Canadian Forestry Service Research Articles

Carbon budget of managed forests in the Russian Federation in 1990–2050: Post-evaluation and forecasting

Considered are the contribution of managed forests in the Russian Federation to the climate change softening and the forecast of their carbon-depositing potential in the period till 2050 under different scenarios of the forest management. The sink of CO2 to managed forests is estimated using the flow balance method. The CBM-CFS3 model worked out in the Canadian Forestry Service is used for predicting the carbon budget. It is found out that managed forests absorb 473.8 Mt of CO2 per year. The carbon sink is caused by the reduction of the volume of the forest use and by the regeneration of cutover stands of previous years. Depending on the conditions of the forest use, by 2020 the CO2 sink to managed forests will amount to 466–632 Mt/year and will be able to compensate from 21 to 29% of industrial emissions of greenhouse gases. The carbon absorption by managed forests will decrease to 105–235 Mt/year by 2050. To maintain and increase the carbon-depositing potential of managed forests, the Russian Federation needs the development of the system of purposeful activities on strengthening the protection against forest fires and on the intensification of forest reproduction.

Stephen Lane Wood

Stephen Lane Wood

Fire Weather Index application in north-western Italy

Abstract. Piedmont region is located in North-Western Italy and is surrounded by the alpine chain and by the Appennines. The region is covered by a wide extension of forests, mainly in its mountain areas (the forests cover 36% of the regional territory). Forested areas are interested by wildfire events. In the period 1997–2005 Piedmont was interested by an average 387 forest fires per year, covering an average 1926 ha of forest per year. Meteorological conditions like long periods without precipitation contribute to create favourable conditions to forest fire development, while the fire propagation is made easier by the foehn winds, frequently interesting the region in winter and spring particularly. The meteorological danger index FWI (Fire Weather Index) was developed by Van Wagner (1987) for the Canadian Forestry Service, providing a complete description of the behaviour of the different forest components in response to the changing weather conditions. We applied the FWI to the Piedmont region on warning areas previously defined for fire management purposes. The meteorological data-set is based on the data of the very-dense non-GTS network of weather stations managed by Arpa Piemonte. The thresholds for the definition of a danger scenarios system were defined comparing historical FWI data with fires occurred on a 5 years period. The implementation of a prognostic FWI prediction system is planned for the early 2008, involving the use of good forecasts of weather parameters at the station locations obtained by the Multimodel SuperEnsemble post-processing technique.

Generalized versus site-specific biomass regression equations for Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii and Thuja plicata in Coastal British Columbia

Site-specific biomass regression equations developed for Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii and Thuja plicata by destructive sampling of individual trees in southwestern British Columbia were compared to generalized equations developed from the large data-set of Standish et al. (Standish, J.T., Manning, G.H. & Demaerschalk, J.P., 1985, Development of biomass equations for British Columbia tree species. Report BC-X-264, Canadian Forestry Service, Victoria, BC) for trees growing over a wide geographic area in western British Columbia. In the case of Psedutsuga, equations developed for trees growing on poor sites were also compared to those for trees growing on good sites. For Pseudotsuga, both geographical and site-specific variations in tree growth significantly influenced the parameters in biomass regression equations. These influences are likely to be most noticeable for sites exhibiting extremely low productivity. For Thuja, geographical variations also significantly influenced the parameters in biomass regression equations.

Leafminer and Leafminer Parasitoid Incidence on Selected Weeds in South Florida

The leafininer Liriomyza trifolii Burgess (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a serious pest of celery in Florida. L. sativae (Blanchard), a morphologically similar species which has many hosts in common with L. trifolii, was once considered a pest of Florida celery but no longer affects this crop (Leibee 1984). Both species are attacked by the same parasitoid complex (Johnson & Hara 1987). L. sativae and L. trifolii occur on many weed hosts in south Florida (Stegmaier 1981); two of those named as hosts of the former, and not of the latter, were castor bean, Ricinus communis L., and sicklepod, Cassia tora L., (Stegmaier 1981). Both occur in the Everglades agricultural area (EAA) of south Florida where the majority of Florida's celery is grown. These weeds, serving as hosts of L. sativae, could act as potential reservoirs for parasitoids which could possibly enhance the biological control of L. tifolii in celery. Dayflower, Commelina diffusa Burm., a weed common in the EAA, was reported as containing significantly more chalcidoid leafminer parasitoids than other weeds sampled (Genung 1981). The only leafminer known to attack dayflower, L. commelinae (Frost), may have parasitoids in common with L. trifolii. In February of 1984 a study was initiated at Everglades Research and Education Center (EREC), Belle Glade, to determine the leafminer species occurring on castor bean, sicklepod, and dayflower and the parasitoids attacking the leafminers on these host plants. The weeds were planted at EREC at two sites, each consisting of three plots per weed species. Plots were 3 m by 3 m and consisted of five rows. Castor bean and sicklepod were thinned to 10 plants per row and dayflower, a prostrate plant grown from transplants, was allowed to cover the entire plot. Sampling was conducted once per week for eight weeks from late May until the third week in July. Three leaves of castor bean and three trifoliates of sicklepod were excised from 10 randomly selected plants per plot. Dayflower was sampled by collecting all foliage from 10 randomly selected 18 cm x 18 cm areas within a plot. Foliage was taken to the laboratory where it was held on wire screen in closed 4-liter cardboard containers. Adult larval parasitoids and leafminer puparia were collected after the foliage had dried. Puparia were held in glass vials until all adult leafminers and larval-pupal parasitoids had emerged. Representative specimens of parasitoid species were identified by E. E. Grissell, A. S. Menke, and M. E. Schauff, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C., R. A. Wharton, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and C. M. Yoshimoto, Canadian Forestry Service, Department of Environment, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Adult leafminer identifications were made by the senior author. No leafminers or parasitoids were reared from sicklepod foliage. Only two active (= those containing living leafminer larvae) mines were found on this weed and neither larva survived to pupation. Four active mines were collected from dayflower and from these were reared an adult L. commelinae and a cynipid pupal parasitoid.

Monitoring the health of a forest: A Canadian approach

In Canada, acid rain is the generic term encompassing all forms of air pollution - wet and dry deposition, gaseous pollutant concentrations, and airborne particulates. It was because these pollutants, alone or in combination, may directly or indirectly affect the heath of Canada's forests, that in 1984, the Canadian Forestry Service initiated a national forest monitoring program (Acid Rain National Early Warning System or ARNEWS).Research studies on pollutant effects of the past 15-20 years have demonstrated that it is not possible to define specific symptoms of acid rain or mixtures of pollutants on native tree species or specific responses of the forest ecosystem. Consequently, ARNEWS monitored incipient acid rain effects by determining the forest's state of health rather than by concentrating on specific pollutant responses.The detection system entails experienced insect and disease survey forest rangers assessing both specific plots and the forest as a whole for extraordinary forest damage. The techniques used include mensurational and symptomatological measurements as well as evaluation of stands for damage from natural and anthropogenic causes. Critical also to the system was the capability of the Canadian Forestry Service to support the detection system with research staff who could carry out studies to explain any abnormalities in forest condition detected during the annual surveys. The ultimate outcome of the monitoring system if unexplained forest damage is detected is a research project on possible causes.

Abstracts of papers presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Phytopathological Society University of British Columbia, Vancouver 14-17 August 1988

Abstracts of papers presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Phytopathological Society University of British Columbia, Vancouver 14-17 August 1988

Analysis of historic jack pine budworm outbreaks in the Prairie provinces of Canada

The annual Forest Insect and Disease Survey reports of the Canadian Forestry Service were used to develop a jack pine budworm (Choristoneurapinus Freeman) defoliation severity index for a 50-year span. The region covered was the western half of the host's (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) range. An interpretation of this record permitted the construction of an annual time series of the total area moderately to severely or severely defoliated. The area of outbreaks has increased over the period. This trend was removed from the data to obtain a stationary time series. Analyses of the time series showed that there was a statistically significant periodicity to the size of outbreaks. An examination of the sample autocorrelation function revealed that only the past year's outbreak area was significantly correlated with that of the current year's outbreak. The model identified by applying the Box–Jenkins methodology to these results was inadequate, indicating that the series itself does not contain sufficient information for predictions. Outbreak area and the total area burned in Manitoba and Saskatchewan 4–7 years previously were highly correlated. Despite the crudity of the data, these relations could be exploited to develop predictors of outbreak size and occurrence. The significance of these results for forest management in the region is discussed.

“Not A Paying Business”: The Archival Legacy of the Canadian Forestry Service

Previous articleNext article No AccessArticles“Not A Paying Business”: The Archival Legacy of the Canadian Forestry ServiceGabrielle BlaisGabrielle Blais Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 32, Number 3July 1988Special Issue: A Collaborative Effort on Forest History in Canada Published for the American Society for Environmental History and the Forest History Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/4005173 Journal History This article was published in the Journal of Forest History (1974-1989), which was continued by Forest & Conservation History (1990-1995). © 1988 Forest History Society, Inc. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Decision Support Systems for the Forest Insect and Disease Survey and for Pest Management

Effective forest pest management involves decision-making supported by useful information. The concept of Decision Support Systems is being actively pursued by the Forest Insect and Disease Survey (FIDS) of the Canadian Forestry Service to meet its information needs for analysis of forest pest conditions. The FIDSINFOBASE system was developed to provide FIDS units nationwide access to survey data. Geographic Information System capabilities are being integrated for capture and analysis of infestation maps. Possibilities exist for the integration of systems, data, and models among agencies for information standardization and exchange. Key words: information systems, forest pest management, insect and disease surveys.

Numerical Responses of Martens to a Food Shortage in Northcentral Ontario

Numerical responses of martens (Martes americana) to a synchronous decline of most prey species were studied from 1980 to 1985. Main prey species included snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), southern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus). Populations of these prey species were high in 198081 and substantially reduced from 1982 to 1985, except ruffed grouse, which were abundant in 1984-85. Responses of martens included reduced population density, enlarged home ranges, lower ovulation rates in females aged 1 and 2 years, reduced production of young, dispersal of formerly resident adults during the 2nd year of scarce food, and cannibalism. Dispersal of residents resulted in an unexpectedly high trapping success in 1983, suggesting that fur returns do not reflect changing population levels for marten. Male body weights did not differ among years but females weighed more in early winter of scarce food years compared to the same period when food was abundant (P < 0.01). Less mesenteric and renal fat was found on all martens during the 1st winter of scarce food (P < 0.001). We believe that a reservoir strategy for marten management can be an effective tool, but when food is low managers must account for larger home ranges and possible dispersal of residents by reducing harvest quotas. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 51(4):824-835 Factors that naturally regulate populations of animals are of considerable interest to wildlife managers. Reduced conception rates and early mortality of neonates resulting from food scarcity have been implicated as common factors affecting the population dynamics of many small carnivores (Erlinge 1974, 1983; Brand et al. 1976; von Schantz 1984). The marten is an important fur-bearing species in Ontario, but few data are available on mechanisms that control their populations. Weckwerth and Hawley (1962) suggested that this species is food limited, mediated through juvenile mortality and poor conditions of adult females. In Scotland Lockie (1964) presented evidence that a population of the European pine marten (Martes martes) fluctuated independently of its principal prey, the shorttailed vole (Microtus agrestis). However, he did not sample the populations of other potential foods. During a 4-year investigation into the effects of timber harvesting on martens, we observed a local decline in prey populations. Our objecPresent address: Canadian Forestry Service, Newfoundland Forestry Centre, Box 6028, St. John's, Newfoundland AIC 5X8, Canada. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.83 on Fri, 13 May 2016 07:06:29 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms J. Wildl. Manage. 51(4):1987 FOOD SHORTAGE IN MARTENS * Thompson and Colgan 825 tive is to describe numerical responses of martens to reduced food, including changes in production, population, home range size, dispersal, age structure, weights, and amounts of body fat. We conclude with a discussion of management of marten based on food limitations. The authors gratefully acknowledge the logistic support of P. Martindale and the Ont. Minist. Nat. Resour. at Manitouwadge, and R. Collings and the Am. Can Co. of Can. at Camp 15. This project was supported in part by the Ont. Minist. Nat. Resour. and the Ont. Board Industrial Leadership and Dev. We also wish to thank numerous students and contractors for their efforts, in particular I. Davidson and S. O'Donnell. F. Brazeau provided able technical assistance for 3 years. D. Welsh, D. Euler, and R. A. Lancia provided critical comments on earlier drafts.

Commercial micropropagation of five Alnus species

Clonal micropropagation was demonstrated as feasible on a commercial basis for several clones of five Alnus species. Approximately 60,000 ready-to-root individual shoots were multiplied in vitro on modified MS medium supplemented with 2.5–5 μM BAP. A total of 15,500 shoots from different clones were rooted in vitro on half strength MS medium including 1–5 μM IBA. They were transferred under mist conditions within a growth chamber illuminated with high pressure sodium lamps. Those conditions gave 99–100% plantlet survival after four weeks. Plantlets were then inoculated with selected Frankia sp. strains. These nodulated alder plants are under field evaluation at the Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Canadian Forestry Service in Chalk River, Ontario.

Abstracts of papers presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Phytopathological Society University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon 27-30 July 1986

Abstracts of papers presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Phytopathological Society University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon 27-30 July 1986

Forest Economics Research Needs in West-Central Canada

A group of approximately 90 respondents, through sequential mail questionnaires and area group meetings, identified integrated forest land use, forest protection, allowable cut determination/timber supply analysis modelling, non-timber forest land uses, agricultural and forestry land use interface and forest renewal as among the more important needs requiring considerable economic research. Constraints in meeting these research needs include lack of research expertise, funding, data and problem definition, conflicting objectives and non-quantifiable.benefits and costs. Key Words: Forest economics, Research needs, Canada, Prairie Provinces/Northwest Territories, Delphi technique, Canadian Forestry Service, Research inventory, Nominal group technique, Research constraints.

Perceptions of the Forestry Sector in the Prairie Provinces

With the signing of forest renewal and development agreements in 1984 between the federal government and the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, a framework for public information programs was established to tap the public's awareness 01 forestry and to heighten thaI awareness. To start off, the Canadian Forestry Service, together with the three provinces, commissioned surveys to determine both altitudes and levels of knowledge. The resul1s are now being incorporated into the design of detailed communications strategies for each province.

As Others See Us: Impressions of a Five-Member Technical Mission from the People's Republic of China on the Canadian Forest Inventory and Management Systems

A five-member Forest Inventory and Management Technical Mission from the Ministry of Forestry, People's Republic of China (PRC) visited Canada, from July 29 to August 19, 1984. This visit was sponsored by the Canadian Forestry Service (CFS) under the Memorandum of Understanding between Environment Canada and the Ministry of Forestry, PRC.The Chinese technical mission consisted of Mr. Zhou Chang-xiang, mission leader and Director of Forest Inventory and Planning Branch, Ministry of Forestry, PRC; Mr. Yuan Yun-chang, Forest Resource Management Branch, Ministry of Forestry, PRC; Mr. Zhao Qing-he, Director of Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Jilin Province; Mr. Liu Hai-ru, Forest Survey and Design Institute, Sichuan Province; and Mr. Yuan Hai-ying, interpreter, Department of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Forestry (Fig. 1).The following is a translation of their report to the Ministry of Forestry, PRC, by Dr. Lee who developed the itinerary and accompanied the visitors as tour coordinator and advisor.

Biologically active phenolic metabolites of a Verticicladiella species

The metabolites produced when a Verticicladiella species (Canadian Forestry Service strain C728), the causative agent of the black stain root disease of many conifers, is grown in liquid culture have been investigated. Orcinol, orcinol monomethyl ether, 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone, and the α- L-rhamnopyranosides of orcinol and orcinol methyl ether have been isolated and identified. Orcinol methyl ether and its rhamnoside both show antibacterial activity and orcinol methyl ether also inhibits the growth of pine germlings. The general antibacterial activity of 5-alkylresorcinols and their monomethyl ethers is reported.

ESTIMATING NUMBER OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM EGGS FROM EGG MASS MEASUREMENTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, periodically attacks Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) in British Columbia, causing mortality, deformity, and growth loss. Insect populations are assessed annually by the Canadian Forestry Service's Forest Insect and Disease Survey, by branch sampling for egg mass densities; predictions of population trends and damage are based on these assessments. Eggs, laid in rows in masses affixed to needles, are a preferred stage to sample because they are easily collected, remain fixed in numbers for an extended period, and precede damage by sufficient time to plan suppression or other programs. Numbers of masses alone, however, may not show population trends accurately as egg numbers per mass varies. Thus it is sometimes necessary to count eggs (Miller 1957), which is a formidable task. Fortunately egg numbers can be estimated from the dimensions of egg masses (Washburn and Brickell 1973). In this study, we determined the relationship between egg numbers and egg mass length and number of rows for samples from Douglas-fir stands frequently affected by spruce budworm throughout British Columbia. Data were collected over 3 years, 1977-79, during which time budworm populations were in a period of decline.

Brain cholinesterase inhibition in forest passerines exposed to experimental aminocarb spraying.

Continued spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) infestation of the fir-spruce forest of eastern Canada has been marked by a constant search for control strategies that are effective, environmentally acceptable, and that pose no threat to human health. In New Brunswick, forest protection has relied heavily on the use of chemical insecticides for almost three decades, a practice for which there is apparently no viable alternative at present. Testing of the efficacy and safety of new chemicals, old chemicals in new formulations, and of developments in spraying technology have been important elements in the province's approach to management of the budworm problem. This study was carried out in the context of a series of spray trials of a new formulation of aminocarb (4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylphenol methylcarbamate) known as Matacil R 180 Flowable (180F), conducted by the Forest Pest Management Institute, Canadian Forestry Service, primarily to determine efficacy against spruce budworm. The trials were of particular interest to the Canadian Wildlife Service since there is little published information on the effects of aminocarb on brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity in forest songbirds and the logistical problems normally encountered in monitoring bird responses under operational spraying Conditions were minimized by the relatively small scale of the project. MATERIALS AND M~THODS Spray PlOts were located in predominantly fir-spruce forest about 25 km west of Bathurst, in northern New Brunswick. Each was 50 ha (I.0 km x 0.5 km) in area, and was sprayed by a Cessna 188 Ag-Truck fitted with four Micronair AU3000 rotary atomizers. The two plots of interest to us were both sprayed at a stated emission dosage of 70 g/ha of active ingredient. By volume, the formulation consisted of 25.93% Mataci~ 180F, 1.27% AtloxR(emulsifier), 72.27% water (carrier) and 0.53% Rhodamine Red dye. The emulsion was emitted at a rate of 1.5 L/ha. Droplet VMD and NMD at first

THOMSON ELM

The Thomson elm was selected on the basis of form, superior vigor and hardiness from a Japanese elm shelterbelt located on the PFRA Tree Nursery, Indian Head, Saskatchewan. Inoculation tests conducted by the Canadian Forestry Service. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, have shown that this Asiatic elm is resistant to Dutch elm disease.