Expression of Concern for “Facile Synthesis of Barium-Doped Cadmium Sulfide Quantum Dots for the Treatment of Polluted Water: Experimental and Computational Investigations”

Synergistic adsorptive and photocatalytic removal of diazinon using CdS-modified guar gum/chitosan nanofibers

Highly soluble and migratory pertechnetate (99TcO4-) can be reduced to sparingly soluble TcS2 favored by conventional sulfidic sequestration, but this sulfidation is relatively sluggish. Herein, we develop an alternative strategy for the remediation of Tc-contaminated natural water via a photoinduced reduction stimulated by sulfur-rich cadmium sulfide (CdS) and clarify the sequestration mechanism through in situ characterization. By regulating the content of the S2-/Cd2+ molar ratio of 4:1 (CdS-4) in the synthesis system to achieve a high photogenerated charge separation and transfer efficiency, the superior reduction efficiency reached 80% for 2 h under conditions of 4 wt % hole scavenger (HCOONa) and 1 mg L-1 Re(VII) (a chemical analogue of Tc), coinciding with the rapid removal in actual Tc remediation. The introduction of HCOO-/HCOOH effectively scavenges photogenerated holes and undergoes oxidation to form highly reductive carboxylic radicals, resulting in the reduction of Re(VII) to Re(VI). Under simulated neutral pH conditions, unstable Re(VI) rapidly disproportionates into Re(VII) and Re(IV). As photogenerated holes are consumed, transient S2- ions from photocorrosion preferentially react with Re(IV) to form the chemically stable ReS2. Notably, the sulfide can not only be effectively immobilized in natural aqueous environments but also its inherent stability facilitates subsequent separation or sequestration processes.

Objective: This study highlights the contrasting experimental outcomes of undoped and doped nanoparticles and thin films, emphasizing the advantages of doped materials in various applications over their undoped counterparts. Specifically, it aims to demonstrate the enhanced performance and suitability of doped materials in diverse settings. Method: The study involved the synthesis of Thioglycerol-capped undoped cadmium sulphide (CdS) and copper sulphide (Cu2S) nanoparticles, and Mn-doped diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) CdS and Cu2S nanoparticles using a room-temperature, non-aqueous chemical method. Undoped CdS and Cu2S thin films, Mn-doped CdS, and Cu2S thin films were fabricated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates via dip coating, followed by annealing at 420°C in air for 20 minutes. The optical properties of CdS, Cu2S, CdS:Mn, and Cu2S:Mn nanoparticles were investigated using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) was employed to determine the chemical composition of undoped CdS and Cu2S and Mn-doped CdS and Cu2S thin films and the FTO glass substrates, with chemical composition percentages determined using mapping techniques. Results: A blue shift was observed in the optical absorption spectra of CdS and Mn-doped CdS nanoparticles. This phenomenon was attributed to quantum confinement effects. Doping the CdS nanoparticles led to a significant enhancement in their average size. Mn doping in CdS nanoparticles significantly boosts their photocatalytic activity and other performance aspects compared to undoped CdS by altering their optical and structural properties, which results in larger particle sizes, improved light absorption, and increased electron-hole separation, making them more effective for applications in solar cells and environmental remediation. In the same way, the UV-Vis absorption spectra of Mn-doped Cu2S nanoparticles also exhibited a blue shift, mirroring the observation in the undoped Cu2S nanoparticles. In UV-Vis absorption spectra, Mn doping in CdS and Cu2S results in a red shift and broadening of absorption bands, which indicates larger particle sizes for the doped nanoparticles compared to their undoped counterparts. This effect stems from doping's influence on the electronic structure, creating new energy levels and absorption bands within the material's band gap, leading to enhanced light absorption and thus suitability for applications like optoelectronics and photocatalysis. The photoluminescence spectra of pure CdS nanoparticles showed a blue-shifted peak, while the Mn-doped CdS nanoparticles displayed a red-shifted peak. The PL emission peak for both pristine and Mn-doped Cu2S nanoparticles was observed at shorter wavelengths, indicating a blue shift. EDAX analysis confirmed a 1:1 atomic ratio of Cd to S, indicating stoichiometric CdS thin film formation. A 2:1 atomic ratio of copper to sulfur was observed via EDAX, confirming the stoichiometric Cu₂S composition of the film. The structural information obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD) was further enriched by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, which elucidated the surface morphology and roughness. Conclusion: The experimental findings presented here reveal that doping CdS and Cu2S nanomaterials and thin films leads to significant improvements, demonstrating their enhanced suitability for a variety of technological applications over undoped versions.

Phonons, the quantized lattice vibrations, are fundamental for a wide range of phenomena in condensed matter systems. In particular, low-frequency phonons significantly influence electrical conductivity, thermal transport, and the optical properties of solid-state materials. Although there is considerable literature on cadmium sulfide (CdS) phonons—studied, for example, using resonance Raman spectroscopy—up-to-date information on the low-frequency phonons of this important semiconductor is still lacking. In this study, Raman spectroscopy under off- and near-resonance conditions is employed to investigate the low-frequency phonon in wurtzite CdS single crystals. Under off-resonance conditions, the spectrum exhibits multiple low-intensity peaks, which were analyzed through curve fitting. In contrast, the near-resonance spectrum shows an intense, broad band that was deconvoluted into its constituent components, including an antiresonance feature that was mathematically modeled for the first time in CdS. The results demonstrate that Raman scattering intensity in both regimes provides valuable insights into the low-frequency phonon modes of CdS. These findings enhance our understanding of the material’s vibrational properties and may facilitate the development of more efficient CdS-based optoelectronic devices.

Indirect electrocatalytic decomposition of hydrogen sulfide into hydrogen and sulfur using cobalt doped cadmium sulfide

In vivo assessment on effects of zinc-doped cadmium sulphide nanoparticles synthesized using Hypsizygus ulmarius mushroom extract on toxicity of paclobutrazol in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) early-life stages.

Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous toxin to human s and a major source of pollution in industrial and environmental fields. Compared with cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium is more toxic. Pomegranate plants are known for their antioxidant properties and potential medicinal uses due to their high levels of phenols and other compounds. This study was co n ducted to confirm the therapeutic activity of pomegranate flowers against cadmium sulfide poisoning. White rats were used as experimental subjects by analyzing tissue sections from multiple organs of animals after treatment with metabolite extracts of pomegranate flowers and organs of untreated animals . Pomegranate flowers were collected from several loc a tions, and the methanolic preparations were analyzed using gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Electron microscopy was used to evaluate the physical properties of the laboratory-generated nano-cadmium sulfide solution. Five groups of white rats were assigned to the experiment. These groups were given 0 .00 , 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 0 mg extract / kg + 0.1 μg CdS / m L , and just 0.1 μg CdS / m L . T hese treatments were applied. intraperitoneally Nano- cadmium sulfide doses were administered to the rat s regularly. R ats were given concentrated extract of pomegranate flower after 30 days. Three days later, the rats were dissected, and the organs – liver, kidney, spleen and heart – were taken out for laboratory analysis. The study concluded that methanol extracts of pomegranate flowers reduce d tissue toxicity, especially at high doses of 0.05 and 0.1 mg extract / k g . The heart responded better to this treatment than other studied organ tissues. Therefore, n anotoxicity of nano-cadmium sulfide w as significantly reduced in albino rat s by methanolic extract of pomegranate flowers.

Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS-NPs) are increasingly applied across various industries because of their unique properties. However, their accumulation in soil ecosystems and subsequent uptake by terrestrial plants can negatively affect plant growth. Beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere play an important role in mitigating the toxic effects of nanoparticles, thereby supporting plant health. Nevertheless, the role of these microorganisms in alleviating CdS-NP-induced stress in alfalfa remains largely unexplored. This study investigated the effects of different CdS-NPs concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 350mgkg-1 soil) on alfalfa, both in the presence and absence of Ensifer meliloti (a symbiotic bacterium) and Rhizophagus intraradices (an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus). The experimental treatments included a non-inoculated control, inoculation with E. meliloti or R. intraradices individually, and dual inoculation (R. intraradices + E. meliloti). Exposure to CdS-NPs in non-inoculated alfalfa induced significant oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased peroxidase and catalase activities, which were positively correlated with NP concentration (r > 0.90**). This stress reduced cell membrane stability, chlorophyll content and index, plant height, root length, biomass, and nodule number, with the strongest effects observed at 350mgkg-1 soil. In contrast, dual-inoculated plants showed improved growth, with cell membrane stability increased by 35%, chlorophyll content by 8%, chlorophyll index by 12%, nodule number by 37%, and POD and CAT activities reduced by 28% and 38%, respectively. Although no significant differences were observed between individual bacterial and fungal inoculations, bacterial inoculation was numerically more effective. These results demonstrated that microbial inoculation substantially enhanced alfalfa tolerance to CdS-NP toxicity and highlighted the need for further studies to investigate the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms.

Green synthesis of hyaluronic acid coated cadmium sulfide nanoparticles with enhanced antibacterial activity

In recent years, cadmium sulfide (CdS) has been widely investigated due to its excellent photocatalytic performance. However, its practical application in pollutant treatment is limited by its narrow photoresponse range and susceptibility to photocorrosion. Herein, we design a unique four-layer core–shell structure NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@NaYF4@CdS@Au (CSNPs@CdS@Au), with an inert NaYF4 shell coating on NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ (CNPs) to form NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@NaYF4 (CSNPs) and CdS depositing on CSNPs (CSNPs@CdS); Au nanoparticles are loaded on CdS (CSNPs@CdS@Au). Compared with CdS (9.81%), CSNPs (5.0%), CSNPs/CdS (6.9%), and CSNPs@CdS (81.0%), CSNPs@CdS@Au degrades 97.7% Rhodamine B (RhB) within 15 min, exhibiting superior photocatalytic performance, attributable to two key factors: (1) the NaYF4 inert shell encapsulation amplifies upconversion (UC) luminescence intensity by suppressing surface quenching; and (2) the electron transfer between Au nanoparticles and CdS effectively promotes spatial separation of photogenerated charge carriers and increases reactive active sites. Additionally, after five degradation cycles, CSNPs@CdS@Au still maintains a 93.25% degradation rate for RhB, confirming its excellent stability. This remarkable stability is attributed to the uniquely designed multilayer core–shell architecture, which significantly enhances structural integrity through physical isolation effects. This study establishes a material preparation strategy for efficient photocatalytic pollutant degradation.

Photoreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) has attracted great attentions. Herein, a polymer framework is used to fabricate a micro reaction environment benefit for selective photoreduction of CO2 to methane (CH4), with a mixture of platinum and cadmium sulfide as the photocatalyst. In a polymer framework without nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) sites, carbon monoxide (CO) is mainly produced from the photoreduction, with an evolution rate of 142.1 µmol h-1. Yet, in a polymer framework with O and N sites, CH4 is the only carbon-based product from the photoreduction, with a production rate of 263.7 µmol h-1. O and N sites of the polymer framework lead CO2 to be converted into CO which bonds to photocatalyst strongly and prefer to undergoing hydrogenation to CH4, thus changing carbon-based product from CO to CH4. This opens a new way to achieve more efficient selective photoreduction of CO2.

Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles as Corrosion Inhibitors for Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) serves as a vital wide-bandgap buffer/window layer in thin-film photovoltaics due to its superior optoelectronic properties. Despite its intrinsic weak n-type conductivity, persistent controversies surround the p-type doping feasibility. Concurrently, n-type enhancement in chemical bath deposition-grown CdS─where low carrier concentrations critically constrain device performance─faces persistent inconsistencies in dopant efficacy reports and insufficient exploration of alternatives. In this work, we resolve these challenges through systematic first-principles defect analysis, demonstrating that p-type doping remains fundamentally precluded by spontaneous VS-mediated compensation and deep acceptor levels in Group IB (CuCd, AgCd, AuCd) and Group VA (NS, PS, AsS) substitutions, compounded by interstitial donor compensation (Lii, Nai, Ki) dominating over substitutional acceptors (LiCd, NaCd, KCd) in Group IA systems. For n-type enhancement, transformative breakthroughs emerge where counterintuitive Cd-rich conditions maximize the Group IIIA efficacy (AlCd, GaCd, InCd), novel Group IIIB (ScCd, YCd, LaCd) substitutions achieve 5-6 order enhancement, and halogen doping (ClS, BrS, IS) under S-poor conditions yields a breakthrough 6-7 order conductivity improvement─surpassing all cation-based approaches. These defect-engineered strategies establish new paradigms for high-performance CdS window layers.

Hexagonal Cadmium Sulfide Cathode for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery: Study of Zinc-Sulfide Formation and Zn/CdS Battery Stability

The design of the nano‐multilayer supercapacitor (NMLS) utilizes the high surface area of chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs), reduced graphene oxide nanosheet (rGO), with enhanced electron transfer by n/p‐type cadmium sulfide NPs and nickel oxide (NPs) to create the structure CS@NiO@rGO@CdS. The improved NMLS is engineered to improve electron transport through the incorporation of zinc sulfide (ZnS), cerium oxide (CeO2), and molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles. The study investigates the performance, fabrication, advancement, and modified surface in manufactured nanoelectrode supercapacitors, along with their electrochemical properties. This analysis is conducted utilizing the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique to evaluate the supercapacitors and their applicability in various energy storage. The capacitance values measured are as follows: NMLS (4.74 μF cm2), NMLS@ZnS (4.13 μF cm2), NMLS@CeO2 (4.68 μF cm2), and NMLS@MoS2 (23 μF cm2). After 1000 cycles of nanoelectrode testing, capacitance retention is determined, demonstrating high cycle stability of NMLS (92%), NMLS@ZnS (79%), NMLS@CeO2 (85%), and NMLS@MoS2 (95%). The measured capacitance values are 96.1 μF cm2, 65.86 μF cm2, 22.2 μF cm2, and 254.5 μF cm2 for NMLS, NMLS@ZnS, NMLS@CeO2, and NMLS@MoS2, respectively. The study indicates that engineered nanoelectrodes exhibit great efficacy for batteries, supercapacitors, and energy storage, making them interesting candidates for energy applications.

Abstract Antimony selenosulfide (Sb2(S,Se)3), an emerging light‐harvesting material, exhibits a high light absorption coefficient, low toxicity, and phase stability. However, Sb2(S,Se)3 films deposited via the conventional hydrothermal method fail to achieve desirable optoelectronic properties and crystallinity, which ultimately hinders their applications in photovoltaic devices. In this study, an innovative post‐treatment process is developed, wherein the Sb2(S,Se)3 absorber is soaked in a mixed aqueous solution containing ammonia, sodium citrate, and cadmium sulfate, followed by annealing, resulting in multi‐dimensional optimization. It is revealed that the synergistic interaction in this strategy leads to the formation of cadmium selenide and cadmium sulfide on the surface and the infiltration of cadmium ions into the bulk phase. This outcome finally optimizes the atomic structure by passivating the deep‐level defects such as Se and S vacancy, while also increasing the crystallinity through a strong chemical bonding effect. Furthermore, the slight etching of the surface by ammonia reduces the content of antimony oxide, increases phase purity, and optimizes interfacial contact in the device, thereby facilitating carrier transport. With these advantages, a high power conversion efficiency of 10.5% for Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cell is achieved. This study provides a one‐stone‐for‐three‐birds strategy for improving the photoelectric performance of antimony‐based chalcogenide compounds.

Comparative analysis of bioaccumulation and biological impacts of cadmium sulfide (CdS) bulk versus nanoparticles in the freshwater snail Helisoma duryi.

Application of cadmium sulfide photoresistor and open-source software for X-ray detection in mammography.

Neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity alleviation by polystyrene microplastics in cadmium sulfide-exposed zebrafish larvae.