Abstract A distinguished veterinary pathologist, teacher and researcher who spent his entire career at the University of Cambridge's School of Veterinary Medicine.

The COVID-19 pandemic forced an unprecedented global shift to online education, compelling teachers to rapidly adapt their pedagogical practices. The This study investigates how the COVID-19 teaching experiences transformed English medium school teachers in Dhaka, following the curricula of Cambridge and Edexcel. The study focuses on the challenges, the development of confidence in online teaching tools, and the reshaping of their professional roles and pedagogical approaches. This qualitative research methodology, using teacher narratives, presents the experiences of seven teachers from renowned English medium schools who have shifted to online teaching. The results indicate that teachers encountered considerable obstacles at the outset, such as technological difficulties, insufficient training, and the need to adjust to the dynamics of online classrooms. Nevertheless, as time progressed, their self-assurance increased due to autonomous learning and collaboration with colleagues, resulting in improved digital competence. Additionally, the pandemic transformed their professional roles, fostering a transition from conventional, instructor-focused methodologies to more adaptable, learner-centered strategies. The research emphasizes the need for constant professional development in both technological and emotional aspects of pedagogy. Assuming that the pandemic provided a strong impetus toward lasting changes in teaching methods and teachers' responsibilities, it conforms to new educational trends. This research enhances the understanding of connections between crisis-induced instructional adjustments and their lasting consequences for the teachers' professional development.

The review shows that Ihor Medvid’s monograph “Prophet or Heretic? The Religious Worldview of Ivan Franko and His Relations with Clergy” offers novel insights into Franko’s biography, the intellectual history of Ukraine in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, history of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and related subjects. The reviewer calls for further research into Franko’s religiosity, particularly through the application of content analysis and the methodological framework of the Cambridge school of intellectual history. Promising avenues for more in-depth study also include Franko’s perspectives on Freemasonry, Gnosticism, and Buddhism. The review further considers the influence of the constructivist theory of the nation, adopted by Medvid, on the book’s arguments and conclusions. Finally, the reviewer notes the need for a more precise conceptualization of the term “modernity”, which is employed in the monograph to delineate the context within which Franko’s religious worldview was formed.

The subject of the research is the political views of English diplomats and travelers on Muscovy in the 16th century. The focus of the study is on Jerome Gorsey's perspectives on Muscovy, as reflected in his travel notes. In these notes, the author departs from the descriptive and encyclopedic nature typical of English travelers' accounts, opting for a narrative approach with detailed descriptions not only of the geography and everyday life of the inhabitants of the Muscovite state but also of the political activities of its rulers. The aim of this work is to examine "The Travels of Jerome Gorsey" in a broader context of political writings from his era. The search for similarities between Gorsey's political language and that of political figures during the Elizabethan era will help to understand the reasons behind the characteristics given to Muscovy and the merchant's particular attention to the activities of Moscow rulers. The work relies on the methodology of the Cambridge School for the study of political languages in the Early Modern Period, whose key method involves examining historical sources in the broad context of contemporary writings and identifying recurring linguistic markers. The main conclusions of the conducted research indicate that Gorsey's writings on Muscovy should be viewed not only as a form of accountability to the Privy Council and one of many travel accounts but also in conjunction with the political pamphlets and chronicles of his time. The study of Jerome Gorsey's political language will help to better understand the features of communication between English diplomats and the state elite of Britain, particularly the members of the Privy Council, to whom the representative of the Muscovy Company addresses at the beginning of "The Travels." Moreover, "The Travels of Jerome Gorsey" should be seen not as precise descriptions of diplomatic and trade activities in Muscovy, but rather as one of the means of transmitting the political ideas of the English elites, whose influence the diplomat experienced.

The paper examines the book translated into Russian by the British historian Richard Whatmore, a specialist in intellectual history, published in 2023. Intellectual history can be defined as a special direction in historical science focused on the study of ideas, concepts, doctrines, theories and other products of people's intellectual activity, converted into text or any other form. This direction allows us to analyze the influence of historical epochs and circumstances on the development of thoughts and decisions of key historical figures, thinkers, people who determine the fate of mankind. Exploring the ideas and concepts set out in historical texts and documents, intellectual history finds an answer to many different questions. The book addresses the issues of defining the boundaries of intellectual history, the history of the emergence of the discipline and its methodology. The work focuses on the approaches of the so-called Cambridge school of intellectual history, although Begriffsgeschichte is also mentioned. The book may be of interest to both those who have just began to study intellectual history and specialists in this field of research.

The Cambridge School and All That: An Antipodean Writes, November 2015

‘The Social Pinch’: the visual and gendered world of snuff-taking celebrated and satirised, 1660–1832

The paper explores the concept of backwardness as a structural problem. The starting point is to situate Luigi Pasinetti’s contribution to the question of structural change, in order to unfold from there some tentative links in the history of economic thought for thinking about the question of backwardness from the periphery. Pasinetti plays a central role in linking the Cambridge School’s extension of Keynesian analysis to long-run perspectives and the theorization of structural change. Pasinetti’s work, together with Joan Robinson’s distinction between logical and historical time, forms an important basis for understanding the persistence of heterogeneity in the world economic structure, especially in the context of international economic relations. Traditional economic theory focusing on “logical time” tends to overlook this heterogeneity in favor of the forces of free trade, while an analysis based on “historical time” recognizes and emphasizes its persistence. An important point, however, is that this has long been a problem, especially in analyses of the periphery of capitalism. The article explores some non-obvious links in the history of economic thought, examining the contributions of various authors such as the Russian Narodnik authors, Vladimir Lenin, Alexander Gerschenkron, and Celso Furtado. Special emphasis is placed on Furtado’s analysis, which emphasizes the crucial role of historical time in understanding the combination of accumulation and backwardness in underdevelopment processes, especially in peripheral regions. The article emphasizes the importance of historical analysis in economic theory as a way to expand the explanatory power of theoretical models and to understand economic dynamics in a broader context.

This study aims to analyze the physical condition of male basketball athletes at Surabaya Cambridge School to evaluate their level of physical fitness based on various physical test parameters. The research used quantitative descriptive methods with 13 male athletes as subjects. Data collection was carried out through physical testing which included vertical jump, 20M sprint, push up, pull up, crunch, plank, lane test, medicine ball throw, and Vo2Max. The research results showed that the vertical jump was in the Medium category (46.2%), the 20M sprint was in the Poor category (76.9%), the push up were in the Good category (69.2%). Pull-ups below are very poor (69.2%). The crunch test was equally divided between the Good (46.2%) and Very Good (46.2%) categories, the plank was in the Good category (69.2%). Lane test in the Medium category (53.8%), medicine ball throw in the Fair category (53.8%). Vo2Max test in the Medium category (61.5%). These results concluded that the physical condition of Surabaya Cambridge School male basketball athletes was generally at a sufficient level. However, several aspects such as pull ups and medicine ball throws need more attention to improve the athlete's overall physical abilities. This research contributes to providing benchmarks for the development of athletes' physical fitness and recommendations for improving training programs that are more focused on physical aspects that are still less than optimal.

The purpose of this study is to pose the problem of analyzing the relationship between conceptual (linguistic) and social changes, as well as to reveal the role of socio-political speech action of political theorists as key actors in these processes. The article considers the issues of the construction and changes of social and political reality, as well as the role of speech acts in these processes as a special type of social action. According to J. Searle’s general theory of social reality, speech acts are seen as the basis and a necessary condition for socio-political changes. The structure and elements of speech acts are described within the framework of J. Austin’s theory of speech acts, supplemented and formalized by Searle. The article discusses the influence of this theory on the formation of the theoretical and methodological approach of the Cambridge School of Intellectual History, used to understand the analysis of socio-political changes in various societies and historical periods. As an example of such research, the article describes the main elements of the approach of one of the Cambridge School’s founders Quentin Skinner. The analytical tools used by Skinner and his colleagues help to understand the connection between conceptual and social changes in the history of political thought. Considering political theorists as ideologists, Skinner explains through the analysis of political languages and ideological context how authors-ideologists, using statements that are the basis of their theoretical concepts and rhetoric, intentionally take certain actions that change the social reality. The possibilities, attempts and prospects of applying the Cambridge School’s methodology to the Russian history are also considered.

The article considers the presence and role of biblical images in the unpublished writings of Mykhaylo Maksymovych (1804–1873), a prominent Ukrainian intellectual and the first rector of Kyiv University, with a focus on the connection between Maksymovych’s perception of the Bible and his socio-political and philosophical views. The study draws on the methodological approaches of the Cambridge school of intellectual history, theory of metaphors, and Georg Elwert’s concept of ‘we-groups.’ Based on the analysis of the scholar’s papers preserved at the Institute of Manuscripts of the V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine, the study shows that Maksymovych linked the evangelical image of the Word as the second hypostasis of the Holy Trinity with the specifics of man’s written expression, while simultaneously drawing a parallel between the image of the ‘word’ (slovo) and the term ‘Slavs.’ Maksymovych perceived the imagery of the Great Flood and the Tower of Babel as factual episodes in the history of the human race. As a follower of Friedrich Schelling, he tried to harmonize his own studies in the fields of natural history, history, and philology with biblical historiosophy. The article shows the influence of Romanticism on the reception of biblical images in the writings of Maksymovych. Based on Apostle Paul’s antithesis between the Spirit and the Letter, Maksymovych symbolically connects the image of the Spirit with ‘Holy Rus’’, and the image of the Letter with the West. In his considerations on the history of Slavic translations of the Bible, Maksymovych was influenced by the contemporary discussion on the need to translate the Holy Scriptures into modern languages, as well as by the philosophical and socio-political developments of the first half and middle of the 19th century. The article finds similarities in the views of Maksymovych and Orest Novitsky on the history of Slavic translations of the Bible and shows how characterizations of the Bible found in Maksymovych’s lecture notes from the mid-1830s were later reflected in his published works.

ABSTRACTMichael Sonenscher's After Kant: The Romans, the Germans, and the Moderns in the History of Political Thought offers a rich overview of nineteenth‐century French, Swiss, and German political thought. The work's central argument is that modern political thought emerges in a series of attempts to close germinal “gaps” opened in the fabric of European intellectual life by Kant's philosophy and philosophical history. Less a narrative than a bricolage, the work consists of a myriad of intellectual cameos, walk‐on roles, philosophical speculations, and political and social theories whose detail threatens to overwhelm even the most assiduous reader. The most striking feature of Sonenscher's book, however, is its theoretical method. Measuring his distance from both dialectical philosophical history and Cambridge school contextualism, Sonenscher makes powerful use of a method of intellectual history whose last great exponent was Arthur Lovejoy. Under this method, political thought is neither governed by the telos of self‐consciousness nor explicable in terms of the historical circumstances in which it has arisen and whose uses and purposes it might serve. Instead, political thought “emerges” unforeseen from a condition of sheer metaphysical indeterminacy. This condition is brought about by the dissolution of prior conceptual oppositions in an amnesic maelstrom of inversions, arguments, and debates. New oppositions are then created through “chance and choice” only to disintegrate in their turn, leading to further cycles of destruction and recreation that Sonenscher calls “palingenesis.” This anti‐contextual method is responsible for the rich mosaic of intellectual fragments that the reader encounters in this engaging book. It is also responsible for the book's central shortcoming, for it renders the author oblivious to the way in which their impact on those forced to live and think through them makes historical circumstances resistant to their metaphysical liquefaction, with this in turn making Sonenscher heedless of the historian's duty to investigate these circumstances.

The article is devoted to the study of the development and main trends of modern Ukrainian historiography of the Polish-Ukrainian Alliance of 1920. The source base of the study are monographs, articles, and dissertations of Ukrainian historians in the period from 1991 to 2022. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of the Cambridge School of Intellectual History, which can be generally characterized as a contextualist method of interpretation, which places the main emphasis on historical conditions and the intellectual context of the discourse of a given historical era. These principles are especially relevant for the mentioned issue given its political sensitivity, which has not disappeared to this day. As a result, the political context at the time of the creation of the text can significantly influence the research questions and interpretations of the researchers. The author notes that since Ukraine regained its independence in 1991, Ukrainian scholars have rejected the Soviet paradigm of the history of the Polish-Soviet war and have largely adopted the interpretive schemes of emigration historiography. In this narrative, in contrast to the Soviet one, S. Petliura, when signing the agreement with Poland, was guided by Ukrainian national interests. However, Ukraine became a hostage to the selfish interests of Poland, which eventually betrayed its ally. However, as the author proves, the interpretive model that depicts the Polish-Ukrainian Alliance as the resultant force of Polish and Ukrainian interests and resources is beginning to dominate Ukrainian historiography. The aspect of uniting for the common struggle against Bolshevism began to come to the fore. A significant role in this process is played by the possibility of contacts between Ukrainian historians and Polish colleagues, the essential filling of many factual gaps and, not least, the geopolitical situation of Ukraine.

In terms of civilian casualties directly and indirectly caused by the war, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was the largest war in world history in the second half of the nineteenth century and had a strong East Asian Christian background. This article adopts the ‘historical contextualism’ approach of the Cambridge School in the history of political thought, and through a comparison of the relevant views of Karl Marx, Max Weber and Kang Youwei, it reveals that this intentional omission comes from a specific combination of modernisation routes and modernisation political construction choices. In contemporary China, the study of Christian theory and the practice of church organisation still need to answer the question of the general public as to whether Christianity can bring about a better life, both materially and spiritually.Contribution: This article pointed out that three contemporaries, Marx, Weber and Kang, all evaluated the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement as a revolution of Christianity in China from the standpoint of ‘China’s need for modernisation’, but differed in their evaluation of the position and role of the religious reform factor in the process of modernisation in China. However, they differed in their assessment of the position and role of the Reformation factor in the process of modernisation in China. The article reveals that for Protestant Christianity in contemporary China, it is still necessary to carefully handle its relationship with the government and to satisfy the people’s real needs for a modernised material and spiritual life. Meanwhile, it sheds light on the issue of ‘heterocultural adaptability’ brought about by the expansion and spread of Protestant Christianity in East Asia, as well as on the question of whether Protestantism and Confucianism in the process of modern conversion can achieve peaceful coexistence.

The concept of archetypes and archetypal literary criticism are frequent topics in Western criticism, developed on the basis of the concept of 'archetype,' which originated in the Cambridge School of the United Kingdom at the beginning of the twentieth century and reached its peak in North America in the fifties and sixties. The Canadian scholar Northrop Frye, on the other hand, is recognised as an exponent of this critical theory. Frye's archetypal criticism is particularly influenced by the concept of 'archetype' in Jung's theory of analytical psychology, which is quite consistent in its interpretation of the nature and practical use of the concept of archetypes but inevitably carries with it certain limitations. The discussion explores the similarities and differences in the conceptualisation and use of Frye's and Jung's theories of ‘archetypes’ and to comment on the achievements of archetypal theory in both.

The purpose of this research is to identify transformative curriculum development strategies at MTsN 1 Malang City. The research method employed is a qualitative research approach. Data collection procedures used in this study include: participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. As this research utilizes a case study design, data analysis is conducted in three stages: (1) data reduction, (2) data display, and (3) verification and conclusion drawing. The research findings include: First, formulating the goals of transformative-integrative curriculum development using the institution's vision and mission. Second, establishing the foundation for transformative-integrative curriculum development, based on the Quran, Hadith, Ijma’, and Qiyas as the specific foundations, and philosophical and juridical foundations as the general basis. Third, determining the principles of transformative-integrative curriculum development, with the main principles being relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, and continuity. Fourth, defining the content of the transformative-integrative curriculum by integrating it with other curriculum such as the National curriculum, pesantren, Cambridge, and specific school curriculum to result in a transformative-integrative curriculum. Fifth, developing a transformative learning schedule; in scheduling, principles of collaboration, fairness, truth, equal distribution, and learning are applied. Sixth, realizing the transformative-integrative curriculum by implementing the PAI curriculum referring to the 2013 Curriculum, NU principles, Javanese language, Tahfidz, learning programs, and the development of students' talents, interests, and skills through extracurricular activities, entrepreneurial education, and habituation programs becoming the cultural norms in the school. Seventh, developing future-oriented learning methods. Eighth, using engaging learning media appropriate to the teaching material. Nineth, establishing collaborations with the community and stakeholders that benefit the institution. Tenth, continuously evaluating the transformative-integrative curriculum, covering three aspects: Learning Evaluation, which includes cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains; Curriculum Evaluation, which includes components of objectives, content, methods, facilities, and learning evaluation; and Student Achievement Evaluation, which includes academic and non-academic achievements in various competitions.

The focus of this study is a discussion between the representative of classical realism, H. Morgenthau, and the American theorists of republicanism, J. Calhoun and W. Sumner. The author argues that Morgenthau was proving the limitations of republican political theory. For this purpose, Morgenthau developed the concept of political power of the German theory of elitism. The content of the study is divided into three parts. First, the term “power” is analyzed in the political writings of representatives of German elitism of the Weimar Republic K. Schmitt, O. Spengler and E. Jünger. Next, the role of the concepts of “self-government” and “commonwealth” in Calhoun and Sumner’s theory is explored. Finally, the author shows how Morgenthau engages the notion of “power” against the conceptual foundations of republican theory. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of analyzing political texts formulated by representatives of the Cambridge School of the History of Ideas. This methodology allows us to focus on the theorist’s motivation to solve a political problem with the help of a set of concepts that are relevant to the current debate. The main conclusion of the study is that Morgenthau, in a polemic with republican theorists, constructed an image of the American empire of the Western Hemisphere, giving full authority to the central government and relegating the key republican principle of federalism to a way of decentralizing power at the regional level. Morgenthau’s victory in the debates with republican theorists also allows us to conclude that the establishment of the ideas of realism in the American science of international relations contributed to the transformation of the United States from a republic into a new centralized empire.

The paper deals with images of faith and knowledge in the works of Mykhailo Maksymovych, a famous botanist, folklorist, and historian of the 19th century and the first rector of the University of Saint Volodimir in Kyiv. Mykhailo Maksymovych’s way of solving the problem of the relationship between religion and science is analysed in the general context of the intellectual processes in Eastern Europe of the 19th century. The study is based on Mykhailo Maksymovych’s published works, memoirs, letters, and unpublished texts, held in the Institution of Manuscript at the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine (Kyiv). The methodological foundation is the approaches of the Cambridge School of Intellectual History, theorising on cultural memory and quantitative content analysis with MAXQDA-2022. The paper shows that Mykhailo Maksymovych’s attitude to the demarcation problem of knowledge and faith resulted from a combination of his personal religiosity and his fascination with the ideas of Friedrich Schelling. Mykhailo Maksymovych perceived the Bible as a relevant description of the “factual” dimension of human history. He represented the philosophy of the heart, widespread in Ukrainian intellectual life of that period. Maksymovych’s deep personal religiosity, combined with his theoretical ideas about the correlation between faith and knowledge, led him to the idea of Orthodox coherence between Russia and Ukraine. This was an actualisation of the early modern idea, elaborated in the Kyivan Synopsis of the late 17th century. Mykhailo Maksymovych actualised these ideas on the basis of Romanticism. Early modern ideas were close to Maksymovych’s consciousness because he was religious in the traditional Orthodox sense. Religious images of Ukraine in the works of Mykhailo Maksymovych were similar to the ideas of Konstantin Leontiev, a famous Russian conservative philosopher of the second half of the 19th century.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of action research, emphasizing its significance as a systematic inquiry process conducted by English teachers within their own classrooms to improve teaching and learning. The main goal is to identify the popularity and usage of Action Research among EFL teachers, at the same time Master’s degree students. The study explores Action Research's role in improving teachers' professional growth and the basic knowledge of the graduate students on Action Research. Action research was first conducted in Kazakhstan in 2012 as a joint project of the University of Cambridge and Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS) with the goal of improving educational practices. The quantitative research was conducted on the basis of the discipline “Action Research” for the 1st year graduate students of the profession “Two Foreign Languages” of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. The results of a survey given to Master's students have different levels of familiarity and experience with Action Research. The study will assist to identify the spread and the usage of Action Research among EFL teachers in Kazakhstan. In addition, the study will help school administrators, teacher mentors to understand obstacles faced by EFL teachers and improve educational system in Kazakhstan.

The overall variables directly affect the demand function, and the level of influence varies according to the type of relationship between those variables and the money demand function, which is the cornerstone of monetary theory. Indeed, Friedman believes that monetary theory is a theory of money demand in the first place, and the demand for money if Looking at it from a historical angle, interest in it began under the Cambridge School, which replaced the speed of money circulation with the speed of income circulation, and thus achieved a qualitative shift in monetary theory that occurred through its focus on the subjective aspect, that is, the demand for money. Then the research went into great depth on this topic by other economists, especially Keynes, who classified the demand for money according to the motives through which he gave exceptional importance to the interest rate in influencing money demand. Studies continued after him to reach their level with (Milton Friedman), whose contributions in this field can be said to have been represented by two aspects: the concept of stability, that is, the stability of the money demand function and the stability of the speed of circulation. The research dealt with the relationship between independent economic variables (domestic product, exchange rate, interest rate). ) and the demand function for money.