Cambarus Clarkii Research Articles

Studies on Carotenoprotein in Aquatic Animals : II Reddening of Carotenoprotein obtained from Crayfish (Cambarus clarkii)

1. 天然の甲殻に存在する赤いカロチノプロテイン(R)は青又は紫カロチノプロテイン(B，P)の自動酸化により生じたものと考える. 2. RはB又はPを100℃に加熱して生じた赤いカロチノプロテイン(Rh)とは二・三性質を異にする. 3. B及びPの自動酸化，加熱により生ずるR，RhはB，Pよりカロチノイド含量が少なく，分子量は大きい. 4. B及びPを100℃加熱して生じたRhを長期間保存すると部分的ではあるが元のB，Pに回復することを認めた. 5. 0.005MのFe++，Fe+++，Sn++，Hg++，Cu++の存在によりカロチノプロテインは不可逆的に変性する.

A study of the action of picrotoxin on the inhibitory neuromuscular junction of the crayfish.

1. The effect of picrotoxin on the neuromuscular junction of the crayfish (Cambarus clarkii) was investigated. The potential changes were recorded intracellularly and extracellularly with micro-electrodes. The membrane conductance of the muscle fibre was also measured.2. Picrotoxin depressed the amplitudes of the inhibitory junctional potentials and the potential changes produced by iontophoretically applied gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), but had no appreciable effect on the excitatory junctional potentials and the potential changes produced by L-glutamate.3. The presynaptic action of GABA and the neural transmitter was depressed by picrotoxin. The presynaptic action of beta-guanidinopropionic acid was also depressed by picrotoxin.4. The increase in the membrane conductance produced by the addition of GABA in the bath fluid was depressed by picrotoxin. The dose-response relation showed that picrotoxin depressed the conductance increase produced by GABA in a non-competitive manner. The action of picrotoxin on the conductance increase produced by GABA was more effective in low Cl- solution.5. The analysis of the dose-response curves showed that the action of picrotoxin was well expressed by the Michaelis-Menten equation, but the slope of the dose-response curve of GABA was steeper than this relation. It is proposed that the conductance of the junctional membrane was increased by the combination of two molecules of GABA with a receptor, and the attachment of one molecule of picrotoxin to a specific site depressed the conductance increase.

A study of the inhibitory action of gamma-amino-butyric acid on neuromuscular transmission in the crayfish.

1. The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the neuromuscular junction of the crayfish (Cambarus clarkii) was investigated. The drug was applied iontophoretically to a junction and the potential changes were recorded intracellularly as well as extracellularly with micro-electrodes.2. The amplitude of the potential produced by iontophoretically applied L-glutamate was decreased by simultaneous application of GABA to the same junctional area. When the membrane potential was clamped at the resting level the clamping current for the L-glutamate injection was not changed by GABA application, indicating that there is no appreciable competition between L-glutamate and GABA for the glutamate-sensitive receptor.3. The excitatory nerve was stimulated repetitively and the excitatory junctional potentials (e.j.p.s) were recorded extracellularly with a micro-electrode placed on the surface of the muscle. The average size of the extracellular e.j.p.s was reduced by the application of GABA.4. The number of quanta released per impulse calculated from the extracellular e.j.p.s was decreased during the application of GABA, while the quantum size remained unchanged.5. The size of the excitatory presynaptic nerve spike was decreased by the application of GABA. However, no appreciable change was observed in the inhibitory nerve spike.6. These results indicate that in addition to its post-synaptic action GABA acts on the excitatory presynaptic nerve terminal and reduces the release of the transmitter.

血液凝固に関する研究(第I報)

Studies were performed on the phenomenon of blood coagulation of American crawfish, Cambarus clarkii, and the fibrinogen contained in its blood plasma was demonstrated electrophoretically. The results are as follows:1) In the case of crawfish, the course of blood coagulation can be observed separately in two stages. First, the blood cells contacted with and joined each other by the cytoplasmic processeses long dendritic or horn-like form grown out rapidly from the cells, involving a few of fine fibrilles, and yet the blood plasma maintained its liquidity.The explosive breake down of so-called explosive cells might take an important part of this phenomenon.The decarcifying anticoagulants, such as Na. citrate, could not inhibit the coagumechanism completely, and the fibrinclot appeared promptly yet maintaining the liquidity of blood plasma, by the addition of Na. citrate to freshly aspirated blood. Moreover the microcopic examination of extended preparation of this clot revealed the numerous blood cells involved in the fibrin-nets. So that it is reasonably considered that the Na. citrate may have some promoting effect on the first stage of coagulation.2) In the second stage, the major part of fibrinogen in the blood plasma changed into fibrin-fibre and the complete gelation of blood was reached. The facts found in this stage are resemble to that of the higher janimals. Oxalate and citrate,, though having a promoting effect on the first stage, showed the inhibition of the second stage of coagulation. But heparin showed no inhibition.3) The blood plasma obtained by inhibiting the second stage of coagulation using Na. citrate was gelated completely when Ca. chloride or homogenous thrombin solution was added to it.The temperature, neither low (3-4°C) nor high (46°C) inhibits the first stage of coagulation, resulting the formation of a soft clot.4) The electrophoretic pattern of crawfish serum on cellulose acetate membrane revealed a prominent protein fraction, hemocyanin which corresponds to the albumin in higher animals. and other several minor fractions than hemocyanin corresponding to the globulin. In the case of citrated blood plasma, a major fraction appeared in the globulin portion, which was never seen by serumelectrophoresis.The electrophoretic pattern of the liquid obtained after the gelation of citrated blood plasma by adding Ca. chloride, seemed quite similar to that of the serum and no major fraction in the globulin portion was demonstrated.5) The globulin fraction salted out from the citrated blood plasma by 30 per cent saturation of Ammonium sulfate showed gelation by the addition of homogenous thrombin solution.From the facts described above, ethe major protein fraction in globulin portion of citrated blood plasma of crawfish is considered to be the fiblinogen of this animal.6) It is a phylogenical interests to notice that in the case of crawfish, next of hemocyanin, fibrinogen is the most prominent fraction of serum protein while others than these are found in very small quantities.

Some observations on the fine structure of the giant fibers of the crayfishes (Cambarus virilus and Cambarus clarkii) with special reference to the submicroscopic organization of the synapses.

Some observations on the fine structure of the giant fibers of the crayfishes (Cambarus virilus and Cambarus clarkii) with special reference to the submicroscopic organization of the synapses.

ザリガニの血清学的研究(続)

Histological studies are made of the crawfish (Cambarus clarkii) as to the reaction of the epithelial membranous tissue of the shell by antigen injection through the heart or directly through the shell punctured.An active proliferative reaction in response to antigenic substance (rabbit or goat serum 0.1-0.3cc) administered is showed in the epithelial membranous tissue which probably constitutes a main hematopoietic organ of this animal.Following intracardial injection of an antigen, some rapid changes occur in the epithelial membrane. The first, occured 6-8 hours of the antigen injection, consists of a diffuse infiltration with basophilic young cells. The reactions show more than one cell type of the tissue including the characteristic globulous cells as it seen lymphnodes of higher animals. The second change following injection consists of proliferation and migration of the basophilic cells of the globules and disappearance of its normal feature. These changes lead to the almost complete loss of the basic appearance of the epithelial membrane.Arthus' phenomenon is also recognised with the sensitized animals. The reactions of the sensitized animal to the antigen injection appear to be of a fundamentally simillar type to those produced by sensitizing injection of antigen. But the responses are more severe that of described here.Since the crawfish belongs to the Forssman's guinea pig type, simillar changes also can be see when Forssman's antibody (anti-goat hemolysine) is injected.

ザリガニの血清学的研究(続)特に甲殻下上皮膜の細胞の反応について

ザリガニの血清学的研究(続)特に甲殻下上皮膜の細胞の反応について

CONTRACTILE PROTEIN FROM CRAYFISH TAIL MUSCLE

1. Contractile protein (myosin B) was extracted and purified from tail muscle of the crayfish Cambarus clarkii.2. Ultraviolet absorption spectra of crayfish myosin B dissolved in 0.6 M KCl showed a protein nature. The ∈275 was 9 and ∈275/∈255 was 1.3. Acid-soluble purine-pentose content was 1.5 x 10-5 mole per gram protein and nucleic acid purine-pentose content was 1 x 10-5 mole.3. Crayfish myosin B was quite soluble in 0.4 M KCl. Salting-out analysis with ammonium sulfate indicated the main component is actomyosin.4. Super-precipitation with ATP was clearly seen to take place in the range of 0.08-0.16 M KCl concentrations. The phenomenon was most distinguished in the presence of 0.1 M KCl and 10-5 M MgCl2 at pH 7.0 at 25° C. EDTA, in concentrations higher than 10-4 M, completely inhibited the precipitation.5. A drop of viscosity with ATP was observed in the presence of 0.6 M KCl. The ATP sensitivity of Weber and Portzehl was 100%. The recovery process was also observed to a considerable extent.6. ATP al...

A Note on the Pharmacology of the Dorsal Musculature of Peripatopsis

ABSTRACT As far as they have been studied the muscles of the body wall of annelids have been found to be sensitive to acetylcholine. The dorsal musculature of Hirudo medicinalis L. responds by contraction to a low concentration of the drug (Minz, 1932); among the chaetopods a similar effect has been shown with the body wall of Lumbricus terrestris L., Arenicola marina L. (Wu, 1939) and Branchiomma vesiculosum (Montagu) (Nicol, 1952). In all cases the threshold of response is at dilutions of 10−4 to 10−6. No such responses have generally been found with the skeletal muscles of the Crustacea. Bacq (1935) reports that the muscles of Carcinus maenas (Pennant) and Lepas anatifera L. do not respond to acetylcholine at a concentration of 10-4; du Buy (1935) was unable to elicit any response to crystals of the drug from the muscles of Cambarus sp.; Katz (1936) found no response from the muscles of Carcinus maenas to acetylcholine at a concentration of 10-5, but observed a ‘moderate short contracture’ to a concentration of 10-4;* Ellis, Thienes & Wiersma (1942) detected no response from the claw muscles of Cambarus clarkii Girard even at concentrations of 10-1.

Physiological and Pharmacological Observations on Muscle Receptor Organs of the Crayfish, Cambarus Clarkii Girard

ABSTRACT The muscle organs recently described by Alexandrowicz in the tails of Homarus vulgaris and Palinurus vulgaris, have also been found to be present in the crayfish (Cambarus clarkii) and the rock lobster (Panulirus interruptus), and a study of them in the latter animals has been undertaken. The position of these units within the abdomen of the crayfish differs from their position in the lobsters. In almost all other respects, however, there is substantial correspondence in their morphological features. The organs are easily isolated and it is found that stretching them is accompanied by a discharge in one of the axons supplying each unit. There are two receptors in each half-segment of the abdomen and their responses show considerable differences. One has a very low threshold and can be sustained in continuous discharge for several hours. The threshold of the other is high and this receptor usually adapts completely to the most extreme stretch in less than 1 min. A phenomenon which is designated ‘over-stretch’ has been observed. All-but-maximal stretch causes a reversible cessation of the previous high-frequency discharge. The discharge can be restored by slight release of tension, but even if the tension producing ‘over-stretch’ is maintained for a sufficient length of time, discharge will resume spontaneously. The possibility that this spontaneous return is due to a slow rupture of the receptor tissues is not excluded. The muscular regions of the organs are not necessary for their sensory function. It has been possible to show that stimulation of the nerve trunk can induce contraction in these muscular regions and that such contraction results in discharge in the sensory axons. The unit with the low stretch-threshold responds to low concentrations of ACh and this effect is potentiated by eserine. In concentrations above 10−6 before eserinization and above 10−8 after eserinization, ACh consistently initiates rhythmic responses in relaxed units and augments the discharge from those under tension. ACh affects the sensory mechanism directly; the muscular regions of the organs are not necessary for its action. Atropine inhibits the ACh excitation, but only increases the response of the receptors to stretch. Eserine, except in high concentrations, has no consistent effect on the normal stretch discharge. The possibility that ACh has a role in the normal receptor mechanism is discussed, but the question is left open.

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE SYNAPSES OF A SINGLE MOTOR FIBER

It has been shown that stimulation of synapses of the giant motor fibers of the third roots of Cambarus clarkii can block transmission at other synapses located on the same fiber. Peripherally located synapses block most synapses which are more centrally located. The reverse is true in a small number of cases. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed. It was further found that the two medial giant fibers in fresh, carefully dissected, preparations show a functional connection in the brain. It is probable that, under natural conditions, both medial giant fibers are always active at the same time.

The Nature of the Action Potentials of Crustacean Muscles

ABSTRACT An investigation has been made of the action potentials of the muscles of the crayfish, Cambarus clarkii. It was found that the polarity of these potentials was in many instances the reverse of that expected. It is shown that ‘positive’ potentials cannot be explained by injury to the active tissue, by the complex structure of the muscles, or by the direction of the muscle fibres. Using muscles in which all extraneous connexions could be rigorously avoided, the muscle action potentials were invariably found to be negative. Direct evidence is presented for the local non-conducted nature of the crustacean muscle action potentials. An hypothesis is offered to explain the monophasicity and polarity of these action potentials on the basis of multiple unilateral innervation of the muscle fibres.

The Mechanism of the Nervous Regulation of the Crayfish Heart

ABSTRACT A preparation is described in which the peripheral inhibitor and accelerator nerves of the crayfish (Cambarus clarkii) heart can be separately or simultaneously stimulated. The effect of different frequencies of stimulation were investigated; complete stoppage of the heart was obtained only with rather high frequencies (45 per sec.); maximal acceleration, with lower frequencies (30 per sec.). No difference in effects between left and right nerves was found. Perfusion with acetylcholine and stimulation of the accelerator nerve produce identical effects. Perfusion with eserin does not influence the normal heart beat but enhances the effect of acceleration. The nerve of Lemoine has no regulatory influence on the heart. Special inhibitory and acceleratory tracts have been prepared in the suboesophageal commissures. Each of these tracts makes heterolateral as well as homolateral connexions. The influence of the frequency of stimulation on the central tracts has been studied. An hypothesis with regard to the mechanism of the crayfish heart beat and its control is presented.

THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN DRUGS ON THE CRUSTACEAN NERVE-MUSCLE SYSTEM

The effects of a wide selection of drugs on the peripheral nerve-muscle preparations of the cheliped of the crayfish, Cambarus clarkii, were studied.Of all drugs used, the local anaesthetics were the only ones which, as a group, showed the customary vertebrate effects on crustacean preparations.In general, the effects of the drugs used in the investigation were limited to changes in the excitability of the nerve fiber. These effects were of two types; either the refractory period of the nerve was markedly lengthened, or the nerve fiber became so hypersensitive that excitatory stimuli set up multiple discharges in the nerve.The effects of the drugs on peripheral inhibition were studied, with the conclusion that the substances exert little effect on the mechanisms involved in these phenomena, especially on those responsible for supplementary inhibition.An investigation was made into certain "reversal" effects in which stimulation of the inhibitory axon showed an excitation, and in which stimulation of the excitatory axon showed an inhibitory effect. Of these, the former is ascribed to stimulation of the adjacent hypersensitive motor fiber upon stimulation of the inhibitor; the latter, to a Wedensky-block.The central effects appear to be quite different from the effects on the peripheral systems.

Morphological Color Change in the Crayfish

1. Counts were made of the number of red and white chromatophores in the telson of three lots of young crayfish (Cambarus clarkii) after they had been on a white background, a black background and in the dark respectively for 52, to 110 days. These were compared with counts made on animals from the stock aquaria before the experiment was initiated. 2. The average number of white chromatophores in relation to the total number of chromatophores decreased on the black background; and increased on the white background. In the dark there was a slight increase over the normals. The situation in regard to the average number of red chromatophores in relation to the total number of chromatophores was the converse of the white. 3. Some of the animals were unable to become black-adapted after they had been on a white background during the course of the experiment. It is suggested that this is due to a large increase in the amount of white pigment in the individual white chromatophores, and a concomitant decrease in the amount of red pigment in the individual red chromatophores.

Chromosomes of the crayfish, <I>Cambarus clarkii</I>, introduced from America.

The chromosomes of the crayfish, Cambarus clarkii were investigated in spermatogenesis. This species was originally introduced from America. At present it abounds in the neighbourhood of Tokyo. The spermatogonial complex shows 192 chromosomes, of which 6 (3 pairs) are atelomitic V-shaped while the remaining are telomitic rod-shaped (Figs. 1-2). The haploid chromosome number, 96, was observed in the primary and secondary spermatocytes (Figs. 3-4 and 6). No evidence for the presence of the particular chromosomes could be found in the present species. The following table shows the numerical relationship of the chromosomes of the species belonging to the Potamobiidae so far studied.

STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF EYESTALK REMOVAL UPON YOUNG CRAYFISH (CAMBARUS CLARKII GIRARD)

1. Removal of both eyestalks causes a shortening of the following intermoults in Cambarus clarkii. The removal of a moult-inhibiting substance produced in the eyestalks is accepted as a reasonable explanation.2. The methods employed have been such as to show: (a) that the processes leading up to moulting can be initiated in the absence of the eyestalks; and (b) that the effect upon moulting is associated with the absence of the eyestalks, not with the shock of their removal.3. Injury other than eyestalk removal does not shorten the intermoult when performed early in the intermoult.4. Eyestalk removal always results in death, but the processes related to viability which are affected by eyestalk removal can be distinguished from the moulting processes which are affected by the same operation, although there is an apparent correlation between moulting and viability.

Studies on Two Strains of Aphanomyces laevis Found Occurring as Wound Parasites on Crayfish

During 1937 and 1938 a number of young crayfish (Cambarus Clarkii Girard) which had recently been operated upon in these laboratories 3 died, apparently as the result of infection with a water mould which after isolation was tentatively identified as Aphanomyces laevis De Bary. Since this species is not very clearly defined, and has never been reported as parasitic upon animals, and because of the fact that a severe, recurring epidemic disease of European crayfish is caused by a species of Aphanomyces (A. astaci -magnusi Schikora), which is, however, quite different from A. laevis, the following studies were made to determine more carefully the morphology, development, and taxonomic position of the present fungus. Two strains, A and B, believed to be A. laevis have been isolated, each from a different lot of crayfish. These isolates, although morphologically very similar, show important' physiological differences which are of interest in view of the varying descriptions of A. laevis that have previously been given. The hyphae of both strains are slender and whitish, rather straight, with occasional side branches given off nearly at right

A Perfusing Solution for the Crayfish Heart and the Effects of Its Constituent Ions on the Heart

Previous articleNext article No AccessA Perfusing Solution for the Crayfish Heart and the Effects of Its Constituent Ions on the HeartWilliam H. Cole, R. G. Helfer, and C. A. G. WiersmaWilliam H. Cole Search for more articles by this author , R. G. Helfer Search for more articles by this author , and C. A. G. Wiersma Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 12, Number 4Oct., 1939 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.12.4.30151517 Views: 2Total views on this site Citations: 10Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:David H. Evans The Second Generation: MDIBL in the 1930s, (Jan 2015): 87–140.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2960-3_3Ernest S. Chang, Michael D. Brody Crustacean Organ and Cell Culture, (Jan 1989): 19–86.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-007907-0.50008-6Eugenio Frixione, Hugo Ar�chiga Ionic dependence of screening pigment migrations in crayfish retinal photoreceptors, Journal of Comparative Physiology ? A 144, no.11 (Jan 1981): 35–43.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00612795Hans Fischer Articulata, Gliedertiere, (Jan 1971): 222–421.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65048-2_3Robert C Barkman Response of the tissue of Orconectes rusticus to salinity stress, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 36, no.22 (Sep 1970): 285–290.https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-406X(70)90008-3 Ebert A. Ashby , and James L. Larimer Cardiac Responses of the Crayfish, Procambarus simulans, to External and Internal Carbon Dioxide Stress, Physiological Zoology 37, no.11 (Sep 2015): 21–32.https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.37.1.30152317A.P.M. Lockwood “Ringer”, solutions and some notes on the physiological basis of their ionic composition, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 2, no.44 (Apr 1961): 241–289.https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-406X(61)90113-XDONALD M. MAYNARD CIRCULATION AND HEART FUNCTION, (Jan 1960): 161–226.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-395628-6.50011-7Jack Colvard Jones Effects of salts on Anopheles heart rates, Journal of Experimental Zoology 133, no.11 (Oct 1956): 125–144.https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401330107Maurice J. Schlatter Analyses of the blood serum of cambarus clarkii, pachygrapsus crassipes and panulirus interruptus, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 17, no.22 (Apr 1941): 259–261.https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030170210

CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE ADDUCTOR MUSCLE OF THE CHELIPED OF THE CRAYFISH IN RELATION TO THE DOUBLE MOTOR INNERVATION

An investigation has been made of the phosphate and lactic acid changes in the adductor muscle of the cheliped of the crayfish Cambarus clarkii upon stimulation of the isolated axons for the fast and slow contractions at determined frequencies. The data obtained point to the following conclusions: 1. When the mechanical effects of the two types of contraction are the same, the chemical changes are of the same order. If the mechanical effects are different, the chemical changes likewise are not equivalent. This is especially to be seen in the case of stimulation at 50 shocks per second: a slowly rising, long continued, strong slow contraction takes place with no apparent change in the phosphate content; a quickly rising fast contraction occurs with a large increase in the phosphate. 2. Since equivalent chemical changes accompany equivalent mechanical action, the two types of contraction do not differ in the essential mechanism of the chemical changes involved, and only one type of contractile substance is present. 3. Even when a contraction has taken place to the maximum extent obtainable, only enough phosphate is found to correspond to one-fifth to one-third of the available phosphagen.