LA: EO-CO 3:1:1), out of the three blends prepared by this study, was the most promising one since it exhibited the lowest values of MIC and MBC, i.e., between 0.31 and 1 mg/mL. In short, this study showed, for the first time, that EOs and their blends may be promising tools in agricultural defense to prevent severe bacterial diseases in plants.

Cooling Powder Against Dark Spots With Curcuma Longa Linn And Cananga Odorata

Cosmetics are one of the skin care efforts, in addition to protecting the skin from ultraviolet rays, cosmetics function to brighten the skin, clean the skin, and moisturize the skin. Excessive exposure to sunlight causes skin damage, so it needs care to protect the skin. Natural cosmetics that use natural ingredients are safer to use and tend not to have side effects. One of the natural cosmetics for skin care is cold powder, which is one of the traditional powders for treating the skin. The purpose of the team's community service is to find out the Curcuma Longa Linn and Cananga Odorata cold powder, this community service uses a quantitative method. The results of the cold powder community service The marketing results of Curcuma Longa Linn and Cananga Odorata cold powder on the marketing percentage for Curcuma Longa Linn Cananga Ordata on the first day were 31.57% while Curcuma Longa Linn Canangan Ordata on the second day was 57.90% and many positive responses from the people who use it.

Larvicide activity of ethanol extracts from Zodia (Evodia suaveolens S.) leaves and Cananga (Cananga odorata) flowers on Aedes aegypti larvae

Controlling Aedes aegypti population in Dengue management programs is often carried out using high doses of synthetic insecticides, such as temephos, that may lead to resistances. An alternative of natural ingredient such as Zodia (Evodia suaveolens S.) leaves, that containing evodiamine and Cananga (Cananga odorata) flower that containing linalool, appears to be a promising larvicide. This study aims to determine the effectivity of ethanol extracts from Zodia leaves and Cananga flowers on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. This experimental study using Aedes aegypti larvae at stage of III-IV. Each ingredient was extracted by the maceration method and then prepared at concentration of 2.5% and 5%. PEG 400 was also added as a diluent. Observations performed every 6 hours, for 24 hours. Data analysis using Kruskal Wallis test and Dunn's test. Within 24 hours, in each of study group, there was 100% larval mortality. The Kruskal Wallis test resulting p-value of <0.05. From Dunn’s test, comparisons between each study group and the negative and positive control groups yielded p-values <0.05 and 1.000, respectively. Thus, it can be said that ethanol extracts from Zodia leaves and Cananga flowers are as effective as temephos as larvicide on Aedes aegypti larvae

A new chemotype of <i>Cananga odorata</i> flowers for improved extraction of essential oils with bioeconomic perspectives in Eastern Africa

Due to its geographical position, Burundi benefits from several soil genesis factors and large variations in microclimates to which are added water resources, which give to Burundi a floral heritage of great diversity. This study therefore aimed to assess the physicochemical properties (density, refractive index, acid index and ester index) as well as the associated organoleptic characteristics (odor, color and appearance), of the essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation from fresh flowers of Annonaceae family tropical trees C. Odorata, a chemotype cultivated and grown in Bujumbura, Burundi. Analyses of physicochemical properties values were done and compared to reference values. It appears that for the refractive index, density and acid number, the findings of this study are within the pre-established standards. More interesting, the value of ester number was very beyond the norm by a factor of almost two, breaking the record already registered by AFNOR, therefore suggesting of an essential oil of exceptional quality. The findings presented in this study also highlight the importance of C. Odorata chemotype from the plains of Burundi as a promising potential candidate for bio-based products of public interests such as bio-based cosmetics and bio-based pharmaceuticals products, and therefore offer new insights bioeconomics in health and well-being. Finally, this plant can easily be cultivated, not only in Burundi, but also in countries of the Eastern Africa that share the same geoclimatic conditions as the Great African Rift.

Description of Rhyticeros cassidix Feed in Makarti Jaya Landscape Area, Pohuwato

Rhyticeros cassidix is a group of birds that are easily recognized, because it has a characteristic in the form of a large beak with an additional structure at the top called balung (casque). Rhyticeros cassidix classified as endangered to critical spesies. This happens because of pressure on the habitat of these animals, including in the form of land use change which results in the loss of vegetation that feeds them. The aims of this study to describe the feed of Rhyticeros cassidix in the landscape area of Makarti Jaya, Pohuwato. The roaming method is used in this study. There are four stations explored with the distance at each station being 400 meters. The four stations are located in the landscape area of Makari Jaya Village, Pohuwato, Gorontalo. Identify the type of Rhyticeros cassidix feed found by recording the findings of Sulawesi julang feed in each exploration area. The results showed that there were 8 types of feed found, namely, Rao Tree (Drancontomelon dao), Ylang Ylang Flower (Cananga odorata), Palapi Tree (Heritiera javanica), Banyan (Ficus Benjamina), Woka (Livistona altissima), Nantu (Palaquium quercifolium), Matoa (Pometia pinnata), Bugis Wood (Koordersiodendrom pinnatum). The feed consumed by Rhyticeros cassidix varies greatly depending on the season and the availability of feed sources in the Makarti Jaya Landscape area by having good adaptation in finding and choosing feed that suits their nutritional needs.

Effectiveness of Soursop Leaf Extract (Annona muricata) and Ylang-ylang Flowers (Cananga odorata) as a Larvasicide to Remove Mosquito Flars

One of the few countries with high humidity levels, it can cause poor air quality and an increase in diseases such as dengue fever. Dengue fever is a disease caused by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Due to the large number of cases of dengue fever, various types of drugs have emerged to treat this condition. Predator, genetics, pathogen and parasite control, as well as physical, biological and chemical control are several ways to control larvae. Efforts to control mosquitoes can be made by using mosquito repellent repellents by using plants that come from nature which contain essential oils as environmentally friendly repellents. One of the plants that contain essential oils is soursop leaves and ylang-ylang flowers. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of soursop leaves and ylang-ylang flowers as larvicides to eradicate mosquito larvae. This research is experimental in nature with the samples used, namely Culex type mosquito larvae. This research was conducted at the Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. The samples for this study were 28 containers with an initial number of larvae of 25 individuals. The results showed that there were several mosquito larvae that experienced death with the lowest mortality in F1D1 with an average of 20 deaths and the highest mortality in F3D3 with an average of 23.67 deaths. Mosquito larvae experienced death with the highest time at 9 hours of observation and the time of death decreased at 12 hours of observation. The use of larvicidal extracts from soursop leaves and ylang ylang flowers is more effective in reducing the number of mosquito larvae with F3 having the highest average number of deaths with a dose of 2.5 g of soursop leaves: 7.5 ylang ylang flowers within 9 hours.

Fossil Leaves Belonging to Family Annonaceae from Sub-Himalayan Zone (Siwalik) of Himachal Pradesh, India and their Climatic and Phytogeographical Implication

Investigation on the fossil leaves collected from Middle Siwalik sediments of Sarkaghat area, in the Sub-Himalayan zone of Himachal Pradesh revealed the presence of four new fossil species belonging to the family Annonaceae. The fossil leaves have been identified with the extant species, Annona reticulate Linn. Polyalthia longifolia (Son.) Thw. P. siamiarum (Buchanan-Hamilton ex Hooker and Thomson and cananga odorata Hook. f. and Th. The analysis of the current distribution of fossils' nearest living relatives (NRLs) shows that these species are currently found in the evergreen forests of northeastern and south-east Asia, rather than in and around the study area or throughout the sub-Himalayan zone of India. This suggests that after Miocene these taxa could not survive there and migrated towards south and south-east region. Based on the data available the phytogeographical aspect of these fossil taxa along with family Annonaceae has been discussed.

Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Sheet Mask Bioselulosa Mengandung Minyak Atsiri Bunga Kenanga (Cananga odorata)

The use of antioxidants can be administered orally or topically. Antioxidants are known to be better if given topically in topical dosage forms such as sheet masks, so it is necessary to make masks from natural ingredients that have high antioxidant activity such as Cananga odorata because they contain benzyl benzoate which has anti-free radical properties. This study aims to prove the preparation of biocellulose essence sheet mask containing Cananga odorata has antioxidant activity with concentrations of F1, F2 and F3. Antioxidant testing using the DPPH method. Evaluation of biocellulose sheet mask preparations includes the mask sheet weight test and the mask sheet thickness test. Evaluation of essence preparations includes organoleptic, pH, viscosity, irritation, and hedonic tests. The positive phytochemical screening results contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The results of testing the antioxidant activity of Cananga odorata obtained an IC50 value of 4.027 ppm. Evaluation of essence preparations obtained homogeneous, pH (5.01-6.43), viscosity (400-600 cPs), no irritation occurred in volunteers. Cananga odorata has antioxidant activity in the weak to moderate category, IC50 results for each formula F1 184.212 ppm, F2 150.175 ppm, and F3 72.448 ppm. Based on these results it can be concluded that Cananga odorata can be formulated as an essence with strong antioxidant potential with an IC50 value of 4.027 ppm.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Hemolytic Properties of Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata) Essential Oil: Potential Therapeutic Applications in Dermatology

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and hemolytic properties of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) essential oil, with a focus on its potential therapeutic applications for dermatological diseases and the importance of transforming such bioactive properties into a stable, safe, and effective formulation. Methods/Rsults: Essential oils were extracted from flowers harvested in northern Grande Comore using hydro distillation at three different distillation times to examine the impact on yield and quality. Gas chromatographic analysis identified a complex mixture of compounds, including linalool, geranyl acetate, and benzyl benzoate. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, FRAP, TAC, and beta-carotene bleaching inhibition assays, revealing significant radical scavenging capabilities, with DPPH IC50 varying between 1.57 and 3.5 mg/mL. Antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, showing promising inhibition zones and minimum inhibitory concentrations. Hemolytic tests indicated varying degrees of red blood cell damage, emphasizing the need for careful concentration management in therapeutic applications. Molecular docking studies highlighted potential therapeutic targets for dermatological conditions, identifying high binding affinities for specific compounds against proteins involved in acne, eczema, and psoriasis. Conclusions: This comprehensive analysis underscores the potential of ylang-ylang essential oil (YEOs) as a natural alternative for antimicrobial treatments and dermatological applications, with its success dependent on optimized extraction methods and precise formulation to reduce cytotoxic effects. A formulation approach is crucial to ensure controlled release, improve bioavailability, and minimize skin irritation.

Supercritical Extraction of Ylang Ylang (Cananga odorata) Essential Oil at the Near-Critical Region

The flowers of the ylang ylang tree contain an essential oil which is utilized in high-quality perfumes. The traditional mode of extraction is by steam distillation but it has been shown that the more modern supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using carbon dioxide has potential for replacing steam distillation. This technology, however, generally operates under high pressures, up to 500 bar. The work described in this paper examines the possibility of using carbon dioxide at much lower pressures, close to the critical point, i.e., 75 bar and 30 °C. Two series of experiments were therefore carried out under such conditions, the first using carbon dioxide alone and the second utilizing ethanol as a co-solvent, the conditions being chosen by applying the Design of Experiments (DOE) technique over ranges of pressure from 80 to 120 bar and temperatures from 35 to 50 °C. Extraction curves are presented which show the rates of extraction to be significantly increased by the use of the co-solvent, with the measured values being 0.74% to 0.97% with no co-solvent addition, increasing to 0.92% to 1.16% with co-solvent addition. These rates are, however, lower than the rates previously reported at higher pressures, i.e., 0.9 to 1.8%. Better quality oils are, however, produced compared to those at higher pressures, with the major components being benzene benzoate, benzene salicylate, cubebene, and benzyl acetate. It is recommended that an economic study be carried out to evaluate whether it is feasible to utilize this process commercially.

Antiarthritic and Antinociceptive Properties of Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata) Essential Oil in Experimental Models.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) essential oil (YEO) on models of experimental arthritis, persistent inflammation, and nociception in mice. YEO treatment at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg reduced the infiltration of leukocytes into the joint cavities of mice submitted to zymosan-induced arthritis 6 h and 7 days after arthritis induction. At these doses, YEO treatment reduced the formation of joint edema 4 and 6 h after arthritis induction, and at a dose of 200 mg/kg, YEO treatment reduced mechanical hyperalgesia 3 and 4 h after arthritis induction. At the dose of 200 mg/kg, YEO treatment reduced interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and cartilage destruction in the zymosan-induced arthritis model, and reduced edema formation and mechanical hyperalgesia in the model of persistent inflammation (21 days) induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in mice. YEO treatment at a dose of 200 mg/kg reduced the nociceptive response in experimental models of nociception induced by acetic acid and formalin. The YEO treatment reduced inflammatory parameters in the experimental arthritis model, and presented antiarthritic, anti-hyperalgesic, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory properties.

The effect of mycorrhiza on the growth of Ylang-Ylang seedlings

Abstract Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata forma genuina Steenis) is a plant with high economic value and many benefits. Mycorrhizal application is necessary to obtain a quality mother plant. Therefore, a study on the mycorrhiza effect on ylang-ylang growth was needed, especially in the seedling stage. This study aimed to analyse the impact of mycorrhiza infection on the development of ylang-ylang seedlings. The method used in this study was the isolation of Claroideoglomus etunicatum spores. Ten of each spore was inoculated onto the sterilised roots (using 5% Natrium hypochlorite) of the three-month-old ylang-ylang seedlings and then planted on zeolite media and soil in a 6 x 10 cm pottery, which was then transferred to each pot 13 cm in diameter and 16 cm in height. For comparison, zeolite and soil media were used without the addition of mycorrhiza. The result of this study showed that the application of mycorrhizae using soil media had the highest increase in height (4.19 cm), diameter (0.72 mm), number of leaves (2.6 strands), and number of buds (0.8 leaf buds) compared to other treatments.

Dose-dependent responses: a preliminary investigation into the olfactory effects of essential oil concentrations on canine behavior.

The positive impact of essential oils (EOs) on stress release has been demonstrated in both humans and dogs. Among the EOs known for their anxiety-reducing properties, including Cananga odorata, Citrus aurantium, Cupressus sempervirens, Lavandula angustifolia, and Litsea citrata, there is a lack of consensus on the optimal concentration for efficacy. This exploratory study sought to investigate the effects of olfactory enrichment with a blend of these EOs on dogs introduced to an unfamiliar environment. The authors sought to determine the minimum concentration required to achieve increased relaxation. In a randomized controlled crossover study design, 54 dogs were exposed to 0, 1, 5, and 10 drops of the EO blend applied to their collars before entering an unfamiliar room with their owners. Behavioral observations were employed to quantify the total duration of activity and relaxation related behaviours for each dog under each treatment condition. A significant difference in panting was identified among the treatments (χ2(3) = 9.88; p = 0.020). Dunn-Bonferroni post-hoc tests revealed a significant reduction in panting during the 10 drops treatment compared to the control treatment (p = 0.047). No significant differences were observed for other behaviors. To provide a comprehensive overview of behavioral tendencies in this canine population, owners also completed the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ), revealing low scores for anxiety in the study group. These preliminary findings suggest that a concentration of 10 drops of the EO blend on a dog's collar induces increased relaxation, specifically reflected in decreased panting behavior. Lower concentrations did not exhibit a significant relationship with the observed behaviors. These initial findings underscore the importance of exposing dogs to an appropriate concentration of EOs when exploring their potential benefits on welfare among dogs with low anxiety levels. Further research in this area is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits of EOs for canine welfare.

The chromosome-level genome assembly of Cananga odorata provides insights into its evolution and terpenoid biosynthesis.

Cananga odorata is known as a natural perfume tree of the Annonaceae family in Magnoliales. However, its phylogenetic position and the molecular mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of the floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) remain unclear. Here, by combining a variety of sequencing platforms, we present a telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome of C. odorata with 735.83 Mb, which represents the highest integrity and assembly quality of genome in magnoliid plants reported to date. Phylogenetic analysis based on multiple datasets and approaches showed that C. odorata, as a member of magnoliids, is sister to eudicots, after their divergence from monocots. Metabolomic of VOCs in the essential oil and flowers scent showed that sesquiterpenes, especially β-caryophyllene, were the major compounds. Two CoTPS21 homologues derived from tandem duplication events were highly expressed during flower development and were identified as the key sesquiterpene synthases for the production of β-caryophyllene. In addition, CoSPL3 and CoSPL9 were considered as potential transcription factors for activating the expression of CoTPS21 homologues. Our results shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of the unique floral fragrance in C. odorata and provide new insights into the phylogenetic position of magnoliids.

Flower Power: An Overview on Chemistry and Biological Impact of Selected Essential Oils from Blossoms

AbstractNatural raw materials such as essential oils have received more and more attention in recent decades, whether in the food industry, as flavorings and preservatives, or as insecticides and insect repellents. They are, furthermore, very popular as fragrances in perfumes, cosmetics, and household products. In addition, aromatherapy is widely used to complement conventional medicine. This review summarizes investigations on the chemical composition and the most important biological impacts of essential oils and volatile compounds extracted from selected aromatic blossoms, including Lavandula angustifolia, Matricaria recutita, Rosa x damascena, Jasminum grandiflorum, Citrus x aurantium, Cananga odorata, and Michelia alba. The literature was collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Blossom essential oils discussed in this work are used in a wide variety of clinical issues. The application is consistently described as safe in studies and meta-analyses, although there are notes that using essential oils can also have side effects, especially dermatologically. However, it can be considered as confirmed that essential oils have positive influences on humans and can improve quality of life in patients with psychiatric disorders, critically ill patients, and patients in other exceptional situations. Although the positive effect of essential oils from blossoms has repeatedly been reported, evidence-based clinical investigations are still underrepresented, and the need for research is demanded.

Dynamics of flower production and flower oil components from two accessions of Cananga (Cananga odorata) in dry season

Dynamics of flower production and flower oil components from two accessions of Cananga (Cananga odorata) in dry season

The Effectiveness of Ylang Ylang Oil (Cananga Odorata) as a Deparaffinizing Agent in Hematoxylin-Eosin Staining

Histological staining usually requires deparaffinization before starting the staining process. Deparaffinization is a paraffin removal step that often uses a xylol solution. Deparaffinization with xylol has disadvantages, including being toxic, harmful to the human body, and hazardous to the environment. A safer alternative to xylol is required. Ylang-ylang oil, which contains β-caryophyllene, is non-polar and can be used as a substitute for xylol. This study aimed to compare the staining quality of guinea pig liver tissue slides with and without heating as a deparaffinization agent in hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The research set up a quasi-experimental approach using samples of guinea pig liver tissue slides. The sample size was calculated using the Federer formula (n-1) (t-1) ≥ 15, resulting in a total sample of 27 slides divided into three treatment groups: xylol, ylang-ylang oil with and without heating. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to examine the data. The quality staining of guinea pig liver slides deparaffinized with xylol was 100% good, and deparaffinization of ylang-ylang oil with heating was 100% good, whereas deparaffinization with ylang-ylang oil without heating was 11.1% less good, and the quality was good with an 88.9%. The normality test indicated that the data were not normally distributed (p0.05). The Kruskal-Wallis test was then used.

Cananga odorata (Ylang-Ylang) Essential Oil Containing Nanoemulgel for the Topical Treatment of Scalp Psoriasis and Dandruff.

This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a nanoemulgel (NE) containing Cananga odorata (Ylang-Ylang) oil for managing scalp psoriasis and dandruff through various assessments. The study involved phytochemical screening, characterization, stability testing, in vivo performance evaluation, dermatokinetic analysis, central composite rotatable design (CCRD) optimization, in vitro release profiling, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity assessment of the NE. The NE exhibited excellent stability and maintained physical parameters over a three-month period. In vivo studies showed no skin irritation, maintenance of skin pH (4.55 to 5.08), and improvement in skin hydration (18.09 to 41.28 AU) and sebum content (26.75 to 5.67 mg/cm2). Dermatokinetic analysis revealed higher skin retention of C. odorata in the NE (epidermis: 71.266 µg/cm2, dermis: 60.179 µg/cm2) compared to conventional formulations. CCRD optimization yielded NE formulations with the desired particle size (195.64 nm), entrapment efficiency (85.51%), and zeta potential (-20.59 mV). In vitro release studies indicated sustained release behavior, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties were observed. This study demonstrates the stability, skin-friendliness, therapeutic benefits, and controlled release properties of the NE. The NE presents a promising option for various topical applications in treating bacterial and fungal diseases, potentially enhancing drug delivery and treatment outcomes in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Effect of industrial steam distillation conditions on volatiles and antioxidant capacity of Cananga odorata essential oils

ABSTRACT The ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) essential oil is valued for its medicinal and cosmetic benefits. This study compared the volatile compounds and antioxidant capacity of six essential oils from C. odorata flowers obtained industrially by steam distillation. The volatiles were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and total phenolic content (TPC) were measured by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. The main components included benzyl acetate (21.78–27.82%), benzyl benzoate (12.30–18.07%), linalool (9.45–14.39%), and germacrene D (9.17–14.46%). The highest antioxidant values were shown by the sample S6 (206.50 ± 7.45 mmol TE/L, 52.03 ± 0.88 mg GAE/g), followed by S5. The multivariate analysis separated S6 and S5 from the remaining essential oils, suggesting that extraction was more influenced by the steam flow rate. Notably, the antioxidant capacity of S6 revealed a positive correlation between volatiles and TPC values. These findings denote the importance of improving empirical industrial procedures.

Comparison of morphological characters, flowering phenology and essential oils of two accessions of Cananga (Cananga odorata var. fruticosa)

Abstract. Na’imah MNR, Kurniawati A, Kisantini. 2024. Comparison of morphological characters, flowering phenology and essential oils of two accessions of Cananga (Cananga odorata var. fruticosa). Biodiversitas 25: 801-810. The Cananga flowers are well-known in various regions of Indonesia as a raw material for essential oils and flower decorations. This study aims to compare the characteristics of two varieties of Cananga originating from Kediri and Cipanas. Both types of Cananga were cultivated in the Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) Cikabayan experimental field. Observation was conducted on leaf and flower characteristics, flowering phenology, and essential oil content. The research shows that the Kediri accession exhibited brownish-red leaf petioles, brownish-red branches, and dark brown stems. In contrast, the Cipanas accession had green leaf stalks, green branches, and light brown stems. The flowering phenology of the Kediri accession spanned from the emergence of flower buds to the End stage, lasting 35 days, while the Cipanas accession's flowering period extended for 25 days. The Kediri accession's flowers have more petals and are longer and heavier than the Cipanas accession. The highest essential oil content of the Cipanas accession occurred at the 50% full flowering stage, reaching 0.92%, and gradually decreased as the flowering progressed. In comparison, the Kediri accession oil content is the highest at the end of the flowering stage, with a peak of 0.61%. The highest compound in the Kediri accession is all-trans-Farnesol acetate 14,24%, ?-Copaene 12.23%, and Caryophyllene 15.92%. Meanwhile, in the Cipanas accession, the highest compound content was linalool 18.74% and caryophyllene 16.00%.