Canada Research Articles

IWRA 50th anniversary interview

1. When did you first become a member of IWRA?1987 Member of IWRA, the year after I moved to Canada.2000 Fellow of IWRA. 2. What responsibilities have you had with IWRA over the years?Chairman of t...

Canadian Provincial Party Systems: An Analytical Typology

ABSTRACT The competitiveness of party politics is often viewed as a barometer of the health of modern democracies. Using the Canadian federation as a laboratory, this article advances a new framework for comparing party systems across space and time. The model incorporates two core dimensions of political party systems: conflict intensity and competitiveness. Conflict intensity—or the degree of adversarialism in the system—encompasses the extent to which parties engage in centripetal or centrifugal modes of competition. Competitiveness measures the uncertainty of typical elections in the system, including the overall balance of popular support among parties and the vulnerability of governments. A concluding discussion establishes the value of this exercise, and suggests ways in which elements of this framework may be used as independent and dependent variables in future inquiries about Canadian provincial politics and other party systems.

The degendering of male perpetrated intimate partner violence against female partners in Ontario family law courts

ABSTRACT In this paper, we conducted a critical community-engaged Ontario family law case review of 46 cases from 2019 where intimate partner violence was identified. We explored the extent to which judges identified and addressed intimate partner violence and whether the gender of judges impacted on trial outcomes and judges’ parental assessments. We found that judges de-gendered the language of violence, which impacted trial outcomes (e.g., more rulings of unsupervised access for fathers despite them having been violent) and a mutualisation of responsibility by referring to the violence as ‘conflict.’ We also found that male judges were more likely to negatively assess the mothers as both parents and witnesses. We call for more research that explores whether the changes to the Canadian federal Divorce Act (which includes ‘family violence’) will have an impact on the manner in which intimate partner violence is identified and/or referred to by family law judges, and if and how this influences the weighting of salient outcomes in Ontario family court cases.

Nationalism, Secularism, and Ethno-Cultural Diversity in Quebec

An ongoing debate over the intersections between secularism and ethno-cultural diversity is taking place in contemporary societies. For example, in just over a decade, Quebec has witnessed multiple attempts to reframe its approach to issues of nationalism in the context of secularism and the regulation of ethno-cultural diversity. This qualitative and historically minded article studies the relationship among nationalism, secularism, and the regulation of diversity, through three stages of analysis. First, it explores the Catholic history of Quebec and the secularization dimensions of its nationalism since the Quiet Revolution and the ongoing debate within the province about religious accommodation and the integration of immigrants. Second, it lays the stage for examining the political and historical rise of the recently passed Bill 21 An Act Respecting the Laicity of the State in Quebec, through analysis of the failed, yet pivotal, proposal for a “Quebec Charter of Values” during the leadership of Parti Québécois (PQ) Premier Pauline Marois (2012–14). Throughout this article, the content of the charter under the PQ and the successful Act under the Coalition Avenir Québec are discussed in light of policy transfer from France to Quebec regarding secularism and the public display of religious symbols, as well as Quebec’s unique context within the Canadian federation. Finally, it turns to recent political and policy developments in Quebec, including the passing of the new Act, as they relate to the changing relationship among nationalism, secularism, and diversity.

Vertical Sharing and Horizontal Distribution of Federal-Provincial Transfers in Canada, 1983-2018

The Canada health transfer (CHT), the Canada social transfer (CST), and the equalization program are the main pillars of intergovernmental transfers in Canada. These transfers aim to address the vertical and horizontal fiscal imbalances that arise within the Canadian federation. This article provides a framework for the decomposition of federal transfers into their vertical and horizontal components. The empirical analysis is carried out for the period 1983-2018, which is divided into seven subperiods for analytical purposes. The results for the most recent subperiod, 2015-2018, show that (1) vertical, horizontal, and surplus transfers account for 74.85, 24.27, and 0.88 percent, respectively, of the total federal transfers; (2) the federal transfers addressed nearly 77 percent of the initial horizontal fiscal inequalities; (3) the equalization program is the primary channel for reducing horizontal fiscal inequalities, accounting for 85 percent of the total horizontal transfers; and (4) the CHT and CST have effectively become a channel for vertical transfers, contributing little toward horizontal equalization. In this context, there is potential for reform in the federal transfer system. The author suggests that vertical fiscal imbalances could be reduced by transferring tax points to provinces instead of providing specific-purpose transfers. The author also argues that immediate reforms are required in the fiscal stabilization program to address the concerns of oil-producing provinces that face a revenue shortfall because of the decline in oil prices.

Spectrophotometric determination of cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel in five selected body creams sold in Benin City, Nigeria

The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) were evaluated in five body creams sold in different shopping malls and markets in Benin City metropolis. The samples were classified into bleaching creams, toning creams and moisturizers. The moisture content of each cream sample was determined using standard methods while the heavy content was obtained using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Pb was found to have the highest concentration in bleaching cream 2 (9.70 ppm) and the lowest in moisturizer 1 (1.50 ppm). The concentration range for Cd was from 9.20 ppm in moisturizer 2 to 2.90 ppm in the toning cream. The highest concentration of Ni was found in moisturizer 1 (7.00 ppm) and the lowest was in bleaching cream 2 (1.20 ppm). Cr was not detected in the bleaching and toning creams but it was found to be 26.00ppm in moisturizer 1. The results were compared with international standards and were found to be within the limits set by the cosmetic standards of USA, Canada and WHO. The results from this study has shown that the use of these body creams exposes users to some level of concentration of these toxic metals which could constitute potential health hazard due to their ability to bio-accumulate. Therefore, there should be regular monitoring of heavy metals and other chemicals used in the manufacture of body creams.

Dr. Jack Taunton, Trailblazer and Mentor

This article highlights the important contributions that Dr. Jack Taunton has made to the field of Sport and Exercise Medicine during his long and illustrious career. He has been a mentor to many young clinicians and has been a pioneer in shaping the Sport and Exercise Medicine landscape in Canada and internationally. His energy and passion to grow this field have influenced many young clinicians and he has set a high bar that will be hard to match.

Canada

Canada

Canadian Federation of Medical Students' response to "The alarming situation of medical student mental health".

Canadian Federation of Medical Students' response to "The alarming situation of medical student mental health".

Canada

Canada

Who Runs? Canadian Federal and Ontario Provincial Candidates from 1867 to 2019

AbstractWho runs and is elected is one of the most fundamental questions in political science as it pertains to the issue of descriptive representation. Despite the importance of this issue, until recently there were no longitudinal datasets on candidates in Canadian elections. This article presents two novel datasets including information on all candidates who ran in Canadian federal and Ontario provincial elections from 1867 to 2019. I present how these data were collected and how they can be used to gain new insights. I expect these data will be a valuable resource to Canadian political scientists for both research and teaching purposes.

Iranian researchers' contributions to research on COVID-19: A bibliometric analysis and visualization

Background: COVID-19 pandemic crisis motivated researchers worldwide to deeply investigate it from different perspectives As Iran is one of the highly-affected countries by Covid-19, Iranian researchers have focused on studying it This study aimed at analyzing and visualizing Iranian researchers' papers on COVID-19 from a bibliometric perspective Methods: By searching MeSH-selected keywords related to COVID-19 in Scopus, Iranian researchers' papers on COVID-19 were extracted in a CSV format and underwent bibliometric techniques, such as coauthorship analysis, citation, and co-citation analysis, keyword and term co-occurrence mapping and etc in the Microsoft Excel and VOSviewer software package Results: A total of 405 papers were authored by Iranian researchers on COVID-19 during the study period, with the average number of citations per paper of 2 60 and a mean h-index of 15 The majority of papers were original articles in English Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases and Archives of Iranian Medicine and Medical Hypotheses were highly ranked publishing journals, respectively The most productive institute and author were Tehran University of Medical Sciences with 119 papers and Rezaei, N with 12 papers Iranian researchers collaborated with the researchers of 73 countries, with the USA ranking first in Covid-19 research, followed by Italy, Canada, and United Kingdom In publishing papers on COVID-19, Iran ranked first among the Middle Eastern countries and thirteenth internationally Conclusion: Iranian researchers were active in 5 main areas of COVID-19 research, including epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, virology, and systematic review © 2021 Iran University of Medical Sciences

Canada

Canada

H2O Innovation, Canada

H2O Innovation, Canada

Участие Канады в деятельности имперских военных органов в годы Первой мировой войны

Introduction. The paper is devoted to the participation of Canada in the creation and activities of the Imperial War Cabinet and two Imperial War Conferences of 1917 and 1918 to explain the evolution of the foreign and political status of Canada as a part of the British Empire after the end of the War. Methods and materials. The paper is based on the British and Canadian Parliamentary Debates, Reports, Minutes of Proceedings and Meetings of the Imperial War Conferences 1917/1918 and the Imperial War Cabinet. To study them, it uses the method of historical criticism of sources. The author also uses the historical-genetic, comparative and the narrative methods to investigate the causes, the process of creating and activities of imperial military bodies for the unified management of the war. Analysis. The paper analyzes the reasons for the creation of imperial military organizations in the British Empire during the war. It reveals the organizational and functional differences between the two imperial military bodies: Cabinet and Conference. The author studies the activities of imperial military bodies during the war in detail, determines the role of the Canadian delegation in this process. The article analyzes the decisions of the imperial military bodies, reveals their domestic and foreign policy consequences for Dominion of Canada. Results. Canada’s active participation in the creation and activities of the imperial military bodies during the First World War was one of the factors in the transformation of the Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations, the formation of its own national identity, political and foreign independence within the Empire.

National Identity and White Supremacy in Wendy Lill’s The Occupation of Heather Rose

This paper reevaluates the attempts of Wendy Lill to constitute an authentic Canadian national and cultural identity with a special focus on Natives’ representation in literature. In The Occupation of Heather Rose, Lill shows a genuine interest in the depictions of Natives in her works to improve their social and political status in Canada. She narrates instances of White supremacy as the main reason for the dilemma of Natives in Canada. The focus of this study will be on how Wendy Lill as a prolific writer has managed-her own way-to characterize the authentic Canadian cultural identity as represented in the Natives and their dilemma as part of Canadian society.

J’écris ensemble : quelques propositions


 
 
 Dans sa réponse littéraire aux articles du numéro spécial des Cahiers de la Société bibliographique du Canada, « Œuvrer ensemble. Les rouages collectifs dans la chaîne du livre», Giguère traque dans ses derniers retranchements le mythe du génie solitaire seul responsable de ses forfaits littéraires; un mythe persistant, mais désormais intenable pour les historiens du livre. Giguère propose en fait que le « je » écrit toujours en collaboration avec d’autres agents.
 
 

An International Survey of Health Care Services Available to Patients With Tourette Syndrome.

Objective: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that is highly associated with several comorbidities. Given the complex and multifaceted nature of TS, the condition is managed by a wide variety of practitioners in different disciplines. The goal of this study was to investigate health service delivery and care practices by clinicians who see TS patients across different geographic settings internationally.Methods: A comprehensive questionnaire was developed to assess clinical care resources for patients with TS and was sent to clinicians in Canada (CA), the United States (US), Europe (EU), and the United Kingdom (UK). Responses were compared quantitatively between geographic regions.Results: The majority of respondents, regardless of region, reported that fewer than 40% of their case-load are patients with tics. The accessibility of TS services varied among regions, as indicated by differences in wait times, telemedicine offerings, comorbidity management and the availability of behavioral therapies. First-line pharmacotherapy preferences varied among physicians in different geographical regions with CA respondents preferring alpha-2-adrenergic agonists and respondents from the UK and EU preferring dopamine receptor antagonists.Discussion: The results suggest that there is a scarcity of specialized TS clinics, potentially making access to services challenging, especially for patients newly diagnosed with TS. Differences in regional pharmacotherapeutic preferences are reflected in various published treatment guidelines in EU and North America. The lack of dedicated specialists and telemedicine availability, coupled with differences in comorbidity management, highlight the need for interprofessional care and holistic management to improve health care delivery to patients with TS.

Quality assessment of global lung cancer screening guidelines and consensus

Objective: To understand the research progress and quality of lung cancer screening guidelines and consensus in China and abroad, and to provide reference for the formulation of high-quality lung cancer screening guidelines in China. Methods: Databases including PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, SinoMed, VIP and Wanfang Data were searched, websites and important references were also searched by hand retrieval. The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation Ⅱ(AGREE Ⅱ) and Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT) were used to assess the quality of newly published or updated guidelines and consensus. Results: A total of 9 guidelines and consensus published between 2015 and 2020 were included in this study, with countries including the United States, China, Canada, Saudi Arabia and South Africa. The field of scope and purpose and clarity of presentation scored relatively high but the rigor of development and applicability scored low. Five guidelines were judged to be A-level, all of which were published abroad, and the remaining four were B-level, including three guidelines and consensus issued by China and 1 guideline issued by South Africa. The report rate of RIGHT were higher in basic information and background, lower in review and quality assurance, funding and declaration and management of interests. There were 5 guidelines with a good level and 4 guidelines and consensus with a moderate level. The best overall quality guidelines were those published by the American College of Chest Physicians in 2018 and by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care in 2016. Conclusions: The number of countries and institutions that issue lung cancer screening guidelines and consensus had been increasing gradually, but the quality in China remained low. It is necessary to develop high-quality lung cancer screening guidelines suitable for China's national conditions in combination with evidence-based methods to guide practice.

Perceptions of Canadian Federal Policy Responses to COVID-19 among People with Disabilities and Chronic Health Conditions.

This study examines how people with disabilities and chronic health conditions—members of a large and diverse group often overlooked by Canadian public policy—are making sense of the Canadian federal government’s response to COVID-19. Using original national online survey data collected in June 2020 (N = 1,027), we investigate how members of this group view the government’s overall response. Although survey results show broad support for the federal government’s pandemic response, findings also indicate fractures based on disability type and specific health condition, political partisanship, region, and experiences with COVID-19. Among these, identification with the Liberal party and receipt of CERB stand out as associated with more positive views. Further examination of qualitative responses shows that these views are also linked to differing perspectives surrounding government benefits and spending, partisan divisions, and other social and cultural cleavages.