Caffeine Concentrations Research Articles

Ibuprofen as an Organic Pollutant in the Danube and Effects on Aquatic Organisms

The presence of emerging substances in surface water is of a great concern knowing they are the main source for community water supply needs. This study describes the development, optimization and application of an analytical method for the determination of ibuprofen in the Danube samples. Caffeine concentrations, as an indicator of human waste, were determined and maximum risk indexes for aquatic organisms were calculated. The Danube samples were collected from ten representative locations. A Solid-phase extraction was used for ibuprofen and caffeine separation and the analysis was performed by High-performance liquid chromatography method. Ibuprofen concentrations ranged (30.62-111.40) ng/L and caffeine (305.94-375.97) ng/L. Low risk on aquatic organisms was determined for ibuprofen and potential sublethal effect for caffeine was obtained. The results indicated that ibuprofen was effectively separated from other substances in the samples under defined chromatographic conditions for short period of time (4 minutes). Applied HPLC method showed good repeatability, accuracy, selectivity and robustness. Further studies including continuous monitoring of caffeine in the Danube are necessary in order to assess the real risks and possible prevention.

NOVEL UV SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD FOR QUANTIFICATION OF CAFFEINE IN MARKETED ENERGY DRINKS

Objective: This study is performed to quantitatively estimate caffeine in marketed energy drinks by using UV-Visible spectroscopic method.
 Methods: This experiment was performed on various soft drinks and energy drinks available in the local market of India to determine the caffeine concentration. The quantitative method used was simple, easy UV-Visible spectrophotometric method by using carbon dichloromethane as diluent at 274 nm. UV-Vis spectroscopy is an analytical technique that measures the amount of discrete wavelengths of UV or visible light that are absorbed by or transmitted through a sample in comparison to a reference or blank sample.
 Results: Among all the samples i.e. soft or energy drinks taken for this experiment sample 1 has low concentration of caffeine and the highest concentration was observed in sample 3.
 Conclusion: Caffeine in an energy drink provides a stimulant effect, it gives energy. At lower levels, as it’s typically used in soft drinks, it has less of a stimulant effect and is used mainly for its taste profile. However the concentration of caffeine should be within the limits specified. Excessive consumption of caffeine may lead to anxiety, caffeine dependence, increased urination, and may cause insomnia. Energy drinks can contain high levels of caffeine but are unlikely to be hazardous unless consumed with alcohol. This research is very important analytical process to safeguard the well being of people who are unaware to adverse effects of caffeine.

Occurrences, Seasonal Variations, and Potential Risks of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Lianjiang River, South of China

Aquatic ecological problems caused by pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are increasingly becoming an issue of concern. In this study, the seasonal and spatial occurrence and environmental risk of 20 PPCPs were studied at 19 sampling points in the surface waters of the Lianjiang River basin (southern of China); its watershed is about 10,100 km2. Sample preparation was performed using solid-phase extraction, and determination was performed by using a high-performance liquid-phase tandem triple quaternary mass spectrometer. Nine PPCPs were detected with total concentrations of 19.5–940.53 and 6.07–186.04 ng L−1 during the wet (August 2021) and dry (April 2022) seasons, respectively. Four kinds of compounds—sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), caffeine (CAF), and florfenicol (FFC)—had a detection rate of more than 50% in both seasons. CAF, carbamazepine (CBZ), and FFC were higher in the wet season than in the dry season in the Lianjiang River possibly due to the higher usage of PPCPs and increased tourism during summer. SMX and SMM showed higher average concentrations in the dry season possibly due to lower biodegradation in the dry season and a slight dilution effect from rainfall. The concentrations of SMX, SMZ, SMM, and FFC were strongly correlated with NO3−, according to redundancy analysis and Spearman’s correlation analysis. The results of the risk quotient revealed that the ecological effect of CAF concentrations on green algae had low risk at all sampling points except R16.

Correlation between caffeine and coprostanol in contrasting Amazonian water bodies

The evaluation of contamination by domestic sewage is relevant in the Amazon region; however, it has neither been well-developed nor accompanied by research or monitoring programs. In this study, caffeine and coprostanol as indicators of sewage were investigated in water samples from Amazonian water bodies that crisscross the city of Manaus (Amazonas state, Brazil) and cover regions with distinct main land uses such as high-density residential, low-density residential, commercial, industrial, and environmental protection areas. Thirty-one water samples were studied based on their dissolved and particulate organic matter (DOM and POM) fractions. Quantitative determination of both caffeine and coprostanol was carried out using LC-MS/MS with APCI in the positive ionization mode. The streams of the urban area of Manaus had the highest concentrations of caffeine (1.47–69.65 μg L−1) and coprostanol (2.88–46.92 μg L−1). Samples from the peri-urban Tarumã-Açu stream and from the streams in the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve showed much lower concentrations of caffeine (20.20–165.78 ng L−1) and coprostanol (31.49–120.44 ng L−1). Samples from the Negro River showed a wider range of concentrations of caffeine (20.59–873.59 ng L−1) and coprostanol (31.72–706.46 ng L−1), with the highest values found in the outfalls of the urban streams. Levels of caffeine and coprostanol were significantly positively correlated in the different organic matter fractions. The coprostanol/(coprostanol + cholestanol) ratio proved to be a more suitable parameter than the coprostanol/cholesterol one in low-density residential areas. Proximity to densely populated areas and the flow of water bodies appear to influence the caffeine and coprostanol concentrations, which was observed in their clustering in the multivariate analysis. The results indicate that caffeine and coprostanol can be detected even in water bodies that receive very low domestic sewage input. Therefore, this study revealed that both caffeine in DOM and coprostanol in POM represent viable alternatives for use in studies and monitoring programs even in remote areas of the Amazon, where microbiological analyses are often unfeasible.

Caffeine ameliorates the metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese mice through regulating the gut microbiota and serum metabolism

ObjectiveObesity is associated with gut microbiota disorders, which has been related to developing metabolic syndromes. The research aims to investigate the effects of caffeine treatment on insulin resistance, intestinal microbiota composition and serum metabolomic changes in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mice.MethodsEight-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice were fed a normal chow diet (NCD) or HFD with or without different concentrations of caffeine. After 12 weeks of treatment, body weight, insulin resistance, serum lipid profiles, gut microbiota and serum metabolomic profiles were assessed.ResultsCaffeine intervention improved the metabolic syndrome in HFD-fed mice, such as serum lipid disorders and insulin resistance. 16S rRNA Sequencing analysis revealed that caffeine increased the relative abundance of Dubosiella, Bifidobacterium and Desulfovibrio and decreased that of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus and Lactococcus to reverse HFD-fed obesity in mice. Additionally, Caffeine Supplementation also altered serum metabolomics, mainly focusing on lipid metabolism, bile acid metabolism and energy metabolism. Caffeine increased its metabolite 1,7-Dimethylxanthine, which was positively correlated with Dubosiella.ConclusionsCaffeine exerts a beneficial effect on insulin resistance in HFD-mice, and the underlying mechanism may be partly related to altered gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism.

Evaluation of the effect of ritlecitinib on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in healthy participants.

This clinical study was conducted to evaluate the impact of ritlecitinib on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine, a cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) substrate. In this single-centre, single-arm, open-label, fixed-sequence study, healthy participants received a single 100-mg dose of caffeine on 2 separate occasions: on Day 1 of Period 1 as monotherapy and on Day 8 of Period 2 after oral administration of ritlecitinib 200 mg once daily for 8days. Serial blood samples were collected and analysed using a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by using a noncompartmental method. Safety was monitored by physical examination, vital signs, electrocardiograms and laboratory assessments. Twelve participants were enrolled and completed the study. Coadministration of caffeine 100 mg in the presence of steady-state levels of ritlecitinib (200 mg once daily) increased caffeine exposure compared with caffeine given alone. Area under the curve to infinity and maximum concentration of caffeine increased by approximately 165 and 10%, respectively, when coadministered with ritlecitinib. The ratios of the adjusted geometric means (90% confidence interval) for caffeine area under the curve to infinity and maximum concentration were 265.14% (234.12-300.26%) and 109.74% (103.90-15.91%), respectively, when caffeine was coadministered with steady-state ritlecitinib (test) compared with its administration alone (reference). Multiple doses of ritlecitinib when coadministered with a single dose of caffeine were generally safe and well tolerated in healthy participants. Ritlecitinib is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2 and can increase systemic exposures of CYP1A2 substrates.

Probing the Use of Homemade Carbon Fiber Microsensor for Quantifying Caffeine in Soft Beverages.

In the development of electrochemical sensors, carbon micro-structured or micro-materials have been widely used as supports/modifiers to improve the performance of bare electrodes. In the case of carbon fibers (CFs), these carbonaceous materials have received extensive attention and their use has been proposed in a variety of fields. However, to the best of our knowledge, no attempts for electroanalytical determination of caffeine with CF microelectrode (µE) have been reported in the literature. Therefore, a homemade CF-µE was fabricated, characterized, and used to determine caffeine in soft beverage samples. From the electrochemical characterization of the CF-µE in K3Fe(CN)6 10 mmol L-1 plus KCl 100 mmol L-1, a radius of about 6 µm was estimated, registering a sigmoidal voltammetric profile that distinguishes a µE indicating that the mass-transport conditions were improved. Voltammetric analysis of the electrochemical response of caffeine at the CF-µE clearly showed that no effects were attained due to the mass transport in solution. Differential pulse voltammetric analysis using the CF-µE was able to determine the detection sensitivity, concentration range (0.3 to 4.5 µmol L-1), limit of detection (0.13 μmol L-1) and linear relationship (I (µA) = (11.6 ± 0.09) × 10-3 [caffeine, μmol L-1] - (0.37 ± 0.24) × 10-3), aiming at the quantification applicability in concentration quality-control for the beverages industry. When the homemade CF-µE was used to quantify the caffeine concentration in the soft beverage samples, the values obtained were satisfactory in comparison with the concentrations reported in the literature. Additionally, the concentrations were analytically determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These results show that these electrodes may be an alternative to the development of new and portable reliable analytical tools at low cost with high efficiency.

Energy drinks at adolescence: Awareness or unawareness?

Energy drinks (EDs) are beverages similar to soft drinks, characterized by high caffeine concentrations with additional ingredients like taurine and vitamins, marketed for boosting energy, reducing tiredness, increasing concentration, and for their ergogenic effect. The majority of consumers are children, adolescents, and young athletes. Although EDs companies claim about the ergogenic and remineralizing properties of their products, there is a serious lack of evidence at preclinical as well as clinical level to validate their benefits. The regular intake and long-term consequences of these caffeinated drinks are not well documented, especially the possible negative effects in adolescents whose brain is still developing. EDs combined with alcohol are also gaining popularity among adolescents and different publications indicate that this combined consumption might increase the risk to develop an alcohol use disorder, as well as produce serious adverse cardiovascular effects. There is an increasing need to disseminate knowledge on EDs damage on health, so that adolescents can be aware about the potential harmful outcomes of consuming these drinks.

Advanced extraction of caffeine and polyphenols from coffee pulp: Comparison of conventional and ultrasound-assisted methods

Two extraction methods of caffeine and total polyphenols from coffee pulp waste were evaluated using water as solvent: conventional solid-liquid extraction (CSLE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (USAE). A central rotary experimental design was applied in each case, after evaluating the effect of the substrate:solvent ratio. The highest concentration of caffeine in the extractant using CSLE was found to be 49.9 ± 1.3 mg/L (equivalent to 3.7 ± 0.1 g/kg pulp, dry basis (d.b.)), after 5.5 min at 96 °C, and at a substrate:solvent ratio of 1:10 w/v. In parallel, the concentration of total polyphenols reached 128.3 ± 4.3 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/L (9.7 ± 0.3 g/kg) at 75 °C (equal time and ratio). USAE was found to be also affected by power, leading to 206.6 ± 0.1 mg caffeine/L and 164.9 ± 5.2 mg GAE/L (15.6 ± 0.3 g/kg and 12.4 ± 0.2 g/kg, respectively) (396 W, 5.5 min, 75–90 °C). These results indicate extraction yields as high as 85%, at a markedly lower energy requirement using USAE. Consequently, USAE using water as a solvent might be a promising and innovative alternative to improve the extraction performance of highly demanded biocompounds from coffee pulp waste, with the consequent environmental and social benefits within a markedly relevant agro-industrial sector.

Photocatalytic degradation of caffeine using metal ion-modified pillared interlayered clays and H2O2 under UV radiation

Caffeine (CAF) is a widely used stimulant in beverages, foods, and drugs. Extreme usage of this popular molecule can create caffeine pollution for water sources. A photocatalytic method was developed to degrade CAF in water. The pillared interlayered clays (PILCs) were used as the photocatalytic material. Zeolite, a type of clay, was used to prepare PILCs. The operational parameters, such as reaction time, CAF concentrations, H2O2, and PILCs amounts, were examined to obtain the highest removal percentages. The removal rates reached 97%, 100%, and 100% in 120, 180, and 300 min, respectively, using 1.0 mL H2O2 and 1.0 g of Fe-Ti-PILC for 50.0 mg/L CAF under UV exposure. The experiments were carried out in batch method, and RP-HPLC was used to find the remaining CAF concentrations.

The Caffeine Content of Energy Drinks in accordance with the Information on the Package Label

Six different brands of energy drinks (EDs) were analyzed to determine the concentration of caffeine in accordance with the information on the package label. Approximately 28.1 milligrams per 100 milliliters (mg/100 ml) of caffeine was present in the Mo energy drink brand, which was nearly 1.5 times the caffeine concentration listed on the product label. The energy drink with the highest caffeine content was Dragon, which contained 30.1 mg/100 ml, or a total of 150.5 mg per 500 ml bottle. Manufacturers of energy drinks (EDs) should accurately list the amount of caffeine and other ingredients on the product label so that consumers know how much of each ingredient they are taking. Taking too much caffeine can be bad for your health.

Assessment of Caffeine-degrading Ability on Bacterial Strains Klebsiella sp. Isolated from Feces of Asian Palm Civet (Luwak)

Asian palm civet (APC) known as Luwak, has an important role in producing the most expensive coffee in the world, Kopi Luwak, which is excreted from its feces. The bacterial diversity in the feces of APC was rarely explored, especially for decaffeination. In the present study, aerobic caffeine-degrading bacteria were successfully isolated from the feces of bred Luwak or Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphrodite) in Wonosobo (LW) and Lumajang (LL), Java Island-Indonesia and identified using 16s rRNA gene. After identification, they were known as Klebsiella (coded LW1 & LL1). Further, the ability of caffeine degradation was assessed using a Caffeine Agar Medium and Caffeine Liquid Medium (CLM), which were M9 mineral salt with the particular concentration of caffeine. As the additional carbon source, 5 g l 1 of sucrose was added into CLM. Residual caffeine concentration in the CLM was measured periodically using RV/UV-HPLC. LW1 and LL1 were detected to degrade 0.5 g L-1 of caffeine entirely in the CLM for 3 days. If 1 g L-1 of caffeine was introduced, only 63 and 66% of caffeine were degraded respectively for LW1 and LL1. Theobromine did not appear in the CLM, indicated that C8-oxidation is their catabolic pathway. Kinetic parameters of cell growth also have been determined using the different substrate inhibition models to find experimental kinetic data. This is the first report of caffeine-degrading bacteria isolated from the feces of Asian palm civet.

A Combination of Taurine and Caffeine in Stallion Semen Extender Positively Affects the Spermatozoa Parameters.

This study was aimed to determine the impact of different taurine and caffeine combinations on the motility, viability, and oxidative markers of chilled stallion spermatozoa. Each stallion semen sample was diluted in a ratio of 1:2, with various taurine and caffeine concentrations (2.5-7.5 mg/mL taurine + 0.625-1.25 mg/mL caffeine) dissolved in a conventional extender. The control samples (CON) were prepared by diluting ejaculate only using the conventional extender. The motility was analyzed using a CASA system at different time intervals (0, 6, 12, 24, and 30 h) and the viability was evaluated using a mitochondrial toxicity test (MTT) performed at the end of the incubation at 5 °C. The liquid part of experimental samples was separated by centrifugation after 30 h of incubation and underwent the evaluation of oxidative stress via the quantification of markers ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and total oxidant status (TOS). The samples that were treated with a combination of taurine and caffeine significantly improved the motility parameters, mainly after 12, 24, and 30 h of incubation. Samples extended with combination of taurine and caffeine neither compromise viability nor alterations of redox status. The results of this study describe the combination of taurine and caffeine as an optimal supplement for improving the quality of stallion semen during chilled storage.

Antifibrotic Effects of Caffeine, Curcumin and Pirfenidone in Primary Human Keratocytes.

We evaluated the small molecules (AFM) caffeine, curcumin and pirfenidone to find non-toxic concentrations reducing the transformation of activated human corneal stromal keratocytes (aCSK) to scar-inducing myofibroblasts (MYO-SF). CSK were isolated from 16 human corneas unsuitable for transplantation and expanded for three passages in control medium (0.5% FBS). Then, aCSK were exposed to concentrations of caffeine of 0-500 μM, curcumin of 0-200 μM, pirfenidone of 0-2.2 nM and the profibrotic cytokine TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) for 48 h. Alterations in viability and gene expression were evaluated by cell viability staining (FDA/PI), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry. We found that all AFMs reduced cell counts at high concentrations. The highest concentrations with no toxic effect were 100 µM of caffeine, 20 µM of curcumin and 1.1 nM of pirfenidone. The addition of TGF-β1 to the control medium effectively transformed aCSK into myofibroblasts (MYO-SF), indicated by a 10-fold increase in α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression, a 39% decrease in lumican (LUM) expression and a 98% decrease in ALDH3A1 expression (p < 0.001). The concentrations of 100 µM of caffeine, 20/50 µM of curcumin and 1.1 nM of pirfenidone each significantly reduced SMA expression under TGF-β1 stimulation (p ≤ 0.024). LUM and ALDH3A1 expression remained low under TGF-β1 stimulation, independently of AFM supplementation. Immunocytochemistry showed that 100 µM of caffeine, 20 µM of curcumin and 1.1 nM of pirfenidone reduce the conversion rate of aCSK to SMA+ MYO-SF. In conclusion, in aCSK, 100 µM of caffeine, 20 µM of curcumin and 1.1 nM of pirfenidone significantly reduced SMA expression and MYO-SF conversion under TGF-β1 stimulation, with no influence on cell counts. However, the AFMs were unable to protect aCSK from characteristic marker loss.

Mixed culture biocatalytic production of the high-value biochemical 7-methylxanthine

Background7-Methylxanthine, a derivative of caffeine noted for its lack of toxicity and ability to treat and even prevent myopia progression, is a high-value biochemical with limited natural availability. Attempts to produce 7-methylxanthine through purely chemical methods of synthesis are faced with complicated chemical processes and/or the requirement of a variety of hazardous chemicals, resulting in low yields and racemic mixtures of products. In recent years, we have developed engineered microbial cells to produce several methylxanthines, including 3-methylxanthine, theobromine, and paraxanthine. The purpose of this study is to establish a more efficient biosynthetic process for the production of 7-methylxanthine from caffeine.ResultsHere, we describe the use of a mixed-culture system composed of Escherichia coli strains engineered as caffeine and theobromine “specialist” cells. Optimal reaction conditions for the maximal conversion of caffeine to 7-methylxanthine were determined to be equal concentrations of caffeine and theobromine specialist cells at an optical density (600 nm) of 50 reacted with 2.5 mM caffeine for 5 h. When scaled-up to 560 mL, the simple biocatalytic reaction produced 183.81 mg 7-methylxanthine from 238.38 mg caffeine under ambient conditions, an 85.6% molar conversion. Following HPLC purification and solvent evaporation, 153.3 mg of dried 7-methylxanthine powder was collected, resulting in an 83.4% product recovery.ConclusionWe present the first report of a biocatalytic process designed specifically for the production and purification of the high-value biochemical 7-methylxanthine from caffeine using a mixed culture of E. coli strains. This process constitutes the most efficient method for the production of 7-methylxanthine from caffeine to date.

Determination of Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) in the Methanolic Extracts Coffee (C. arabica. L) To seeds and peels (Unroasted and Roasted) Cultivars Grown in Yemen by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

In this study methanolic extract of one plant namely Arabic coffee, were screened for the presence of analysis Constituents and tested for their of liquid chromatographic separation (HPLC). The quantitative HPLC analysis revealed the results showed presence of Caffeine, chlorogenic acid (CGA) is the concentration of the contents Seeds, peels (unroasted) samples is higher than their contents in the Seeds, and peels (roasted) samples. The highest concentration of Caffeine was 5,334 % in unroasted Arabica coffee peels (Udaini) in Ibb (Kafr) region, while the highest value of chlorogenic acid was 68,460% in unroasted Arabica coffee peels (Tufahi) in Ibb (Kafr). The highest concentration of Caffeine was 9,948% in unroasted Arabic coffee seeds (Udaini) in Ibb (Kafr) region, while the highest concentration of chlorogenic acid was 97,280% in unroasted Arabic coffee seeds (Udaini) in Ibb (Kafr) region. The highest concentration of Caffeine was 1,964 % in roasted Arabica coffee peels (Udaini) in Ibb (Kafr) region, while the highest value of chlorogenic acid was 26,260% in roasted Arabica coffee peels (Bura’ai.) in Sana'a (Haraz). The highest concentration of Caffeine was 2,324% in roasted Arabic coffee seeds (Udaini) in Al- Mahweet (Hufash) region, while the highest concentration of chlorogenic acid was 47,09% in roasted Arabic coffee seeds (Dawairi) in Al- Mahweet (Hufash).

Preenchimento de dados de parâmetros de qualidade da água por redes neurais artificiais

ABSTRACT The constant monitoring of water quality is fundamental for the understanding of the aquatic environment, yet it demands great financial investments and is susceptible to inconsistencies and missing values. Using a database composed of 59 sampling campaigns, performed for 12 years, on 10 monitoring stations along the Iguassu River Basin (Southern Brazil), this study presents a model, based on feed-forward neural networks, which imputed 1,370 values for 11 traditional water quality parameters, as well as 3 contaminants of emerging concern (caffeine, estradiol and ethinylestradiol). The model validation errors varied from 0.978 mg L-1 and 0.017 mg L-1 for the traditional parameters, for caffeine the validation error was of 0.212 µg L-1 and for the hormones, the errors were of 0.04 µg L-1 (E1) and 0.044 µg L-1 (EE1). The models underwent two techniques to understand the operations performed within the model (isolation and nullification), which were consistent to those explained by natural processes. The results point to the validity of modeling water quality parameters (especially the concentrations of caffeine) through neural networks, which could lead to better resource allocation in environmental monitoring, as well as improving available datasets and valuing previous monitoring efforts.

SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CHLOROGENIC ACIDS AND CAFFEINE BY REVERSED-PHASE HPLC

A variant of simultaneous determination of chlorogenic (monocaffeoylquinic and dicaffeoylquinic) acids and caffeine in coffee (drink) using reversed-phase chromatography with spectrophotometric detection has been developed. For separation, a gradient mode is proposed exploring of two components of the mobile phase containing 3 vol.% of formic acid and 6 and 20 vol.% acetonitrile in distilled water and chromatographic column 150×4.6 mm Symmetry C18, 3.5 μm. Column thermostat temperature is 30 °C. The choice of the type and concentration of the acidifier of the mobile phase is justified in the work. It has been established that the acidity of the mobile phases should not be lower than pH 2 in order to transfer most of the chlorogenic acids to the non-ionized state. The dependences of the retention of monocaffeoylquinic acids and caffeine on the concentration of acetonitrile and formic acid, which is more effective in the selectivity of separation compared to orthophosphoric acid in the mobile phase, are determined. The selectivity of the separation of these compounds depends more on the concentration of formic acid than on the concentration of acetonitrile. Concentrations of chlorogenic acids and caffeine were determined in drinks from two varieties of coffee, coffee husk (dried pericarp of coffee fruits) (produced in Vietnam) and for comparison of two more variants – Arabica coffee from roasted grains and from green decaffeinated grains from other manufacturers. It is shown that coffee husk is a valuable raw material for the preparation of an alternative drink. Thus, when using 1 g of coffee husk when brewing 100 ml of boiling water, a drink containing about 10 mg (per 100 ml) of monocaffeoylquinic acids, about 6 mg of dicaffeoylquinic acids and about 3 mg of caffeine was obtained. For citation: Blinova I.P., Oleinits E.Yu., Salasina Ya.Yu., Deineka V.I., Vu Thi Ngoc Anh, Nguyen Van Anh Simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acids and caffeine by reversed-phase HPLC. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2023. V. 66. N 2. P. 45-52. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20236602.6711.

Prevalence and correlates of dry scooping: Results from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors

Dry scooping is a novel dietary practice characterized by consuming pre-workout powders without mixing with a liquid as directed. Despite purported benefits of this practice, such as increased energy due to the high concentration of caffeine, there are potential harms of engagement. To date, no known empirical research has investigated dry scooping in epidemiological research. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence and correlates of dry scooping among a sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults. Data from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors (N = 2731) were analyzed. Prevalence of any dry scooping in the past 12 months among the overall sample, and by gender, was estimated. Modified Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the adjusted associations between sociodemographic and descriptive characteristics and dry scooping. Overall, 16.9 % of the sample reported dry scooping in the past 12 months, which was significantly more common among men (21.8 %) compared to women (14.2 %) and transgender/gender non-confirming participants (8.0 %). Participants who reported weight training, greater time spent on social media, and clinically significant symptoms of muscle dysmorphia were more likely to report dry scooping, while sexual minorities, relative to heterosexual participants, and those with higher education were less likely to report dry scooping. This study is the first known epidemiological study of dry scooping, underscoring the common nature of this contemporary dietary behavior. Findings emphasize the need for future research and prevention and intervention efforts to protect the health and well-being of young people.

Appraisal of the causal effect of plasma caffeine on adiposity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease: two sample mendelian randomisation study

ObjectiveTo investigate the potential causal effects of long term plasma caffeine concentrations on adiposity, type 2 diabetes, and major cardiovascular diseases.DesignTwo sample mendelian randomisation study.SettingGenome-wide association study summary data for...